Indima YeAttorney Yesithili Kulwaphulo - mthetho

I-AD ikhokela iqela labameli besithili, abaphengululi, nabasebenzi benkxaso. Iofisi yabo ijongene nokuzisa izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho kurhulumente okanye kurhulumente olawulayo. Ngoxa amapolisa eqokelela ubungqina kwaye ebopha, ngu-DA ogqiba enoba obo bungqina budibana na nomqobo osemthethweni wokufaka ityala. Eli gunya libeka i-DA kwisiziko lenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho, likhuthaza ukuba zonke izinto ezinokuthethwa zicingwe ngendlela oovimba abazizo.

Imbali yeAttorney yeSithili isuka kwilizwe laseMelika, isuka kwimodeli yamaNgesi yokutshutshisa kwabantu ngabanye ukuya kwiofisi kawonke-wonke eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho ngokufanayo. Namhlanje, iDaw eUnited States isebenza phantsi kwemithetho nemithetho-siseko, kodwa umsebenzi wabo ongundoqo uhlala ufana: ukumela urhulumente i̱ umdla wokubona ukuba okusesikweni kwenziwa, hayi ukukhusela nje iinkolelo. Lo mahluko ubalulekile ngenxa yokuba ubeka umsebenzi wobulungisa obungaphaya komthetho ohamba phambili.

Iimbopheleleko Ezingundoqo ZeAttorney Yesithili

  • Uhlolo nefatyi: lususa iingxelo zamapolisa, ubungqina obugqithisiweyo, iingxelo zokunikela ubungqina, nezinye izinto ukufumanisa ukuba ikho na unobangela onokwenzeka nokuba ngaba ingtshutshiso iyafuneka.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingxoxo: Ukudibanisa ngesiluleko sokhuselo sokufikelela imo yengqondo eyamkelekileyo, isoloko iphumela ekucutheni ityala okanye ukugweba ukutshintshisa ngezicelo ezinetyala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Umelo lwegumbi lokusebenza: Ukunikela umbuso i’ umzekelo kwiziphumo zomva, iindlebe zokuqala, iintshukumo, izilingo, kunye nokuva kogwebo.
  • Inkqubela-phambili ye-[FLT: 0] inika imiyalelo kwimixholo enjengezicelo zebheyile, iinkqubo zokuzihlaziya, kunye nokubhatala imilinganiselo yezono ezithile (umz., ukuba neziyobisi, imiqobo yobusela).
  • Ukusebenza kunye nokusebenzisana kwamaNgqina: nokusebenza namaxhoba ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaxhoba axelelwe ngeziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho nokuba amalungelo awo akhuselwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] ukudibana okungatshintshiyo: ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke nokunxibelelana nenkokeli zasekuhlaleni ukucombulula ulwaphulo-mthetho nokwakha ukuthembana.

Inkqubo Yokutshutshisa Ngenyathelo

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lidla ngokuvela ngothotho lwemigangatho echaziweyo, nganye ifuna i-DA ukwenza izigqibo ezicwangcisiweyo nezingokwasemthethweni. Ngoxa ukulandelelana okuchanileyo kunokuhluka ngokwamagunya, esi sakhiwo silandelayo simela eyona ndlela iqhelekileyo ukusuka ekuphandeni ukuya ekugwebeni.

Uphando Nokubanjwa

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho (--apolice), amasebe e-’, okanye amasebe esizwe `aqokelela ubungqina ngodliwano-ndlebe, ukukhangela, ukukhangela, nokuhlalutya ityala. Xa ekholelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwenziwa kwaye afumanise ukrokra, anokubanjwa okanye anikele oko afunyanisiweyo kwi-DA’ iofisi yesigqibo sokumangalela. Kwezinye iimeko, i-DA ingancedisa ekufumaneni isiqinisekiso sokuphendla okanye inike ukhokelo olusemthethweni ngexesha lokuphengulula, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezintsoko ezinjelelwayo njengolwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe okanye ukubulala abantu.

Ukuqala Ukuqinisekisa Isigqibo

Emva kokwamkela ifayile yamatyala, igqwetha lesithili lihlola ubungqina bokufumanisa ukuba iziqalelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ziyaxhaswa kusini na. I-DA iqwalasela amandla obungqina, ukuthembeka kwamangqina, ukukhokelwa kwamangqina, ukufumaneka kwezinye izigqibo ezikhoyo ekucinyweni, kunye nokufumaneka kwezigqibo ezifana nokuzinziswa kwetyala. Ukuba ityala ligcinwe, uxwebhu lubizwa ngokuba sisikhalazo okanye ulwazi. Kwezinye iindawo, amatyala anzulu kufuneka aqale adlule kwinkundla enkulu, eva ubungqina obusemfihlekweni nakwimibani ebekwa icala. I-DA inika ubungqina kwimibagwebi abaphezulu kunye nemibuzo yabo.

Ulungelelwaniso nokungabikho

Ummangalelwa uvela phambi komgwebi okokuqala, ufunda ngokusesikweni izityholo, kwaye ungena kwisibongozo ``ngokuba netyala, ungenatyala, okanye ungenamdla wakhuphiswano. I-DA ingenza ibheyile esekelwe kwizinto ezifana nomngcipheko wenqwelo-moya, ingozi kuluntu, kunye nobukhulu betyala. Ngokuqhubekayo, iD njengoko ifumene imigaqo yokunciphisa ukuthembela kwimali yebheyile yetyala lemali ngenxa yezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezingezobundlobongela ukunqanda abantu ngenxa nje yobuhlwempu. Inkundla ibeka ibheyile okanye ikhulula ummangalelwa kwibheyile yabo.

Ukufunyaniswa Neentshukumo Zangaphambili

Ngexesha lokufunyanwa, ityala kufuneka lityhile bonke ubungqina obukhoyo, kuquka ubungqina bokuzithethelela obunokunceda ukhuseleko. Ukuzikhusela kungaphelisa uvavanyo olufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni, ukukhupha izityholo zokungabi nasizathu, okanye ukunyanzela ukutyhilwa okungakumbi. I-DA iphendula kwezi ntshukumo kwaye ingaphinda ithathe inyathelo lefayile kwi-limine ukunqanda ubungqina obuthile okanye ubungqina ekuvavanyweni. Eli qonga lingase likwazi ukuphelisa iiveki okanye iinyanga ezidlulileyo, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezintsonkothile ngokufunyanwa nge-oyile.

Ukwandiswa kwebhari yeplanga

Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho asombulula ngezivumelwano zesivumelwano kunokuba avavanywe ngabagwebi. Igqwetha le-DA nelokhuselo bathetha ngokuncitshiswa kwetyala, ukunconywa kwesigwebo, okanye ukugxothwa kwemiba ethile. I-Sertiummentus ’ izixhathiso zisoloko zixhomekeke kumandla obungqina, ummangalelwa i-̱ imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nobungqongqo bolwaphulo-mthetho olutyholwayo. Isibongozo kufuneka sammangalelwa amkelelwe yinkundla, kwaye ummangalelwa kufuneka azi ukuba anikezele ekuvavanyeni. I-DAÙ iofisi inika izikhokelo zangaphakathi ukuqinisekisa ukumanyana nokuthembeka nokuthembeka.

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba akukho sivumelwano sifikelelwayo, ityala liyaqhubeka licinezelwa. I-DA ithwala umthwalo wokungqina ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Ingtshutshiso inikela iingxelo zokuvula, amangqina okubiza, ukwazisa imiboniso, kunye namangqina okukhusela anqamleze i-examines. Emva kokuba kulwelwe omabini, kuqulwe iimpikiswano zokuvala ityala. Abachopheli (okanye abagwebi ekuchotshelweni kwebhedri) baphinde babuyise isigwebo. Ijaji exhotyiweyo ingakhokelela kwityala eliphosakeleyo, kwaye i-DA ingakhetha ukuphinda ityala, ukulahla izityholo, okanye ukunikela isibongozo.

Ukugwetywa nokuthunyelwa

Emva kwesigqibo esinetyala okanye isibongozo, isigwebo esahlukileyo sibanjwa. I-DA ingaphikisana ngesivakalisi esikhethekileyo phakathi kwemihlathi e-ogqeleneyo, ithathela ingqalelo oothunywashe abagqwesileyo, iingxelo zempembelelo yexhoba, kunye ne-projekthi ekhokelwayo i-’ isiqalo. Kumaphondo amaninzi, imigaqo yokugweba inika isiseko. Emva kokugwetywa, ummangalelwa angabhenela, kunye ne-DA̱ i-ofisi iphendula kwisibheno phambi kwenkundla ye-amplate. I-̱ indima yayo iquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba naziphi na izindululo zeposi zokulungisa ziphethwe kakuhle.

Izinto Ezibangela Ukuba Kube Nezigqibo Zokutshutshisa

IiAttorney zaseSithili ziyakwazi ukucombulula ityala ngalinye.

Izizathu Ezingokwasemthethweni Nezokubonakala

  • Ityala lobungqina: Ityala elicacileyo elinobungqina obucacileyo, amangqina athembekileyo, okanye uvumo lwezono linokwenzeka kakhulu ukuba linikezelwe kwaye lilandelwe ngamandla.
  • Ukungalungi kwetyala: Imiboniso efana nokubulala, ukudlwengula, nokuphanga uxhotyiso phantse isoloko iphumela ekumangalelweni, ngexa iimpazamo zingaphambukiswa okanye zisuswe, kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iziqalelo ezisemthethweni: IDA kufuneka iqiniseke ukuba izibakala zihlangabezana nenkcazelo esesikweni yolwaphulo-mthetho. Iimeko ezichubekileyo zingakhokelela kwisigqibo sokunga fayile.

Inkcubeko yeSebe

I-DA’ nganye; i-ofisi isebenza phantsi kwemimiselo ebhaliweyo okanye engabhalwanga. Ezinye ii-ofisi zibeka phambili ukutshutshiswa kolwaphulo-mthetho olunobundlobongela lweziyobisi okanye ukuphinda-phinda izaphuli-mthetho, ngoxa ezinye zigxininisa ukubuyiselwa kotshintsho kunye nokuzinziswa kwemithetho. Le nkqubo ibonisa iqonga lephulo legqwetha lesithili, imiyalelo yemithetho, kunye nenkxalabo yoluntu. Umzekelo, i-DA enyulwe kwiqonga lokuguqula iinguqu ingasebenzisa inkqubo yokuyekelela ukurhoxiwa ngenxa yokuba nomya okanye uhenyuzo.

Igalelo leNkcubeko neNkxaso yoLuntu

Amaxhoba olwaphulo-mthetho asoloko enamalungelo afanelekileyo okuviwa nokuthethwana nabatshutshisi. Intsebenziswano neminqweno yawo inokuzichaphazela izigqibo zokufuna ukuchongwa, izibongozo, kunye nezincomelo zogwebo. I-DA ikwavavanya inkxalabo yokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke: umcimbi oye watsala ingqalelo yamajelo-ndaba okanye obangele ukuqhankqalaza koluntu usenokuba noxanduva olungakumbi. Noko ke, i-DA kufuneka ilungelelanise ezi nkcitho ngokuzicingela ngokwayo izibakalaniso nomthetho.

Uhlanga, Udidi, NeeBias

Ubuchule bokugweba ngokwembali bukhokele ekuqhekekeni kweziphumo ezisekelwe kuhlanga kunye nemeko yentlalo nezoqoqosho. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba abamangalelwa abaBlack nabase-Ispanic banokubekwa ityala ngetyala elinzulu kakhulu kwaye bafumane isibongozo esiqatha kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe ngenxa yehambo efanayo. Ii-ofisi ezininzi zale mihla ze-DA ziye zamkela iindlela zokwazi ukufumanisa nokuthomalalisa ikhethe elinjalo, kuquka uqeqesho olucacileyo lwekhethe kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuhlola ukuqhatha.

Uxanduva lweNkxaso kunye neNtloko

IiAttorney zeSithili zibotshwe ngemithetho yehambo engokwasemthethweni, kuquka iMelika Bar Association ’ iMimiselo Yodidi Yemithetho Yomthetho Wolwazi Nemigaqo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha echanekileyo karhulumente. Phakathi kwemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yimbopheleleko yokubhenca ubungqina bokukhuthuza phantsi Brady v. Maryland [1963]. Inkundla ePhakathi-U.S. yabambelela ekuthiwe kukucinezelwa kobungqina obulungileyo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo ebekwe kwityala, kungakhathaliseki oko umtshutshisi i-̱ ii-as ezilungileyo okanye ukholo olungalunganga. Ukungaphumeleli kokuhlangabezana nolu tyala, imiqathango, ingxelo, kwanezo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ezinye iimfuno ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Ukuphepha ungquzulwano lwenzala:
  • Ukuxela ukusetyenziswa kobungqina bobuxoki: Akulungile ukunikela ubungqina okanye ubungqina obubonakalayo obaziwayo ukuba bububuxoki okanye ukuvumela ubungqina bobuxoki buhlale phambi kwabachopheli bomthetho abangalungiswanga.
  • Abafaki mbono yokuba umsulwa: Ngelixesha abameli be-DA befuna ukuqinisekiswa, akufunekanga bachaze iimbono zabo zobuqu ngabamangalelwayo i’ babeke ityala kubagwebi okanye kumajelo-ndaba ngendlela yokuba babe nekhethe.
  • [[NTLA] I-DA ifuna ukungenelela xa ulweyiseko lungalungi: Ukuba kuvela ubungqina obutsha obubangela amathandabuzo kukholo, i-DA inembopheleleko eqhubekayo yokuphanda kwaye isenokuthatha intshukumo yokulahla ugwebo.

Uninzi lweenkampani zemibutho yeenkundla namagqwetha ezisithili afundisa ngokuqhubekayo ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ukuze kuncedwe abatshutshisi balungelelene neemeko ezinzima.

Iindawo Ezineenqwelo - moya Zale Mihla

Ubuninzi Bobunzima Nezinto Ezilinganiselweyo

Abatshutshisi ’ iiofisi kwimimandla emikhulu yasezidolophini zidla ngokuphatha amawaka amatyala ngonyaka, ngomncedisi ngamnye weDA ephethe amakhulu ngexesha elinye. Lo msebenzi unzima unokukhokelela kwizigqibo ezikhawulezileyo, ukuxhomekeka kwizicelo ezithenjiswayo, nokudinwa. Ukungasetyenziswa ngokwaneleyo kwemali yabaphengululi, iinkonzo zamaxhoba, kunye nobugcisa kukwathintela ukutshutshiswa okunempumelelo. Ezindaweni zasemaphandleni, izibonelelo zezibonelelo zisenokuba ziyingozi ngakumbi, ngenye i-DA egqumaninzi.

Uphando Lwasekuhlaleni Nengcinezelo Yezobupolitika

Njengamagosa anyuliweyo, u-DA uphantsi konyulo lwamaxesha athile kwaye kufuneka alungelelanise imisebenzi yawo esemthethweni kunye nolindelo lukawonke-wonke. Amatyala aphezulu-profile angamela ingxowa-phambili ye-amajelo-ndaba, kunye nezigqibo eziphikiswayo `njengokungalawuli amagosa amapolisa abandakanyekileyo ekudubuleni nokuqhatha nokukhumbula amaphulo.

Iintsebenziswano zotshintsho nokuphendula

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-#8220; umtshutshisi oqhubekekayo ̵ umbutho uye wavela, kunye nabaphumeleleyo kwi-ofisi kwiqonga eziquka ukuphelisa ukuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi, ukunciphisa ukwahlukana kweentlanga, kunye nokuphambukisa abantu abanezifo zengqondo okanye ukukhotyokiswa kwinkqubo yobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho. Le D isoloko ijongene nongquzulwano olusuka kumaqumrhu omthetho, amaxhoba i̱ imibutho, kunye nabachasi bezobupolitika abathi balula kulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ubugcisa nobuntlola obusemthethweni

Ubungqina bamanani, obufana neengxelo zeselfowuni, ii-ofisi zezentlalo-ntle, kunye nokuhlola, ngoku zidlala indima ephambili kwiimeko ezininzi. Abatshutshisi kufuneka bahlale beyimiqathango engokwasemthethweni enxulumene nokujika-jika kwemilinganiselo engokwasese, ukuphengulula, nokuxhwaleka, kunye netsheyina lokugcina ityala. Ngaphezu koko, ukunyuka kwenzululwazi ye-onesi simo sobucala, ukuxilongezwa kweenwele, ukukhutshwa kweminwe, nokuthembeka kweminwe, kwaye baphephe ukuthenjelwa kwiindlela ezichasanayo.

Ulwalamano Phakathi kweDA kunye nenye Inkqubo yokuSekela

Ukunyanzelwa Komthetho

Amapolisa asebenza ngokusondeleyo kunye noomatiloshe ne-sheriff ’ amasebe, kodwa olu lwalamano lungazala luxinezelekile. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kusenokuvakalelwa kukuba abatshutshisi abamangalelwa bagwebi abawamangaleleyo amatyala aneleyo okanye bavumele abaphuli-mthetho abayingozi baphumele ngokukhululekileyo, ngeli xesha abatshutshisi besenokuwagxeka amapolisa ngobuchule bokuphengulula obungentle okanye ubungqina obubuthathaka. Ii-DA ezininzi ngoku zinemigaqo efuna uhlolo oluzimeleyo lokudubula okungagobekiyo, kwaye ezinye iiyunithi zengqibelelo ezinokuvavanywa iimeko eziphosakeleyo.

Izixhobo zokukhusela

Inkqubo ye-adversarial ifuna abatshutshisi ukuba babandakanyeke kwisiluleko sokhuseleko, kodwa ulwalamano olusempilweni lunceda onke amacandelo. I-Dathical D iphatha amagqwetha okhuseleko ngentlonelo, yabelana ngokufumana izinto ngokukhawuleza, kwaye inxibelelana ngokholo olulungileyo. Icebiso lokhuselo, linika uluvo olubalulekileyo ngomxhasi i’ iimeko ezinokuthi zizise iziphumo ezilula, njengenkqubo yokuzinzisa ingqondo. Abatshutshisi abanamandla bayaqonda ukuba umsebenzi onamandla wokuzikhusela ubalulekile ekulawuleni inkqubo.

ABagwebi Neentendelezo

ABagwebi bajonge ukuququzelelwa nokulawulwa kwemiqathango, beqinisekisa ukuba bayayithobela imithetho. I-DA kufuneka banikele iingxoxo zabo kwimida ebekwe yinkundla. Kulindeleke ukuba kubekho ulwalamano olululo kodwa olunentlonelo nebhentshi; imigudu engafanelekanga yokuphembelela okanye ukuphambuka kumgwebi isenokukhokelela ekudeleni okanye ekuphembeleleni kwisibheno.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nekamva lokutshutshiswa

Iziphakamiso ekuphathweni kobungqina, ukulandelelwa kwemiqathango, kunye nogcino-lwazi zitshintsha indlela ezisebenza ngayo ii-ofisi ze-DA. Ii-ofisi ezininzi ngoku zisebenzisa i-software ekhethekileyo ukulawula ukufunyanwa kwengxelo yogcino-lwazi, kunye nezicelo ezisekelwe kwiziphumo zembali. Ii-prepheredialytics ziyasetyenziswa ukuvavanya ubungozi bokubuyiselwa kwakhona komntu, nangona ukusetyenziswa kwazo kuqhubeka kuphikisana ngenxa yokungavumelani nohlanga kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Ikhamera ye-athorabha ye-meya iye yaba yinxalenye eqhelekileyo yobungqina kwiziganeko zeziganeko zegosaventi ye-odoliventi, ibeka iimfuno ezintsha kubatshutshisi zevo ezinkulu zevidiyo.

Kukhuselo, ukudubuleka kobungqina bamanani kuthetha ukuba i-DA kufuneka ibe nobuchule ekuphatheni i-metadata, ugcino-lwazi lwejiyojiyo, kunye neenkupho zokukhowuda. Ikamva liya kufumana ukusetyenziswa okungakumbi kobukrelekrele obungeyondlela yokuchonga iipateni ezisetyenziswayo ekuchongeni izigqibo ezichaphazelekayo nasekunyuseni imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Noko ke, nakuphi na ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa kufuneka kube bhetyelele kwaye kumele kuphathwe phantsi kobugqwetha obungekho sikweni obuzenzekelayo.

Isiphelo

I-Attorney yesiFilim iphethe isikhundla samandla amakhulu kunye noxanduva kwinkqubo yobulungisa. Ukusuka ekugwebeni izigqibo zokugweba ukugweba i-advoca, i-DA’ izenzo zibumba ubomi babamangalelwa, amaxhoba, kunye nabantu abahlala kulo. Ukuqonda inkqubo yokuchotshelwa kwetyala (isiseko esisemthethweni, imigwebo ecacileyo, imisebenzi yezemigaqo-mthetho, kunye neengxaki ezisebenzayo) eziyimfuneko kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kumthetho, inkqubo kawonke-wonke-wonke, okanye ubomi. Njengoko ulungiso-hlenga luqhubeka lukhula, u-D kumazwe ngapha nangapha kolu cwangciso oludala lufunyenweyo, ukufikelela okusesikweni okusemthethweni, okungagqibekanga, okungako, nokulungele uluntu. Iziphumo zezi ziphumo zemeko ziya kuchaza ikamva lolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseMelikan.

Ukufunda ngokubhekele phaya ngelungelo logxeba notshintsho, bona ubuncwane obuvela kwisebe leJaji [[FLT:]U.S., , ACLU[, kunye noTyelelo lweProtothi yeProject.