Umgaqo-mthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wakha isiseko senkqubo yomthetho, umisela ihambo evaliweyo kunye nokumiswa kwenkqubo yokumangalela abo baphula imithetho yebutho labantu. Kubafundi, ootitshala, kunye neengcaphephe zomthetho ngokufanayo, ukuqonda ngokucokisekileyo indlela amatyala achazwa namangalelwa ngayo kubalulekile. Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho awuyonkqubo emiselweyo; uguqula ngemilinganiselo yoluntu, ulungelelanisa imfuneko yokhuseleko lukawonke wonke kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Eli nqaku linwebela kwisiseko seengcamango zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka imithombo yawo, imiba engundoqo, imiqathango yenkqubo ekhoyo yokuzikhusela ngokwezomthetho, kunye nemigaqo elawula ukukhusela okuziko.

Uyintoni Umthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho?

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho unxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho. Uchaza ihambo eyalelwe ngurhulumente ngenxa yokuba isongela ukhuseleko nentlalo-ntle yoluntu. Ukuphula umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho kuyasohlwaywa ngokuhlawulwa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, okanye zombini. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, ocombulula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ubandakanya urhulumente (umtshutshisi) oqhuba abantu. Injongo yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho asikohlwaya abo baphule kodwa ukwaphelisa ukuziphatha okubi, ukubuyisa abo baphule umthetho, nokunika ingqiqo yokusesikweni kumaxhoba kunye nabantu.

Umthetho wale mihla uqukwa ngokuyintloko kwimithetho ewiswe yizindlu zowiso-mthetho. EUnited States, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwana luchazwa nguMthetho wase-U.S., ngoxa ulwaphulo-mthetho lukarhulumente luchazwa ngemithetho yesohlwayo sikarhulumente. Le mithetho kufuneka ihambelane nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko, njengokwalela ukuchasene nemithetho yasemva kunye nemfuneko efunekayo yenkqubo efunekayo. Umgaqo osisiseko we- ulwaphulo-mthetho olumatyala lwesono [ [FLT]] (akukho lwaphulo-mthetho olungenamthetho olunomthetho olunomthetho) uqinisekisa ukuba abantu babe nesaziso esilungileyo ngoko kugwetyiweyo.

Imvelaphi Yomthetho Wezaphuli - mthetho

Ukuqonda apho umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho uvela khona kuyanceda ekucaciseni indlela okuchazwa ngayo ukuchasana.

  • Umthetho weCummon: ovela kwiinkundla zamaNgesi, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo lwaveliswa ngezigqibo zomthetho. Ngelixesha imimandla emininzi iye yathatha indawo yomthetho oqhelekileyo ngekhowudi yemithetho, imigaqo yomthetho eqhelekileyo isaphembelela ukutolikwa kwemimiselo.
  • Umthetho wobuhlohli: Namhlanje, inkoliso yemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho imiselwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Le mimiselo ichaza amacala, izigwebo, kunye neziqalelo. Ikhowudi yemodeli, njenge-Penal Code (MPC)[FL:3], inikeza isiseko esisezantsi esiye samkelwa ngamazwe amaninzi ngokupheleleyo okanye ngokwenxalenye.
  • Umthetho ongowoburhulumente: UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela imida kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka imigaqo yokukhusela kwisohlwayo senkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga (Ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-siseko), uphando olungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhwaleka (Uhlaziyo lweThupha loMganiso weThupha), kunye nokuqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo (Izindululo zeNtlanu neziHlunu zeshumi elinesine).
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imithetho yolawulo:[ amasebe athile olawulo angadala imithetho ethwala izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezifana nokwaphulwa kwemekobume okanye ummiselo.

Le mithombo inxibelelana ukuze iguqule ulwimi oluchanileyo lwemimiselo yolwaphulo - mthetho, emele icace yaye ingqale ukuze iphephe ukuba liphupha ngenxa yokungacaci.

Iinkalo Eziphambili Zolwaphulo - mthetho

Zonke iinkalo zolwaphulo - mthetho ziquka izinto ezithile eziyimfuneko ezimele zingqinwe ngokusengqiqweni yinkundla.

  • [[FLT: 0] Actus Reus – Isenzo somzimba okanye ukukhutshwa okungekho mthethweni. Umntu akanako ukohlwaywa ngenxa yeengcinga zakhe. Isenzo kufuneka sizenze ngokuzithandela (umz., isantya okanye ukuxhuzula akukufanelekeli). Kwimeko ezilinganiselweyo, ukungaphumeleli ukwenza umsebenzi osemthethweni (njengomsebenzi womzali wokunyamekela umntwana) ungamhluza u-eus reus.
  • IMALI ``Ii-Rea''-imeko yengqondo okanye injongo. Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi lufuna ityala lemo yengqondo, elisuka kwinjongo nakulwazi ukuya kubudenge nokungakhathali. I-MPC ichaza iimeko zengqondo ngokwenjongo, ngokwazi, ngokungakhathali, okanye ngokungakhathali. Iimpazamo ezingqongqo, njengezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezinje ukuphambanisa iitrafiki, azifuni ukuba abantu baphinde bafune i-ea.
  • Ityala - A uqhagamshelwano phakathi kwesenzo nengozi. Iintlobo ezimbini zikhona: unobangela othe ngqo [ (kodwa ngenxa yesizathu) kunye unobangela othe ngqo [[FLT:] [FLT]] [unobangela wesizathu esibambekayo] (unobangela oqhelekileyo). Umonakalo kufuneka ube ngumphumo oxelweyo wehambo yommangalelwa.
  • Icebo – Isenzo nenjongo kufuneka zenzeke ngexesha elinye. Ukuba umntu ubumba injongo emva kokwenza isenzo, akukho kuvumelana. Noko ke, ngamanye amaxesha injongo izakuqhubeka kwindlela yehambo.
  • [[UMTL:0]-ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi lufuna ukonakaliswa okanye ukonakala, kodwa ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho (umz., zama okanye uzungu) ulwaphulo-mthetho lwehambo olusongela ingozi.

Ezi ziko ziyaqinisekisa ukuba kuphela yihambo ebekek ’ ityala esohlwayweni ize ikhusele abantu abathile ekutshutshisweni ngokungekho ngqiqweni.

Ukuhlaziywa Kolwaphulo - mthetho

Ulwaphulo-mthetho ludla ngokwahlulwa ngokweendidi ezimbini ezingundoqo: ii-felone kunye nemithetho ephosakeleyo. Amanye amagunya ayazi ukuba zikho iimpazamo (okanye ukwaphula). Ukuqonda ezi ndidi kumisela izigwebo ezinokwenzeka namalungelo obuntu.

  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu ezithi zigwetywe ngaphezu konyaka, okanye ukufa. Imizekelo iquka ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukurhwaphiliza nokurhweba ngeziyobisi.
  • Imisdemers: Ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu oluncinci, oludla ngokusohlwaywa unyaka omnye entolongweni, ityala, okanye ityala. Abarhwebi abaqhelekileyo baquka ubusela obuncinane, ukuhlasela okulula, ihambo engalungelelananga, kunye ne-DUI (ityala lokuqala).
  • Ukwaphulwa okuncinane, njengokungaphazanyiswa kwetoti yokupaka okanye ukuhamba ngentambo, kudla ngokusohlwaywa kuphela ngentengo. Akuphumeleli kwingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye akusoloko kubandakanya ixesha lasentolongweni.

Ezinye izivumelwano ezithe xhaxhe ezincinci ezikhoyo kunye nezikhombisi ezingalunganga kwicandelo (umz., udidi A, B, C) ukumisela uluhlu lwezahlulelo. Ukubekwa kommangalelwa kwakhona kuchaphazela ukuba ummangalelwa unelungelo kusini na lokuvavanywa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala (ngokunye kuphela kumatyala athwala ukuvalelwa kweenyanga ezintandathu okanye ngaphezulu).

Imigaqo Ebonisa Ukuba Izaphuli - mthetho Ziyafaneleka

Ngaphandle kwemiqathango esisiseko, iimfundiso eziliqela zidlulisela okanye zibeke imilinganiselo.

Ulwaphulo - mthetho Olungenazintloni

Ulwaphulo-mthetho olungagqibekanga lubandakanya amanyathelo okulalanisa. Luquka ukuzama, ukuceba, nokucela. Umzekelo, ukuthenga izinto zokwakha ibhombu kusenokuyilwa kukuzama ukudubula nokuba icebo aliphunyezwanga. Ezi zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zivumela ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba kungenelele phambi kokuba kwenzeke ingozi.

Inxalenye Yolwaphulo - mthetho

Abantu abancedisa okanye abakhuthaza ulwaphulo-mthetho bangathathwa njengabancedisi okanye izinto ezisetyenziswayo. Inkxaso okanye ikhuthaza inqununu ngenjongo yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenziwe. Emva kokuba inyani incedile lowo usoneyo ukuba aphephe ukubanjwa okanye ukuvavanywa. Intembeko yabaxhasi ilingana neyomphathi-ntloko.

Ukuthembeka Kwezaphuli - mthetho

Amaqumrhu anokugwetyelwa ngokwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zabasebenzi bawo abasebenza ngexesha lomsebenzi ngenjongo yokunceda umbutho. Oku kuxhaphakile ngokukhethekileyo kwizenzo zomthetho ezifana nokuqhatha okanye ukophulwa kwemekobume.

Inkqubo Yezaphuli - mthetho Yokusesikweni

Uhambo lokusuka ekuphandweni ukuya ekuqinisekeni lubandakanya amanqanaba amaninzi, ngalinye lenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo nokuqinisekisa ukuba kusenziwa ingxubusho esesikweni.

Uphando

UMthetho wesine wokuHlakulelwa ufuna ukuba kuphandwe kuze kubanjiwe, ngaphandle kweemeko okanye ukuvunyelwa kwazo. Ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni bungapheliswa phantsi komthetho ochasiweyo.

Ukubanjwa

Ukubanjwa kwenzeka xa amapolisa ebamba umcikidiso. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umthetho wokubanjwa osekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo ufuneka xa kubanjwa ekhaya, kodwa amagosa anokubanjwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso setyala likawonke-wonke eliye lenziwa phambi kwabo okanye ngenxa yetyala.

Ukutsala kunye nembonakalo yokuqala

Ukuba ummangalelwa umangalelwa uvela phambi kwejaji ukuze kuthethwe ngetyala elimiselwe ibheyile namalungelo alo. Kwityala letyala, ijaji enkulu ingakhupha ityala.

Umthetho kunye novavanyo

Kwisingxengxezo, ummangalelwa ungena kwisibongozo (ubuxoki, ungengomgibe, okanye ukungabikho mnciphiswano). Iintshukumo zangaphambili zingabuphikisa ubungqina, zicele ukugxothwa, okanye zicebise izibongozo. I-Plea icebisa izigqibo ezininzi zamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, inika isigwebo esiphenduliweyo ngenxa yesicelo setyala.

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala liqhubeka lichotshelwa, umtshutshisi umele angqine ukuba unetyala ngokusengqiqweni. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuchophela ityala, ukumangalela amangqina, ukuthula, nokuba negqwetha. Zombini ezi macala anikela ubungqina neempikiswano; abachopheli-tyala okanye abagwebi bagweba ngabom baze babuyekeze ngesigqibo.

Ukugweba

Emva kokugwetywa, ijaji ibeka isigwebo esisekelwe kwimigaqo yomthetho, ubungqingqwa bolwaphulo-mthetho, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa, kunye noothunywashe abaququzeleli bolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye abagqwesi-mthetho. Izigwebo zingaquka ukuvalelwa entolongweni, ukulingwa, intengo, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye ukuhlawuliswa.

Izibheno

Abameli basenokubhenela kwiinkundla okanye izigwebo ezingokwasemthethweni, njengempazamo kwindlela yokuchophela ityala okanye ukuphulwa komgaqo-siseko. Izibheno ziviwa ziinkundla eziphezulu, ezisenokuqinisekisa, ukubuyisela okanye ukulilungisa.

Ukukhusela Umthetho Wakwaphula Umthetho

Abameli bangaphakamisa iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuzikhusela ukuze bacel ’ umngeni ityala letyala. Ezi ndlela zokuzikhusela zisenokukhanyela into ethile yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye zinikele uthethelele okanye ingxengxezo.

  • Ukhuselo lweInsanity: ithi ummangalelwa akanabo ubuchule obubomeleleyo bokuqonda ukuphosakele kwesenzo okanye ukuvisisana nehambo yomthetho ngenxa yesifo sengqondo okanye isiphene. Imigangatho iyahluka ngokwamandla (umz., umthetho we-M'Naghten, uvavanyo lwe-MPC).
  • [[UMTLL: 0]-------------------[[FTLT:1] ichaza ukusetyenziswa kwamandla afanelekileyo ukuzikhusela kwingozi ekufuphi. Ummangalelwa kumele akholelwe ukuba amandla ayimfuneko kwaye akanakusebenzisa amandla agqithisileyo. "Yima umhlaba" imithetho yandisa elilungelo kwamanye amazwe.
  • [[UMTLL: 0] Alibi: Ubungqina bokuba ummangalelwa wayekwezinye iindawo xa ulwaphulo-mthetho lusenzeka, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukwenza isenzo. Oku kuphendulisa ngokungqalileyo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] I-'''etraptation'''''''' i-' i-'active' xa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kubangela umntu ukuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho ebengasayi kuba nalo. Oku akuyikuzikhusela ukuba ummangalelwa ukulungele ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Umbindi wonyaka, [ uthethelela ihambo yolwaphulo-mthetho xa ummangalelwa enyanzelelwa sisisongelo sokufa okukufuphi okanye umonakalo onzulu womzimba. Ngokuqhelekileyo ayisosixhobo sokukhusela ukubulala.
  • I-Iyimfuneko: icacisa isenzo esiphepha ingozi enkulu. Umzekelo, ukuqhekeza kwigumbi lokulala ukuphepha ibhombu kungajongwa njengeyimfuneko.
  • [[NTL: 0] Inyaniso ithatha inyani: Ukuba impazamo enyanisekileyo iphikisa amadoda afunekayo e-rea (umz., ukuthatha iambrela yomnye umntu icinga ukuba yeyakho), inokuba yinkuselo. Ukungawuqondi umthetho akufane kube yinkuselo ngaphandle kokuba ummiselo ufuna ulwazi olucacileyo lomthetho.
  • Ukhuthuzo oluzenzekelayo lungakhusela ngokupheleleyo ukunxila; ukunxila ngokuzithandela kunganciphisa injongo ethile yolwaphulo-mthetho kodwa akuyiyo isokhuselo kulwaphulo-mthetho oluqhelekileyo.

Nganye ingqiniso ineemfuno nemithwalo ekhethekileyo engqinayo, ngamanye amaxesha ummangalelwa uthwala umthwalo wemveliso okanye weyiseko, ngoxa umtshutshisi emele aphikise ingqiniso.

Ukukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko kwinkqubela yezaphuli-mthetho

UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States unikela imigaqo eyimfuneko yokukhusela abantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo - mthetho, uqinisekisa ukuba kusenziwa inkqubo esesikweni.

  • [[UMTL: 0] UHlaliso lweNkqutyana: lukhusela ekuphengululweni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni. Ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokwaphulwa bungasuswa. Abaxhasi mabaxhaswe ngesizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye bachaze indawo eza kuphendwa.
  • ISichibiyelo seNtloko seNtloko: Iqinisekisa ilungelo kwiqumrhu elikhulu labachopheli-tyala (umyinge womgangatho wetyala), ikhuseli kwingozi ephindwe kabini, ilungelo elichasene nokuzitshintsha, kunye nenkqubo efunekayo. Izilumkiso ezidumileyo zeMiranda zisuka kule ntshukumo.
  • IsiHlalisi-sombululo se-xxte: Inika ilungelo kwityala elikhawulezayo nelinoburhulumente, inkundla yabachopheli-tyala engakhethiyo, ukuthetha namangqina, ukunyanzela amangqina, nokufumana uncedo lwesiluleko. Ilungelo lokucebisa linxibelelana namanqanaba anzima, kuquka ukuncinwa kwegunya kunye nokuvavanywa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-mva: Izambulo zebheyile, iimali ezigqithisileyo, kunye nengqeqesho enenkohlakalo nengaqhelekanga. Oku kulinganisela ubuqatha bezivakalisi kunye neemeko zokuvalelwa.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uhlaziyo lwe-Forenteth Amendment: lunyusa inkqubo efunekayo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo kwiingxoxo zikarhulumente, lusebenzisa uninzi lweBhili yoKhuselo lwamaLungelo kumazwe ngokungeniswa.

Ezi zikhuseli ziqinisekisa ukuba amandla karhulumente ayahlolwa nokuba abamangalelwa bafumane okusesikweni okusisiseko ngokuphanda ngokubhenela.

Isigwebo

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba abantu bohlwaye izaphuli - mthetho kubaluleke kakhulu kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho.

  • [ Isohlwayo sifanelekile njengentlango yokuziphatha --iindawo ezimeleyo zifanele ukuva ubunzima obulinganayo nobubi obabubangele. Le ngcamango ijonge emva ibhekisa kwintlango nje.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isohlwayo sijolise ekudibaniseni ulwaphulo-mthetho lwexesha elizayo. Jikelele iziphetho ujolise kuluntu; ngokuphandle ukujolisa umenzi wobubi. Izigwebo zenzelwe ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho lube nomtsalane omncinci.
  • Ukukhupha izaphuli-mthetho kwibutho (umz., ukuvalelwa) kubathintela ekwenzeni ulwaphulo-mthetho olubhekele phaya. Izigwebo ezinde zabaphuli-mthetho abaphindayo abayingozi zibonisa le ngcamango.
  • Ulungiso: [[FLT: 0] Isisohlwayo kufuneka siguqule umenzi wobubi ngemfundo, ngonyango, okanye ngoqeqesho lomsebenzi. Injongo kukubabuyisela kwakhona njengabemi abathintela umthetho. Ukubuyiselwa komthetho kubone ukubuya kwakhona kwezi inguqulelo zangoku zezahlulelo.

Inkoliso yenkqubo yobulungisa elawula ityala iyayidibanisa le ngcamango, nangona igxininisa ngokwahlukeneyo kwiindidi ezithile nakwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Isiphelo

Iziseko zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho zisekelwe kwiingcaciso ezicacileyo zehambo elelweyo, ubungqina obungqongqo beziqalelo, kunye nenkqubo elungelelanisiweyo emalunga namalungelo omntu ngamnye ngoxa kufunwa ubulungisa. Ukusuka kwimithombo yomthetho nokubekwa komthetho kunye nokukhuselwa kolwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, zonke iinxalenye zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Enoba umntu ngumfundi, umfundisi, okanye ugqirha, ukuqonda ngokunzulu le migaqo kuyimfuneko ekuqhubeni inkqubo yokusesikweni.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlolisisa [ iCornell Information yolwazi lomthetho weZiko lokwaphula umthetho , Isebe leJaji leJaji 101, kunye ne[FLT]Melika Bar Jaji yeSigqeba sobuGcisa .