Ukuqonda Ulawulo Lweenkokeli

Ulawulo lwezoburhulumente lusisixhobo solawulo lwedemokhrasi, siqinisekisa ukuba amaziko kawonke-wonke asebenza ngengqibelelo, ngokubona mhlophe, nangokuziphendulela. Iquka nangaphezulu kokuthotyelwa kwasemthethweni. "I-"ifuna inkcubeko yesithethe kwisimilo esichaphazela onke amacandelo karhulumente. Enyanzelweni yayo, ulawulo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha lufuna ukulungelelanisa izilangazelelo zikawonke wonke, urhulumente, namalungelo omntu ngamnye, ngoxa kukhuthazwa ukuthembana phakathi kwabemi kunye neenkokeli zabo. Ngokutsho komsebenzi [[FLT: 0]ECD] wemithetho yokuziphatha yecandelo likawonke-wonke [, ulawulo lwemithetho yokuziphatha lubalulekile kwisakhiwo esilungele ukumelana nokusebenza okunamandla okunokumelana nokunganyani nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla.

Le ngcamango isekelwe kwintanda-bulumko yamandulo yezobupolitika, apho iinkcuba - buchopho ezinjengo Aristotle noConfucius zagxininisa iimbopheleleko zokuziphatha zabalawuli. Kwimeko zale mihla, ulawulo lwemilinganiselo luye lwaguquka lwaba yingqeqesho eyakhiweyo eyazisa ukwenziwa kwenkqubo, ulawulo, ubuchule, kunye nokudityaniswa kwebutho labantu. Ifuna amagosa oluntu ukuba ajonge iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo, alungelelanise imilinganiselo ephikisanayo njengempumelelo, ukulingana, nokusesikweni. Ngaphandle kwesiseko esiqinileyo sokuziphatha, oorhulumente babeka engozini ukuncitshiswa kwentembelo yoluntu, ukukhuthazwa kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo esetyenziswa kakubi.

Imigaqo Engundoqo Yolawulo Olububulumko

Imigaqo yolawulo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha inika imigaqo esesikweni ekhokela ukuziphatha kwamaziko karhulumente nabameli bawo.

Ukubonakala kwelinye icala

Ifuna ukuba izigqibo zikarhulumente, iinkqubo, kunye nogcino-lwazi zivuleke ukuba zihlolwe. Inceda abemi baqonde indlela kunye nesizathu sokuba kwenziwe izigqibo, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wemiqathango efihliweyo. Oorhulumente ababonisa uqingqo-mali, imizuzu yeentlanganiso, kunye neempembelelo zenkqubo, bavumele ulawulo oluzimeleyo. Umzekelo, i-Transparency International igxininisa ukuba ukubonakala ngokucacileyo kusisisixhobo esibalulekileyo ekulweni nokonakala ngenxa yokuba kubhenxise imbonakalo yoluntu. Noko ke, ukukhanya okucacileyo kufuneka kulungelelaniswe nemicimbi yobuqu nokhuseleko, ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezifana nezokukhusela ilizwe okanye ugcino-lwazi lobuqu.

Umbuzo

Ukuphendula kuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa karhulumente anokuphendula ngezenzo nezigqibo zawo. Lo mgaqo usebenza kwiinkqubo ezininzi: ukuphendula kokhetho (amagosa anokususa iinkokeli), ukuphendula ngokusemthethweni (iinkundla zemithetho nezivumelwano), nokuphendula kolawulo (iingxelo ze-internal kunye nohlolo lomsebenzi). Iinkqubo zokuphendula ngokunempumelelo ziquka abameli abazimeleyo abachasene nokunganyaniseki, amadoda asebenza, neekomiti zepalamente. Ngaphandle kokuphendula kobukhulu, kwanemigaqo esemthethweni inokuba yizithuthi zokuxhasa nokulahla nokulahla inkunkuma.

Ingqibelelo

Ingqibelelo ibhekisela kulungelelwaniso lwezenzo nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Kulawulo, kuthetha ukuba amagunya karhulumente aphepha ungquzulwano lwenzala, akwamkele ukunyotywa, kwaye ngokuqhubekayo asebenzise imithetho ngaphandle kokukhetha. Ingqibelelo ihlakulelwa ngemithetho yehambo, imfundo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunye nempucuko enika umvuzo wokunyaniseka. I-ofisi yeZizwe ezimanyeneyo kwiMizekeliso ne-Crime (UNITC) inika imigaqo enika imigaqo e-[[ yokukhulisa ingqibelelo kwicandelo likawonke wonke, kuquka izibhengezo zemali kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela i-apple.

Ubulungisa

Ubulungisa bufuna ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo kwabo bonke abemi phantsi komthetho nokusasazwa okulinganayo koovimba kunye namathuba. Lo mgaqo ulucel'ulucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, kwisigaba, okanye kunqulo.

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba

Ulawulo lwezolawulo lwezibonelelo luqonda abemi njengabaxhasi abasebenzayo, hayi abanikezeli beenkonzo abangasebenziyo. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kuthetha ukubandakanya uluntu ngokubanzi kumgaqo-nkqubo, uqingqo-mali, kunye nolawulo. Izixhobo ziquka ukuvalw'uwonke, iijaji, uqingqo-mali olunokwahlulwa ngokweziqendu, kunye namaqonga amanani okufumana impendulo. International International Institute for Democracy and Electoral helpation (Inter IDEA) zibalaselisa ukuba ukungenelela okunelisa okufanelekileyo nokuphucula imigaqo-nkqubo ngokuququzelela iimbono ezahlukeneyo.

Le migaqo ixhomekeke kwilungu. Ngokomzekelo, ukubonakala ngaphandle kokuziphendulela kusenokuba lunxulumano lukawonke-wonke, ngoxa ukuphendula ngaphandle kobulungisa kusenokukhokelela kwinkqubo yokuziphindezela engazihoyi iingcambu. Ulawulo lwenzululwazi lufuna indlela yokulawula edibanisa yonke imigaqo emihlanu kwiDNA yequmrhu.

Uqheliselo loLawulo lweNkcubeko

Ukuguqulela imigaqo kwisenzo kufuna ukuba kwenziwe ngabom.

Imithetho Yemilinganiselo Yokuziphatha

Yikhowudi ecwangcisiweyo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ecwangcisa ukulindela okucacileyo kwehambo. Ilungisa ungquzulwano lomdla, ukwamkelwa kwezipho, ukusetyenziswa koovimba boluntu, kunye nokugcinwa kwemithetho egciniweyo. Imithetho ekhokelayo ayingomfuziselo nje; iquka ukuxela iimfuno, izigwebo zokwaphula umthetho, kunye nokuhlaziya rhoqo. Umzekelo, i-CD incomela iNqonga yoluntu [ icebisa oorhulumente ukuba baphuhlise isiseko sokuthembeka esibanzi esigubugquma namagosa akhethiweyo kunye nabakhonzi basekuhlaleni.

Ukhuseleko Lomvuthulu

Abavuli-mali babalulekile ekubhencani ukuziphatha okubi okunokuhlala kufihliwe. Ukhuseleko olunempumelelo luquka ukuchaza imijelo engachazwanga, ukukhusela okusemthethweni ekuziphindezeleni, kunye neenkonzo zokuxhasa. Amazwe anjenge-United States, Canada, kunye neUnited Kingdom aye amisela imithetho yokufutha impempe, kodwa azalisekisa ayahluka. Ukhuseleko olubuthathaka lungakhokelela kwizenzo zobuqhetseba, njengokuba kubonwa kwiimeko apho abacuphisi bemi bemilo bajamelene nokuhlaselwa okanye ukugxothwa. Ulawulo lwezikoliso lufuna ukuba abo bathethayo baxabiseke, bangapheli.

Uqeqesho nokwakhiwa komsebenzi

Uqeqesho lwendlela yokuziphatha kufuneka lube lunyanzelekile kubo bonke amagosa karhulumente, ukusuka koomabhalana abakwimigangatho ephezulu ukuya kubalungiseleli abaphezulu. Uqeqesho lugqubuthela iingxaki zehlabathi zokwenene, iimbopheleleko ezingokwasemthethweni, kunye nokuqiqa okusemgangathweni wendlela yokuziphatha. Imfundo esekelwe kwimiqathango yendlela yokuziphatha, izifundo zokufunda iimodyuli, kunye nohlolisiso olunceda amagosa asebenze ngokwendlela yokuziphatha. Iizifundo ezinika uncedo ngokuqhubekayo ziqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ihlala iyinxalenye ekhoyo kwimpucuko yentlangano.

Amagqabaza Kawonke - wonke Nomatshini Abanenxaxheba

Ukusebenzisana kwabemi ekulawuleni akuphuculi inkqubo kodwa kwakha nokuthembana. Ukuncokola ngoluntu kungasuka kuhlolisiso olulula ukuya kwiiholo zedolophu ezihlasimlis ’ isidima. Xa besenza kakuhle, baquka ingxelo kwizigqibo zokugqibela kwaye bachaza indlela igalelo elasetyenziswa ngayo. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba ekuqingqeni uqingqo-mali, uvulindlela kwizixeko ezifana nePorto Alegre, eBrazil, kunika abemi ulawulo olungqalileyo kwiinxalenye ezithile zokuchitha imali kawonke-wonke, ukwandisa ukuphendula nolwaneliseko.

Uphicotho-zincwadi nolawulo

Uphicotho-zincwadi oluthe rhoqo (_i-financ, ukusebenza, kunye nokuthotyelwa kwenkonzo, kubaluleke kakhulu ekufumaneni nasekuthinteleni ukuziphatha okungekho mthethweni. Amaqumrhu ophicotho-zincwadi, anjengee-ofisi eziphezulu zophicotho-zincwadi, kufuneka abe negunya lokuphanda nokupapasha izinto ezifunyenweyo. Iikomiti zepalamente, i-ombudsmen, kunye namaqela abantu abajonge i-ogzigs anika amacandelo awongezelelekileyo obungameli. Intlangano yeInternational complitionstions (INTAIS)[FLT] imisela imigangatho yecandelo likawonke wonke elandela.

Ezi nkqubo kufuneka zilungiswe ngokwemeko yasekuhlaleni. Ikhowudi yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha esebenza kumbindi wesebe ingasilela kwinkqubo elungeleleneyo; ukhuseleko lokubetha impempe lufuna izibonelelo ezisemthethweni ezithatha ixesha ukuphuhliswa. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphucula okuqhubekayo kwemigaqo yokuziphatha kuphawu lokulawula okunenkathalo.

Indima Yemfundo Kulawulo Lwezemfundo

Imfundo lungeniso lwexesha elide kulawulo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Lulolonga imilinganiselo nobuchule beenkokeli zexesha elizayo, abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke, kunye nabemi. Ngokudibanisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwizifundo zesikolo kuzo zonke imigangatho, ibutho labantu lidala umbhobho wabantu abaqonda ukubaluleka kokuthembeka kwaye banokuhamba ngeengxaki ezintsonkothileyo zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Izifundo Zemfundo Yembali

Imbali inikela imizekelo ecacileyo yeziphumo zokulawula okungekho mthethweni kunye namandla okuxhathisa abemi. Ukufunda iziganeko ezifana nehlazo leWatergate, ukuBulawa Kwabantu Ngenkohlakalo, okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kwelizwe laseRwanda kunceda abafundi baqonde indlela ukungaphumeleli kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha okungawela ngayo kwintlekele yoluntu. Ngokuchasene noko, imizekelo yokulungisa okutshintshayo ````Inyaniso''' neKhomishini yokulungisa) yoMzantsi Afrika. Imizekelo yokuziphatha kubonakalisa indlela ukuthembana kwakhona ngayo emva kobundlobongela. Obafundisi-fundisi bangasebenzisa uphando olungokwembali ukuchaza imigaqo ecacileyo nokucalula.

Imfundo Yamatyala Nengcinga Ebalulekileyo

Imfundo ye-CUBIC egxininisa ukuqiqa ngemigaqo-siseko engokwasemthethweni ayipheleli nje ekucengcelezeni imigaqo-siseko. Ikhuthaza abafundi ukuba bahlolisise amandla, igunya lokubuza amagunya, nokuqonda imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Iingxoxo eziphathelele imibandela efana nokuhlola ubucala, irhafu, okanye imo yezulu esesikweni ilungiselela abafundi ukuba babe ngabemi abazileyo nabathembileyo. Izikolo zingaba nenkqubo yomthetho okanye zibangele iimvavanyo zokuhlekisa ukuze bakhe ubuchule obusebenzisekayo.

Ukukhuthaza Imilinganiselo Ephakamileyo Ekwahlukaneni Nesohlwayo

Ulawulo lwezoshishino alufanele luphakanyiswe kwiiklasi zenzululwazi yezobupolitika. Lungadityaniswa kwizoqoqosho, umthetho, ulawulo lukawonke-wonke, kwanakwimimandla ye-STEM. Umzekelo, abafundi abangoonjineli bangahlola intsingiselo yendlela yokuziphatha yezigqibo zezibonelelo, ngoxa abafundi bezoshishino behlola ulawulo lwenkampani kunye nokusetyenziswa kokonakala. Iindlela zokuncedisa ukuqeqesha ziqinisekisa ukuba imilinganiselo yokuziphatha asingombandela owahlukeneyo kodwa yilebhula ngalinye lezifundo.

Ubandakanyeko Loluntu Nemfundo Ebalulekileyo

Imisebenzi yokufunda inkonzo, ukudibanisa iinqanawa namaqumrhu karhulumente okanye ama-NGO, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kumaqumrhu olawulo asekuhlaleni kunika abafundi amava aphathekayo. Xa abafundi bebona indlela iinkqubo ezichaphazela ngayo abantu bokwenene /okanye bajongana neengxaki zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngokwabo, basebenzisana nokubaluleka kwengqibelelo. Ukusebenzisana nemibutho enjenge i-Transparency International[ iyakwazi ukunikezela ngobuncwane nangemizekelo yemeko yokwenene yeli khadi leklasi.

Ucelomngeni Lolawulo Lobucukubhede

Nangona ixhaphakile indlela ebaluleke ngayo, ulawulo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha lujongene neengxaki ezizingisileyo. Ukuqonda le miqobo kubalulekile ekuyileni imiqathango esebenzayo yokulwa.

Urhwaphilizo

Urhwaphilizo lusesona sithintelo sibonakalayo. Lufuna iintlobo ezininzi `briberry, ukurhwebisa, ukurhwebisana, kunye nokuphatha kwesizwe. Ukunganyaniseki akugcini nje kuphela imali kawonke-wonke kodwa kukwaphazamisa nemigaqo ephambili. Ikhula kwindawo engqongileyo ngokungakhathalelwa kakuhle, ngemivuzo ephantsi kwabasebenzi bakawonke-wonke, kwanokufumana intlawulo ephantsi kwemivuzo yezipho. Amazwe athe enza inkqubela ephawulekayo nxamnye nokonakala, njengeDenmark neNew Zealand, afaka imali eninzi ekunyanzeleni ugcino-mthetho kunye nokuthintelo.

Ukungabikho kwezibonelelo

Iinkqubo zemigaqo-nkqubo yokuziphatha zifuna inkxaso-mali yokuqeqesha, yokuhlola, yophando, kunye nobugcisa. Kumazwe amaninzi asakhasayo, uqingqo-mali olungxamisekileyo lubeka phambili iimfuno ezifana nokunyamekela impilo nemfundo kwimiqathango yendlela yokuziphatha. Ngaphandle koovimba, imigaqo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ihlala ithenjiswa, kwaye imibutho ephicothayo ayinazo izibonelelo zokuqhuba ingqwalasela. Uncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye noncedo lobugcisa lunganceda, kodwa utshintsho oluzinzileyo lufuna ukuzinikela kwezobupolitika zasekhaya.

Ukuxhathisa Ukuguquka

Iziko lisoloko lixhathisa iinguqu ezisongela ukusekwa kwegunya elikhoyo okanye zibhenca ukuziphatha okubi. Inkcaso yamaBofisi e-ofisi, ukuchasana, kunye nokugxambukela kwezobupolitika kungakuthintela ukuphunyezwa kwemisebenzi yezemigaqo yokuziphatha. Ukutshintsha iindlela zokulawula ngezantsi kubandakanya ukubotshwa kwemiqathango, ukuqeshwa, kunye nenkxaso yokhokelo ebonakalayo, kubaluleke kakhulu ekuxhathiseni ukuxhathisa. ngaphandle kwazo, amanyathelo emilinganiselo anokuba zizenzo ezingenanto.

Ukungakhathali Nokunganeliseki

Xa abemi beziva bengenamandla okanye bengenaluvo, basenokuyeka ukuphendulisa iinkokeli. Uvoti osezantsi, ukurhoxa kwentembelo kumaqumrhu, nokusasazwa kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo konke kululaza isivumelwano sentlalo. Ulawulo lweziko luxhomekeke kulawulo olusebenzayo olufuna ukubonakala nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwabemi. Ukwakha uluntu kwakhona kufuna imigudu eninzi: amaphulo okufunda, amaqonga afikelelekayo olwazi, nokusabela okunyanisekileyo kwamagosa.

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nobugcisa

Ulawulo lwangoku lubandakanya ukuthengiselana kwemida, ukusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi lwamanani, kunye nonxulumano oluntsonkothileyo lukawonke-wonke. Ezi zinto zidala ubungozi obutsha bendlela yokuziphatha, obufana nokubhabha kwerhafu yangaphandle konxweme, ukuchana kwemithetho-siseko, kunye nokuchukunyiswa. Iinkqubo zolawulo eziqhelekileyo zisoloko zihlala ngasemva. Ukucombulula le mingeni, oorhulumente kufuneka bahlaziye, bafake imigaqo-siseko, kwaye basebenzisane kwimigangatho yogcino-lwazi kunye nokuthintela ukubola.

Ukuqinisa ulawulo lwezenzululwazi ngoyilo lweziko

Ngaphandle kwezenzo zomsebenzi ngamnye, ukwakhiwa kwamaziko karhulumente kungenza okanye kuthintele ulawulo lwendlela yokuziphatha. Iingxingxiwa kunye nolungelelwano, ukwahlukana kwamandla, kunye nequmrhu elizimeleyo lisisiseko. Ngokomzekelo, inkqubo eqinileyo yokugweba enokuhlola izenzo zesebe ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela ingundoqo. Ngokufanayo, iinkqubo zokhetho ezinciphisa impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika zinceda ukugcina ingqibelelo. Utshintsho lwenkonzo yamakhaya olukhusela ii-bituaucrates kwii-politicals nazo zinegalelo ekuzinzeni ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Enye indlela ethembisayo kukusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokubonisa ngamanani. Vula amanyathelo karhulumente, njengalawo akhuthazwa yi- uGunyazo lobuRhulumente oluvulekileyo , ukhuthaza oorhulumente ukuba bapapashe iinkcazelo zoqingqo-mali, ukuqokelela, kunye nezivumelwano zikawonke-wonke. Oku kuvumela intatheli, izifundiswa, kunye nabemi ukuba bahlolisise iipaketho-m. Ubugcisa bungaphinda buqukuqele ukubika ngo-chaphachaphal uqiselo olunokuvumela abemi ukuba banike ingxelo yemi okanye ukunganyaniseki kuphumelele kumazwe amaninzi. Kodwa ke, izixhobo zobugcisa kufuneka zenziwe ngezobuqu nangokufikelela engqondweni, ziqinisekisa ukuba azibenzi iintlobo ezintsha ze-Incomo.

Imbono yokuthelekisa kuLawulo

Iimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zenkcubeko nezopolitiko zivelisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zolawulo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Amazwe ase-Nordic, umzekelo, axhomekeke kumgangatho ophezulu wokholo lwentlalo kunye namaziko abonisayo. Iinkqubo zawo zisoloko zibonakalisa impembelelo enamandla kunye nempembelelo elinganiselweyo kwinkonzo yempumlo ye-opulaneti. Ngokwahlukileyo, amazwe avela kulawulo olunempembelelo engqongqo angajolise ingqalelo kubulungisa bokutshintsha kunye notshintsho lwemithetho-siseko. EMpuma Asia, iingcamango ezifana [[FLT: 0]. [[FLT]guanxi [[[FLT]] (iiingithano ezisekelwe kwingqibelelo) zingenza imingeni esesikweni, ikhokelela ekungeneni okuzinziswayo okuzinzileyo kwimigaqo esemthethweni, ebandakanya ukufikelela kwimigaqo engokwasemthethweni nemithetho ethambileyo.

Ingingqi yehlabathi lonke ikwaphuhlise iindlela zokukhokela ulawulo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. INdibano yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo enxamnye noHlabathi (UNCAC) imisela imilinganiselo yehlabathi jikelele yokuthintelwa, ukuhlaziywa kolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe. Amaqumrhu eengingqi anjenge-Afrikaan Union neBhunga laseYurophu aye amkela izixhobo ezifanayo. Ngoxa ezi zicwangciso zilungiselela ulwimi olunye, ukuphumelela kwazo kuxhomekeke ekuzalisekiseni kwesizwe nasekuthandeni kwezobupolitika.

Isiphelo

Ulawulo lwenzululwazi asilosukelo olumileyo kodwa luqhubekekayo lokubonakalisa, utshintsho, kunye nokuphaphama. Imigaqo yokubonisa, ukuphendula, ingqibelelo, okusesikweni, kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba inika ikhampasi yokuqhuba indawo entsonkothileyo yolawulo lukawonke-wonke. Iinkqubo ``ikhowudi zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, ukukhuselwa kwempendululo, uqeqesho, ukuxilonga kukawonke-wonke, kunye nokuphicotha-zincwadi. Imfundo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuhlakuleleni isizukulwana semilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye nabemi abatshatekileyo.

Kodwa imingeni iyaqhubekeka: ubuqhetseba, imiqathango yogcino-mali, ukudityaniswa koorhulumente, kunye nemida emitsha yobugcisa yonke ifuna utshintsho oluqhubekayo. Akukho lizwe linye eliye laluphucula ulawulo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha; kunoko, luhambo lokufunda ngokungaphumeleli nangempumelelo. Kubafundisi-lwazi, abafundi, kunye nabemi, ubizo kukuhlala befuna ukwazi, begxeka, besebenza. Ngokuqonda iziseko nokusebenzisana nezenzo, singakha iindawo apho ukulawulwa kolawulo lusebenza kakuhle ngokunyaniseka nangobulungisa.

Ekugqibeleni, impilo yedemokhrasi ayixhomekekanga kwimithetho nakumaziko ayo kuphela kodwa kukuziphatha kwabo bakhokelayo nabo balandelayo. Lo mkhwa uhlakulelwa ngemfundo, uqiniswa yinkqubo, kwaye uvavanywa lucelomngeni lwexesha ngalinye. Ulawulo lweziko lusikhuselo ekunqandeni ulawulo olunzima kunye nento ebangela ukuchuma kwabantu.