Table of Contents

Inkululeko yokukholelwa nokunqula ngokwesazela sikabani imela elinye lamalungelo abantu axabisekileyo nasisiseko. Kulo lonke ihlabathi, kumiselwe imigaqo engokwasemthethweni yokukhusela abantu kwintshutshiso, ucalucalulo, kunye nokungenelela kwimisebenzi yabo yonqulo. Oku kuhlola ngokuphandle indlela imithetho ekhusela ngayo inkululeko yonqulo, ukuphuhliswa kwezi ntetho zembali, iingxaki eziqhubeka zisebenza, nesizathu sokuba ezi zikhuselwa ngokusemthethweni zihlale zibalulekile kwisidima sabantu nakwibutho labantu ledemokhrasi.

Indaleko Yenkululeko Yonqulo Njengelungelo Elisemthethweni

Inkululeko yonqulo igqalwa ngokubanzi njenge "umkhulu" kuwo onke amalungelo abantu, eqashelwa okokuqala kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe ezisukela emva kuXwezo lwase-Augsburg ngo1555, ezathi zamisela ukuba unqulo lommandla luya kumiselwa ngumlawuli kunokuba lufunyanwe yimikhosi engaphandle. Lo mgaqo ngokuthe ngcembe wakhokelela ekukhuselweni kweqela lonqulo oluncinane lonqulo ekugqibeleni nasekukhuselweni kwenkululeko yonqulo njengomntu ngamnye osisiseko. Uhambo olusuka kunqulo olulawulwa ngurhulumente lulawula uluntu ngalunye lumela olunye lweenguqu ezibaluleke kakhulu kwimbali yomthetho nezobupolitika.

Ingcamango yokunyamezelana konqulo yaqalisa ngokuthe ngcembe ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zemfazwe nentshutshiso. Iinkqubo zokuqala zazijolise ekuthinteleni iimfazwe zonqulo phakathi kwamazwe kunokuba zikhusele amakholwa athile. Noko ke, njengoko ingcamango yentandabulumko yaphuhliswa ngexesha loKhanyiso, iingcali zaqalisa ukuchaza isidima sesazela somntu ngamnye nelungelo lokufuna inyaniso ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa.

Kumongo weMerika, inkululeko yonqulo yaba sisiseko solwazi lwesizwe esitsha. Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, abaninzi babo abaye bazibonela okanye batshutshiswa ngonqulo, bakhutshwa inkululeko yonqulo kuMphengululo Wokuqala. UMthetho Wokuqala woGunyaziso uthi: "IKonreferein ayiyi kwenza mthetho wokusekwa konqulo, okanye ukuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngenkululeko; okanye ukuvala inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye ukusetyenziswa koosomashicilele; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisa ngoxolo, nokubongoza uRhulumente ukuba aphinde afake izikhalazo." Lo khuseleko olubini lwangaphambili lungamele ukumiswa konqulo ngexa kukhuselwa umgangatho okhethekileyo oye waphembele inkqubela yezombutho woluntu jikelele.

Ukuvunywa kwenkululeko yonqulo njengelungelo lokuqala elikhuselwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo akhuselekile kumaMelika kukuqonda kwabo abaseki bonqulo ngokubaluleka komntu, intlalo kunye nezobupolitika. Oku kuqwalaselwa kwangaphambili akubonakalisanga amava embali kuphela kodwa kwabonisa ukuzinikela kwentanda-bulumko kwisazela kwimicimbi yabantu.

Isiseko Esisemthethweni Sezizwe Ngezizwe Senkululeko Yonqulo

Ilungiselelo lale mihla lenkululeko yonqulo lavela emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, xa uluntu lwehlabathi lonke lwafuna ukuseka imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi lonke eyayiza kuthintela izenzo zenkohlakalo zexesha elizayo. Inkululeko yonqulo okanye inkolelo iqinisekiswe linqaku le - 18 leSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu, inqaku 18 loMvumelwano Wezizwe Ngezizwe Ongeenkululeko Zoluntu Nezopolitiko kunye neSindululo Solawulo Solawulo Ngenkqubo Yolawulo Loluntu Neentlobo Zoluntu Neenkolo.

ISindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu

ISindululo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu sivakalisa ukuba wonk ’ ubani unelungelo lenkululeko yokucinga, yesazela neyonqulo; esi sigqibo siquka inkululeko yokuguqula unqulo lwakhe okanye inkolelo, nenkululeko, enoba yedwa okanye yeyasekuhlaleni nabanye okanye yangasese, ukubonakalisa unqulo lwakhe okanye inkolelo ekufundiseni, ekukhuleni, ekunquleni nasekwenzeni isikhumbuzo. Esi sibhengezo samkelwa yiNtlanganiso Jikelele yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngowe - 1948, samisela inkululeko yonqulo njengemigaqo yendalo isebenza kubo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na okanye urhulumente wabo.

Ulwimi lwesibhengezo luphangalele ngabom kwaye luquka. Lukhusela kungekuphela nje ilungelo lokubambelela kwiinkolelo kodwa kwakhona nelungelo lokutshintsha ezo nkolelo `ilungiselelo elibalulekileyo ngakumbi kumongo apho uwexuko okanye ukuguquka kuthintelwe. Ngaphezu koko, lubonakalisa imiqathango yangasese neyasekuhlaleni yonqulo, ukuvuma ukuba ukholo aluyonto nje yangaphakathi kodwa lusoloko lufuna ukubonakaliswa kwangaphandle nokuthatha inxaxheba yoluntu.

Umnqophiso Wezizwe Ngezizwe Wamalungelo Asekuhlaleni Nawamapolitiki

I - International Common of Civil and Political Rights yowe - 1966 iguqulela amalungelo abantu kwimbopheleleko ebophelelekileyo esemthethweni yaye imisela inkululeko yonqulo kwiGatya layo 18. Ngokungafaniyo neSindululo Somhlaba Wonke, esisebenza njengengxelo yemigaqo, i - ICCPR ivelisa iimbopheleleko ezinyanzelisayo ezisemthethweni kumazwe ekuthethwa ngazo ukuba afanele avunyelwe. Lo mnqophiso waguqula inkululeko yonqulo kwinjongo yomnqweno wamazwe ngamazwe.

NgokweKomiti yamaLungelo abantu yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, iGatya 18 le-ICCPR likhusela iinkolelo ezisisiseko, ezingezozabukho bukaThixo, kwakunye nelungelo lokungangeni naluphi na unqulo okanye inkolelo. Amagama athi "Tracment" kunye "lonqulo" kufuneka achazwe ngokubanzi. IGatya 18 alipheleliselwanga ekusebenzeni kwalo kwiinkonzo zesithethe okanye kwiinkonzo neenkolelo kunye neemeko zobugqeba okanye ukuqhelisela ezonqulo lwesithethe. Le nkcazelo iqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lunwenwenwe nazo zonke iintlobo zesazela nenkolelo, hayi nje kuphela izithethe zonqulo.

ISibhengezo Sowe - 1981 Sokunganyamezelani Nocalucalulo Lonqulo

Inkululeko yonqulo ebanzi kakhulu kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe yafumaneka kwisindululo sokupheliswa kweMisebenzi Yokungabikho Komkhethe, esamenyezelwa yiNgqungquthela Jikelele ye-U.N. ngo-1 1981, echaza ubuninzi benkululeko yonqulo yawo nawuphi na amaxwebhu alwela amalungelo abantu ehlabathi. Esi sindululo sinikela ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha ngokokuba yiyiphi inkululeko yonqulo ebandakanya ukuqheliselwa, kuquka ilungelo lokuthobela unqulo, ukumisela izithethe zonqulo, ukufundisa iinkonzo, ukuvelisa iimpahla zonqulo, ukuvelisa iinkonzo.

Ngenjongo yesi sindululo, ibinzana elithi "ukuvumela nokucalucalulo okusekelwe kunqulo okanye kwiinkolelo" lithetha naluphi na ucalulo, ukwahlulwa, ukunyanzelwa, okanye ukhetho olusekelwe kunqulo okanye kwinkolelo kwaye lunenjongo okanye lubangelwa kukungakhathalelwa, ulonwabo, okanye ukusebenzisa amalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko esisiseko esekelwe kwisiseko esilinganayo. Le nkcazelo ibonisa ukuba ucalucalulo lungavela ngemigaqo nangezenzo zomkhwa ezineziphumo ezifihlakeleyo, nokokuba azicetywanga ngokucacileyo.

Ukukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko Ehlabathini Lonke

Inkululeko yonqulo ivela kumgaqo-siseko wama-90 ekhulwini amazwe alawulayo ehlabathi, ubume obusemthethweni obahluleleneyo obungqinelana nemeko yomgaqo-siseko wendalo yonke, nangona kwiimeko ezininzi ingahambelani nezokoqobo. Olu lwazi lomgaqo-siseko osasazekileyo lubonisa uvumelwano oluphangaleleyo lwezizwe ngenkululeko yonqulo, kwananjengokuba ukuzalisekisa kwahluka-gqaba-gqaba-gqaba gqaba gqaba ngamacala angomthetho nangokwenkcubeko.

Ukukhusela umGaqo-siseko kubandakanya amalungiselelo okuthintela ukumiswa konqulo, ukuqinisekisa ukuqheliselwa kwenkululeko kwezenzo zonqulo, ukuthintela ucalucalulo lonqulo, nokukhusela amahlelo amancinane onqulo. Noko ke, iindlela ezikhethekileyo kunye nokulungelelana okukhoyo phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo nezinye izilangazelelo kwahlukile kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe, abonisa amava embali ahlukeneyo, imilinganiselo yenkcubeko, nezithethe ezingokwasemthethweni.

Umlinganiselo Nemilinganiselo Yenkululeko Yonqulo

Ukuqonda ezi nkalo zihlukahlukeneyo kusinceda sicacelwe ngeyona ndlela ifanelekileyo yokukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni kwenkululeko yonqulo nesizathu sokuba ibalulekile.

Inkululeko Yokukholelwa Nesazela

Inkululeko yonqulo ikhusela iinkolelo nesazela. Inkululeko yonqulo yinkululeko yokukholelwa nokusebenzisa okanye yokusebenza ngokwesazela sonqulo ngaphandle kokungenelela okungeyomfuneko korhulumente. Oku kujongwa njengokupheleleyo, //orhulumente abanako ukulawula ngokusemthethweni oko abantu bakukholelwayo ezintliziyweni nasezingqondweni zabo. Oku kukhusela kukhokelela kwinkululeko yokwamkela, yokutshintsha, okanye yokushiya iinkolelo zonqulo ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa okanye ukugwetywa ngurhulumente.

Ukukhuselwa sisazela kuyaqonda ukuba iinkolelo zonqulo nezentandabulumko zisisiseko sokwazi umntu lowo onguye nokwazi ukuziphatha. Kubantu abaninzi, iinkolelo zonqulo zinikela iimpendulo zeyona mibuzo ibalulekileyo engobomi ngokuphathelele injongo, injongo, ukuziphatha, neyona nto ibalulekileyo. Ngoko ke iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ezihlonela isidima somntu zimele zikhusele inkululeko yokuyila nokugcina iinkolelo ezinjalo.

Inkululeko Yoqheliselo Neyokugcina Isikhumbuzo

Inkululeko yonqulo iquka, ubuncinane, inkululeko yonqulo (ilungelo lokukholelwa nayiphi na into umntu, iqela, okanye unqulo oluyifunayo, kuquka zonke iintlobo zokungakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo, ezinjengobukho bomntu, okanye ezinye iintlobo zokungakholelwa), kodwa bambi bavakalelwa kukuba inkululeko yonqulo imele iquke inkululeko yokuqhelisela (ilungelo lokuqhelisela unqulo okanye inkolelo ekuhleni nangaphandle ngendlela yoluntu, kuquka ilungelo lokungaqheliseli naluphi na unqulo).

Inkululeko yokubonakalisa unqulo ngoqheliselo, unqulo, nangesikhumbuzo imela inxalenye yangaphandle yenkululeko yonqulo. Oku kuquka ukuba nenxaxheba kwiinkonzo zonqulo, ukwenza izithethe zonqulo, ukubhiyozela iiholide zonqulo, ukunxiba impahla yonqulo, ukulandela imiqathango yokutya, nokubandakanyeka kolunye uqheliselo olubonakalisa imbopheleleko yonqulo.

Amaxwebhu alwela amalungelo abantu ehlabathini lonke ayaqonda ukuba unqulo lusenokuquka izithethe, imiyalelo yokutya, iimpahla ezahlukileyo, izithethe zobomi neelwimi ezithile.

Inkululeko Yokufundisa Nokuchitha Iinkolelo Zonqulo

Inkululeko yonqulo iquka ilungelo lokufundisa iinkolelo zonqulo, ukufundisa abanye, nokukhulisa abantwana ngokweenkolelo zonqulo. Oku kuquka inkululeko yokuseka amaziko emfundo yonqulo, ukuvelisa nokuhambisa iincwadi zonqulo, ukunikela iintetho zonqulo nokudlulisela izithethe zonqulo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Ilungelo lokufundiswa nokudluliselwa konqulo lingqineka libalulekile ngokukhethekileyo kuluntu lonqulo olufuna ukugcina izithethe zalo nokwaziwa kwalo. Abazali ngokuqhelekileyo banelungelo lokuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana babo bafumana imfundo yonqulo evisisana neenkolelo zabo, enoba ziphuma kwizikolo zonqulo, kwimfundo yasekhaya, okanye kwimfundo eyongezelelekileyo yonqulo. Eli lungelo lobuzali libonakalisa ukugqalwa kobukho bonqulo ngokuqhelekileyo buqala ebuntwaneni yaye iintsapho zisebenza njengabadluliseli abaphambili besithethe sonqulo.

Inkululeko Yonqulo Equlethwe Ziziko

Inkululeko yonqulo iquka inkululeko yabantu bonqulo, ulungelelwaniso, ukuzilawula, ukukhetha iinkokeli zabo, ukuchaza iimfundiso zabo nokufeza imisebenzi yabo. NgokomGaqo-siseko, izigqibo zonqulo zikhuselwe ekuphazanyisweni ngurhulumente ukusa kumlinganiselo eziwunxulumene ngawo nemicimbi yoorhulumente okanye yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Le migaqo iyavuma ukuba unqulo luyinto eqhelekile yaye abantu bonqulo bafuna ukuzilawula ukuze baphile ngokuvisisana neenkolelo nezithethe zabo. Amaziko onqulo amele akhululeke ukumisela eyawo imiqathango yokuba ngamalungu, ukhokelo, nomsebenzi; ukuchaza nokunyanzelisa imilinganiselo yawo yemfundiso; nokulungelelanisa imicimbi yawo yangaphakathi ngaphandle kokungenelela okungeyomfuneko korhulumente.

Iinkonzo, amaqumrhu, amaziko emfundo, kunye nemibutho yezemfundo, (okuthetha ukuba, amaqumrhu alungelelaniswe iinjongo zonqulo abandakanyeke kwimisebenzi ehambelanayo kunye, kwaye aqhubele phambili, ezo njongo (ukuze) zibonise ukuvalwa komthetho ocacileyo ekunqabeni kweSihloko socalulo sonqulo VII emsebenzini. Phantsi koko, imibutho yonqulo ingakhetha ukusebenzisa kuphela abantu abaneenkolelo nehambo evumelana nemithetho yonqulo. Aba bakhululeki bonqulo bayazi ukuba amaziko onqulo kufuneka akwazi ukugcina isimilo nothumo lwabo lonqulo.

Ukukhululeka Kunqulo

Isiseko esingundoqo senkululeko yonqulo yinkululeko yokungaqheliseli unqulo. Le nkululeko yonqulo yokwenyaniso ifuna ukuba abantu bakhululeke ukuchasa iinkolelo zonqulo ngokupheleleyo kwaye baphile ngokwezimvo zehlabathi okanye ezingezonqulo. Kanye njengokuba inkululeko yonqulo ibandakanya inkululeko yokuqhelisela unqulo, ikwathetha inkululeko yokungaqheliseli unqulo.

Le nkululeko yonqulo ididekile ikhusela abantu ekunyanzelweni ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwimisebenzi yonqulo, ukuzibanga bengenayo iinkolelo zonqulo, okanye bexhasa amaziko onqulo angakuthandiyo. Kwakhona ithintela urhulumente ukuba athande abemi bonqulo kunabemi abangengoonqulo okanye ekumiseleni iimvavanyo zonqulo ukuze bangenele izikhundla zikawonke-wonke okanye kwimicimbi yoluntu. Inkululeko yonqulo iqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yonqulo isebenza kuwo onke amalungu ebutho labantu, kungekhona abo bamkela iinkolelo zonqulo.

Ukukhuselwa Ngokusemthethweni Kucalucalulo Lonqulo

Ngaphandle kokukhusela inkululeko yokukholelwa nokuqhelisela unqulo, iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ziyaluthintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kunqulo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yobomi babantu.

Ucalucalulo Ngemisebenzi

Imithetho elwalela ucalucalulo lonqulo emsebenzini ikhusela abasebenzi ekunqabeni ukuphakanyiswa kwemisebenzi, ukunyuselwa okanye amathuba emisebenzi ngenxa yeenkolelo zabo okanye imisebenzi yabo.

Indawo yonqulo emsebenzini isenokuquka ukuvumela abaqeshwa ukuba babhiyozele iiholide zonqulo, banxibe impahla yonqulo, bagcine iindlela zokuzilungisa zonqulo, okanye bathandaze ngexesha lomsebenzi. Abaqeshi kufuneka benze imigudu yokholo ukuze bahlangabezane nezi ntswelo zonqulo ngoxa belungelelanisa iimfuno zomsebenzi namalungelo abanye abaqeshwa.

Imithetho elwa nokungathomalaliswa konqulo ikwakhusela abasebenzi ekuxhatshazweni okusekelwe kunqulo kwaye iyabathintela abantu abasebenza nzima apho abasebenzi bonqulo begculelwa, bekhutshwa okanye benyanzelwa ukuba bashiye imisebenzi yabo yonqulo.

Ukufikelela kwimfundo kunye nokuhlala

Ukukhusela okusemthethweni kudlulela kwimfundo, kuqinisekisa ukuba abafundi banokufumana amathuba emfundo ngaphandle kokujamelana nocalucalulo olusekelwe kunqulo. Izikolo zimele ngokuqhelekileyo zivumelane noqheliselo lonqulo lwabafundi, olufana nokuvumela iimpahla zonqulo, ukunikela ezinye izinto ezichasene neenkolelo zonqulo, nokuvumela ukunqongophala kwemibhiyozo yonqulo.

Ezi zikhuseli zilungelelanisa umsebenzi wemfundo wezikolo ngokuhlonela iinkolelo zonqulo zabafundi. Ngoxa izikolo zinokugcina imigaqo-nkqubo yobundilele esebenza kubo bonke abafundi, azinakukhetha abafundi bonqulo ngenxa yokuphathwa kakubi okanye zivelise imekobume apho abafundi bonqulo bajamelana nengcinezelo yokulahla iinkolelo zabo okanye izenzo zabo.

Ilungelo lemfundo yonqulo likwaquka inkululeko yokuseka izikolo zonqulo nokukhetha imfundo yonqulo kubantwana. Iinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho zinikela uhlobo oluthile lwenkxaso okanye ukunconywa kwamaziko emfundo yonqulo, ukuvuma amalungelo abazali okukhokela imfundo yabantwana babo ngokwemilinganiselo yabo yonqulo.

Ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke kunye neengingqi

Imithetho elwa nokungathobeli ingqwalaselo ephambili yezonqulo iyaluthintela ucalucalulo lonqulo ekufumaneni iinkonzo zikarhulumente, iinzuzo zikarhulumente, izindlu, nendawo yokuhlala kawonke-wonke.

Amasebe karhulumente kufuneka anikele iinkonzo kwisiseko esingangeni tyala, angathandi okanye angabathandi abantu abasekelwe kunqulo. Ngokunjalo iihotele, iivenkile zokutyela, iinkonzo zezothutho, kunye neendawo zokuzonwabisa, kufuneka alungiselele bonke abathengi kungakhathaliseki ukuba banxulumene nonqulo, abanokungakhathalelwa kwiintlangano zonqulo ezisebenza ngokuhambelana nomsebenzi wabo wonqulo.

Ezi zikhuseli zikhuthaza ukulingana nokumanyana kwentlalo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu banokuba nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu ngaphandle kokujongana nomgangatho osekelwe kwiinkolelo zabo zonqulo. Zibonakalisa umgaqo wokuba inkululeko yonqulo ibandakanya kungekuphela nje ilungelo lokuqhelisela unqulo lukabani kodwa kwanelungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwibutho labantu ngoxa begcina imbono yonqulo lwakhe.

Imida Echasene Nenkululeko Yonqulo: Ukulungelelanisa Amalungelo Nentsalelo

Nangona inkululeko yonqulo ikhuselekile ngokusemthethweni, ayiphelelanga. Njengayo nayiphi na inkululeko yonqulo, inkululeko yonqulo ayinamida. Njengokuba isithethi sakudala sisithi, "Ilungelo lam lokujija inqindi liphelela apho impumlo yakho iqala khona. Iinkonzo ezithile zibandakanya iinkolelo okanye uqheliselo oluphikisana neminye imithetho yemfundo, imithetho yemfundo enyanzelekileyo, imithetho yokukhusela izilwane nemithetho echasene neziyobisi. Iinkqubo zomthetho kufuneka zilungelelanise inkululeko yonqulo nezinye iinjongo nelungelo elibalulekileyo.

Imiqobo Ecacileyo Phantsi Komthetho Wezizwe Ngezizwe

Inkululeko yokubonakalisa unqulo okanye iinkolelo zikabani iza kuthotyelwa kuphela kwimiqathango emiselwe ngumthetho kwaye iyimfuneko kwibutho lobudemokhrasi ngenxa yokhuseleko lukawonke wonke, ukwenzela ukhuseleko locwangco lukawonke-wonke, impilo okanye ukuziphatha, okanye ukukhusela amalungelo kunye nenkululeko yabanye. Esi siseko, esifunyanwa kwizixhobo eziphambili zamalungelo abantu zezizwe ngezizwe, simisela ukuba imiqathango kuqheliselo yonqulo kufuneka ifikelele kwiimfuno eziliqela: kufuneka imiselwe ngumthetho, ifezekise injongo esemthethweni, kwaye ifanele ifezeke kwaye ilungelele ukufezekisa loo njongo.

Okubalulekileyo kukuba, ezi zithintelo zisebenza kuphela ekubonakalisweni konqulo qha, ngokuqhelekileyo olungaphandle, kodwa kungekhona kwinkululeko yangaphakathi yenkolelo nesazela, ehlala iphelele. Oorhulumente abanako ukuyimisela ngokusemthethweni into abayikholelwayo abantu, kodwa basenokulawula uqheliselo oluthile lonqulo xa kuyimfuneko ukukhusela izilangazelelo zikawonke wonke.

Ukhuseleko nolungelelwano lukawonke-wonke

Oorhulumente basenokumisela imiqathango esengqiqweni kuqheliselo lonqulo ukuze bakhusele ukhuseleko loluntu nokugcina ucwangco lukawonke-wonke. Umzekelo, abasemagunyeni banokulawula ixesha, indawo, nendlela yokuhlanganisa iintlanganiso zonqulo ukuze bathintele ukuphazamiseka koluntu, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lweenqwelo-mafutha, okanye ukukhusela impilo yoluntu. Imimiselo enjalo kufuneka ingathathi cala, isebenza ngokufanayo kwimisebenzi yonqulo nakweyiphi na imisebenzi engeyoyanqulo, yaye akufunekangasetyenziswa njengezinto zokuphelisa amaqela onqulo angathotyelwayo.

Ngexesha longxamiseko lwempilo kawonke-wonke, oorhulumente basenokumisela iintlanganiso zonqulo kunye nezinye iindibano zikawonke-wonke ukuze kuthintelwe ukudluliselwa kwezifo. Noko ke, imiqathango enjalo kufuneka idibane, ilungelelaniswe, ibe nexesha elilinganiselweyo, kwaye isetyenziswe ngokufanayo kwimisebenzi yehlabathi. Abasemagunyeni abanakukwazi ukuhlanganisa iintlanganiso zonqulo ukuze bafumane unyango olungqwabalala kunemibutho yehlabathi efanayo.

Ukhuseleko Lwamalungelo Nenkululeko Yabanye

Ingxaki ephambili ekuqwalaselweni kwenkululeko yonqulo ngumbandela wokuba ngaba uqheliselo lonqulo nezenzo eziphenjelelwa ngonqulo eziya kwaphula umthetho wehlabathi zifanele zivunyelwe ngenxa yokulondolozwa kwenkululeko yonqulo. Xa uqheliselo lonqulo lungqubana namalungelo abanye, iinkqubo ezingokwasemthethweni zimele zilungelelanise iinjongo zokukhuphisana.

Ngokomzekelo, nangona abazali benamalungelo okukhokela unqulo lwabantwana babo, la malungelo kufuneka alungelelaniswe nxamnye nokukhula kwenkululeko yabantwana kunye namalungelo abo emfundo, ukukhathalelwa kwempilo, kunye nokukhuselwa kwingozi. Ngokufanayo, ngoxa abaqeshi bonqulo benokuba nenkululeko yokwenza izigqibo zemisebenzi ezisekelwe kwimigaqo yonqulo, le nkululeko kufuneka ilungelelaniswe kumalungelo abaqeshwa ukuze bakhululeke ekucalucalulweni.

Iinkundla neenkqubo zomthetho zisebenzisa iimvavanyo neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokucombulula ezi ngxabano, ezidla ngokufuna ukuba imiqathango yenkululeko yonqulo iqhubele phambili kwiinjongo zikarhulumente kwaye isebenzise iindlela ezingekho ngqongqo zikhoyo ukuze kufunyanwe ezo zinto. Le ndlela ifuna ukwandisa inkululeko yonqulo ngoxa ikhusela amanye amalungelo nezilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo.

Ihambo Yezaphuli - mthetho Nezenzo Eziyingozi

I-Free Execree Claus iyawulela urhulumente ekulawuleni inkolelo, kodwa ivumela urhulumente ukuba ohlwaye umsebenzi ogwetywe njengowaphuli-mthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba kusekelwe kusini na kwinkolelo yonqulo. Intshukumisa yonqulo ayikuniki khuseleko olupheleleyo kwimithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho jikelele. Izenzo ezibangela umonakalo onzulu kwabanye − njengogonyamelo, ukuxhatshazwa, okanye ubuqhetseba − zihlala ziphantsi kokwalelwa okusemthethweni kwanaxa ziqhutywa lunqulo.

Noko ke, ukusebenzisa imithetho yolwaphulo - mthetho kuqheliselo lonqulo kufuna ukuba uhlolisise ngenyameko ukuze uqinisekise ukuba ukutshutshiswa akuyomingxengxezo yonqulo nokuba imithetho ayicetyelwanga ukuhlasela amaqela athile onqulo.

Ukunyanzeliswa Koomatshini Nokubuyiselwa Kwabo Ngokusemthethweni

Ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo ngokusemthethweni kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba kukho iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuyinyanzelisa nokuyinika unyango xa kuphulwa.

Inkqubo yoHlolo lwezeMigaqo-nkqubo yezeMigwebo neNkundla

Iinkundla zinendima ephambili ekunyanzeleni ukukhuselwa kwenkululeko yonqulo ngokuhlola izenzo zikarhulumente, ukutolika amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho-siseko, nokunikela iingcaciso zokwaphula umthetho. Iijaji ezizimeleyo zingakhusela iinkonzo ezincinane kwiingcinezelo ezinkulu kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlonela imiqathango yegunya lakhe kwimicimbi yonqulo.

EUnited States, amatyala amaninzi eNkundla Ephakamileyo ebandakanya amaNgqina kaYehova ngoku azizigqibo eziphawulekayo zomthetho wokuHlaziya koQala. Imilo engokwasemthethweni yamaNgqina kaYehova iye yakhupha ezinye zezigqibo ezibalulekileyo ezingokwasemthethweni ngokuphathelele inkululeko yonqulo, usasazo nentetho. Ngokuthetha ngelishwa, abantu bonqulo kunye namaqela angoomntu ngamnye anokuyicel ’ umngeni imithetho nemigaqo ephazamisa inkululeko yabo yonqulo, iseka imimiselo ekhusela inkululeko yonqulo ngobubanzi ngakumbi.

Ukhuseleko olunempumelelo lwezomthetho alufuni nje kuphela ukulawulwa yimigaqo esemthethweni kodwa lukwafuna iindlela ezivumela abantu ukuba bazise iingxelo, bafumane imvume engokwasemthethweni, baze bafumane iingcaciso ezifanelekileyo. Iinkundla kufuneka zizimele, zingakhethi, zikulungele ukunyanzelisa ukukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko kwanakwiimfuno ezinkulu okanye ezinamandla zikarhulumente.

Isalathisi solawulo neeKhomishini zaMalungelo oLuntu

Amazwe amaninzi aseka amaziko olawulo akhethekileyo okanye iikhomishini zamalungelo abantu ukuphanda ngezikhalazo zocalulo lonqulo, iingxoxo zemithombo-ndaba, nokunyanzelisa imithetho echasene nocalulo. Le mibutho inokuba ziinkqubo ezifikelelekayo nezingekho semthethweni zokusingatha ukwaphulwa kwenkululeko yonqulo kunezokuhlaziywa kwenkundla.

Ukunyanzeliswa kolawulo kubandakanya ukuphanda izikhalazo, ukuzama ukuvala ityala phakathi kwamaqela, nokumisela izigwebo okanye ukunyanzelisa iimpendulo xa kufunyenwe oko.

Ukujongwa nokuphendula kwehlabathi lonke

Ngowe - 1986, iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zamisela oko kwabizwa ngokuba yiNkulumbuso Ekhethekileyo Yenkululeko Yonqulo okanye Inkolelo, omsebenzi wakhe kukuchonga imiqobo kwinkululeko yonqulo okanye yenkolelo nokucebisa iindlela zokuyoyisa.

Igqala inkululeko yonqulo "njengelungelo loluntu lomhlaba wonke," i-International Religious Freedom Act yavelisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zikarhulumente ezijolise ekumiseni i-IRF njengenkcaso yomgaqo-siseko wangaphandle we-United States. Okubaluleke kakhulu, umthetho wayila i-Ofisi yeNkululeko Yonqulo yezizwe ngeSebe leSizwe elikhokelwa yi-Ambassado enkulu ye-IRF; ifuna ukuba unobhala weSizwe anikezele ingxelo yemeko yenkululeko yonqulo ehlabathini lonke; igunyazisa ukuba uMongameli achaze "amanani enkxalabo ethile" kwaye agunyazise izenzo zikarhulumente ukuphendula ukuchasana kwenkululeko yonqulo.

IRFA imyalelo yokuba uMongameli akhethe ukuba "amazwe axhalatyiswe ngokukhethekileyo" loo mazwe ababo oorhulumente abaye babandakanyeka okanye bawanyamezela "ngokubanzi" ukwaphulwa kwenkululeko yonqulo. Umthetho uchaza ingakumbi ukwaphulwa okunzima kwenkululeko yonqulo njenge "enkqubo, eqhubekayo, nengenamsebenzi", kuquka ukwaphula umthetho, kuquka ukungqwabalala okufana nokuthuthumbisa; ukuphathwa ngenkohlakalo, okanye isohlwayo okanye isohlwayo; ukuvalelwa okugqithiseleyo okunganyanzelekanga; ukubhanga; okanye okunye ukukhanyelwa kwelungelo lobomi, inkululeko, okanye ukhuseleko lwabantu. Eli binzana linokuxhokonxa uxinzelelo lwemicimbi yezopolitikitiko kunye nezigwebo, linika ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Imibutho engeyoyangorhulumente yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuhloleni inkululeko yonqulo, ukubhalisa ukwaphulwa, ukunikela uncedo olusemthethweni kumaxhoba, nokukhuthaza ukukhuselwa okunamandla. Le mibutho inokuzisa ingqalelo kwizenzo zokwaphula umthetho ezinokuthi ngenye indlela zingabonwa, zinike ubuchule kwiinkundla nabenzi bemigaqo-nkqubo, zize zikhuthaze uluntu ukuba lufumane inkululeko yonqulo.

Inkululeko yonqulo isebenza kwimigangatho yengingqi, yesizwe, neyezizwe ngezizwe, imela iimbono ezahlukeneyo zonqulo nezentanda-bulumko. Umsebenzi wabo uquka ukuchanabeka okuqulethweyo, ukulawulwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo, imfundo kawonke-wonke, kunye noncedo olungqalileyo kubantu ngabanye nakumaqela ajongene nentshutshiso okanye ucalucalulo. Ngokukhuthaza amazwi abo inkululeko yabo yonqulo isongelwa, le mibutho iqinisekisa ukuba ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni kuguqulela kwizinto ezikhoyo.

Iingxaki Zangexesha Elidluleyo Zenkululeko Yonqulo

Nakuba kukho imithetho engqongqo ekhusela inkululeko yonqulo, kunzima ukuyiqonda le ngxaki ukuze abantu bakhuseleke baze baqiniseke ukuba isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni sisebenza ngokwenene.

Imiqathango Esemhlabeni Wonke Ngenkululeko Yonqulo

IZiko loProvice liphanda ngenkululeko yonqulo yamazwe ngamazwe phakathi ko-2009 no-2022, liqokelela inkcazelo yehlabathi ephuma kwiintlangano ezili-16 zikarhulumente nezingezo zikarhulumente. Ngo-2009, phantse ama-70 ekhulwini abantu behlabathi bahlala kumazwe achazwa njengemiqathango enzima kwinkululeko yonqulo. Oku kuxhalabisa imiqathango yonqulo oluvela kwimiqathango karhulumente ethetha ngokukhululekileyo nakumazwi onqulo kwakunye nemfazwe eqhutywa ngabantu ngabanye, imibutho namaqela entlalo.

Nangona amazwe amaninzi elungiselela ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo kumgaqo-siseko okanye kwimithetho yawo, kuphela yikota yaloo mazwe eyafunyanwa ihlonela ngokupheleleyo la malungelo asemthethweni ngokusetyenziswa. Lo msantsa phakathi kokhuseleko olusemthethweni noqheliselo loqobo umela olunye lwezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezijamelene nenkululeko yonqulo emhlabeni wonke. Iziqinisekiso zomGaqo-siseko azithethi nto ukuba oorhulumente abawanyanzelisi okanye bayasilela ngokukhutheleyo ukuwachasa ngoxa begcina ukubonakala kokhuseleko olusemthethweni.

Ngokutsho kwePew Research Center, imiqathango karhulumente kunqulo ehlabathini lonke ibinyuka ukususela oko uPew waqalisa ukufumanisa ezi meko ngowama - 2007. Oku kudidayo kubonisa ukuba inkululeko yonqulo isengozini engakumbi kwananjengokuba imilinganiselo yezomthetho yehlabathi lonke iye yaphucuka yaye yamkeleka ngokubanzi.

Ukutshutshiswa Kobuncinane Bonqulo

Kumazwe amaninzi, amaqela aphambili onqulo asebenzisa igunya lelizwe ukuze athobe isidima, anyanzelise okanye atshutshise abantu abambalwa.

Ngo-2013, uPew wahlula ama-30% amazwe njenganemiqathango edla ngokuhlasela iinkonzo ezincinane, yaye ama-61% amazwe aneengcwangu ezidla ngokuhlasela iinkonzo ezincinane. Kuchazwa ukuba amazwe asemntla naseMzantsi Merika ayenemiqathango esezantsi karhulumente nentlalo kunqulo, ngoxa iMbindi Mpuma neMntla Afrika yayiyimimandla enowona mmandla uphakamileyo. Saudi Arabia neIran ngamazwe aphambili kuludwe lwamazwe anomqathangowona uphakamileyo wonqulo.

Ukulondoloza iicawa ezincinane akufuni nje ukulingana okusemthethweni kuphela kodwa kukwafuna amanyathelo asebenzayo okuthintela ucalucalulo nogonyamelo.

Iingxabano Phakathi Kwenkululeko Yonqulo Namanye Amalungelo

Iingxoxo ezikhoyo zidla ngokuchaza inkululeko yonqulo njengengqubana namanye amalungelo nemilinganiselo ebalulekileyo, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ukulingana kwamadoda namabhinqa, amalungelo okuzala.

Ukulungisa ezi ngxaki kufuna ukulungelelaniswa okufanelekileyo kwenkululeko yonqulo namanye amalungelo asisiseko. Iinkqubo zomthetho kufuneka ziphephe ukunyanzelwa konqulo ngezantsi apho iimbono zazo zinyanzelwa ngabanye, kunye nengcinezelo yehlabathi, apho oorhulumente banyanzela abantu bonqulo kunye namaziko ukuba bangqubane neenkolelo zabo ezinzulu. Ukufumana olu lungelelwano kudla ngokufuna iindlela ezitshintshiweyo ezinika abaphikisi bonqulo indawo yokuhlala ngoxa bekhusela amalungelo abanye.

Ukuncitshiswa Kwenkululeko Yonqulo

Njengoko umthetho uqhubeka ukhula, kuquka ngohlaziyo lomgaqo-siseko, inkululeko yonqulo ayimkelwa ngokusemthethweni kwaye ayikhuselwa njengelungelo lomntu elisisiseko. Endaweni yoko, incitshiswa kwingcamango encinci "yenzululwazi" kwaye inikwe ukhuseleko olumbalwa. Le ngcamango yokuncitshiswa kwenkululeko yonqulo isongela ukuthomalalisa isiseko esibanzi esiye savela kwiinkulungwane ezininzi.

Bambi bathi inkululeko yonqulo ifanele ipheleliselwe kwiinkolelo nonqulo lwabanye abantu, ingabi nambono yalunqulo kwintetho yesidlangalala yaye ingavumi ukuba amaziko onqulo azimele geqe kwimisebenzi yawo.

Imida Enyanzelisayo Nokuphendula Okubuthathaka

Inkululeko yonqulo ihlala ikho oko iqela elithile lobungangamsha likubiza ngokuba "linelungelo eliphantsi," elo linandipha iinkqubo ezimbalwa ezisemthethweni ukukhuthaza nokukhusela kunamalungelo abantu alinganayo. Nangona kukho ukhuseleko oluqinileyo olusemthethweni ephepheni, iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa zisoloko zingqine zinganelanga ukuhlangabezana nokuphulwa ngokunempumelelo.

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho okungenazintsebenziso kusenokubangelwa ziimeko ezahlukeneyo: ukunqongophala kwezobupolitika, ukungabikho kobuncwane bokuhlola nokuphanda, ukunganyaniseki, ukuxhomekeka kumagunya ezobupolitika, okanye intiyo entlalo kumagunya amancinane eenkonzo eyenza kube nzima. Ukuqiniswa komthetho akufuni nje kuphela ubuchule obungcono kodwa kwanokuzinikela kwezobupolitika, ubuncwane obaneleyo, neemeko zentlalo ezixhasa ubuninzi bonqulo.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubalulekile Ukufumana Inkululeko Yonqulo: Intsingiselo Ephangaleleyo

Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba inkululeko yonqulo ifanele ikhuselwe ngokungqongqo ngokusemthethweni kuyasinceda siqonde ukubaluleka kokulondoloza nokuqinisa le migaqo yokukhusela phezu kwazo nje iingxaki zanamhlanje.

Ukukhusela Isidima Sabantu

Inkululeko yonqulo ibalulekile ekukhuseleni isidima sabantu. Kwizigidi zamakholwa aneemvelaphi ezahlukahlukeneyo zonqulo, unqulo asingomsebenzi wokuzilibazisa, wokuzihlaziya okanye wokuzihlaziya. Kunoko, sisisiseko sobomi bethu kwaye eyona nto ingundoqo kwindalo yethu. Inkululeko yethu yonqulo ibumba oko sikuko nendlela esiyiqonda ngayo injongo yobomi, injongo yokufa, nethemba lethu ngoko kungaphaya kolu hambo lufa.

Ngenxa yokuba ukholo lunxulumene kakhulu nokuzichaza kwabantu, inkululeko yonqulo imele ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yawo nawuphi na urhulumente othi uhlonela isidima somntu. Ukuhlonela isidima sabantu kufuna ukuhlonela iinkolelo ezinzulu zabantu ngemibuzo eyintloko nokuzivumela ukuba ziphile ngokuvisisana nezo nkolelo. Iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ezingakhuseli inkululeko yonqulo zikhanyela abantu ukuba baphile ngokuvisisana nolwazi lwabo lwenyaniso nentsingiselo.

Isiseko samanye Amalungelo Oluntu

Inkululeko yonqulo yeyona nkululeko indala neyayisekelwe ngokunzulu kumthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe kwaye ibalulekile kuwo onke amalungelo abantu. Inkululeko yonqulo iye yabizwa ngokufanelekileyo njengenkululeko yethu yokuqala. Yazala, kwaye inxulumene namanye amalungelo abantu amaninzi abalulekileyo. Asimele nanini na silibale ukuba urhulumente onamandla okukhanyela inkululeko yethu yokuqala ngokungenakuphepheka uya kuba namandla okuphelisa ezinye iinkululeko ezininzi.

Ukuphuhliswa kwamalungelo abantu ngokwembali kubonisa ukuba inkululeko yonqulo yayisisiseko seengcamango ezibanzi zenkululeko yomntu ngamnye, inkululeko yesazela, inkululeko yokuthetha nenkululeko yokunxulumana.

Ukukhuthaza Unqulo Nokuzibandakanya

Inkululeko yonqulo ingundoqo nakuwuphi na umGaqo-siseko obalulekileyo kumntu ngamnye, ngaloo ndlela ukhuthaza ubuninzi obunika wonke umntu indawo yokuba abe ngumntu nonqabiseko kwibutho lethu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo, inkululeko yonqulo ilungiselela ulwalamano oluseluxolweni phakathi kwabantu abaneenkolelo ezahlukeneyo neembono zehlabathi.

Kunokuba kufuneke abantu bamanyane kwiinkolelo zabo, inkululeko yonqulo ivumela abantu abahlukahlukeneyo bonqulo nentandabulumko ukuba bahlale kunye ngoxa belondoloza iimpawu zabo ezizizo nezenzo zabo. Le ndlela ikhuthaza ukuma koluntu ngokunika onke amaqela umnqamlezo kwinkqubo nangokunciphisa izinto ezibangela imfazwe. Xa abantu beziva bekhululekile ukuqhelisela unqulo lwabo ngaphandle kwentshutshiso okanye ukucalucalulwa, banokuba nenxaxheba ngokwakhayo kubomi bentlalo-ntle baze bahlonele amalungelo abanye abantu.

Ukusikel ’ Imiqathango Amandla Karhulumente

Inkululeko yonqulo ikhuseleke kakhulu xa amaziko ecawa norhulumente ehlala ahlukene kwaye engazami ukuzama ukwenza okanye ukuphazamisa umsebenzi obalulekileyo nowabanye. Inkululeko yonqulo isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya likarhulumente ngokumisela inxalenye yobomi besazela kunye noqheliselo lonqulo.

Umlo wokulwela inkululeko yonqulo ngumgudu wokuthintela urhulumente ekwenzeni oko uThixo angenakukwenza: ukunyanzela ukholo.

Ukufak ’ Isandla Ekuchumeni Kwabantu

Uluntu oluzinikelayo elunqulweni lwenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwintlalo-ntle yabantu ngomsebenzi wokunceda abantu, imfundo, unyango, kunye neenkonzo zoluntu. Inkululeko yonqulo ivumela aba bantu ukuba bafeze iimfuno zabo baze bakhonze ibutho labantu ngokwemilinganiselo nezithethe zabo. Inkoliso yeyona ntlangano ibalulekileyo kwibutho labantu, izikolo, iiyunivesithi, imibutho yoncedo olunentlalo-ntle, kwaye iyaqhubeka isebenza ngokwemigaqo yonqulo.

Ngaphandle kweminikelo yequmrhu, inkululeko yonqulo ixhasa umntu ngamnye ochumayo ngokuvumela abantu bafune inyaniso, bafumane intsingiselo, baze baphile ngokuvisisana neenkolelo zabo ezinzulu.

Ukomeleza Ukhuseleko Olusemthethweni Lwenkululeko Yonqulo

Xa kujongwa ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yonqulo nocelomngeni ejamelana nalo, ukuqinisa ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni kuseyinto ephambili.

Utshintsho loMgaqo-siseko noMthetho

Amazwe afanele aqinisekise ukuba umgaqo-siseko nemithetho yawo ikhusela inkululeko yonqulo, kuquka inkululeko yokukholelwa neyokuziphatha. Iinkqubo zomthetho zifanele ziluthintele ngokucacileyo ucalucalulo lonqulo, zibonelele iindlela zokuzimela, zikhusele nemigaqo-nkqubo yeenkonzo. Apho ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lubuthathaka okanye lungaqondakali, ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho kungaqinisa ukukhuselwa nokucacisa umgangatho wazo.

Amalungiselelo omGaqo-siseko nowiso-mthetho kufuneka abonise imilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu yehlabathi lonke ngeli lixa evumelana nemeko yasekuhlaleni nezithethe zomthetho. Ukuncokola noluntu oluneenkonzo ezahlukeneyo, iingcali zamalungelo abantu, nemibutho yezentlalo esekuhlaleni inokubanceda baqinisekise ukuba utshintsho olusemthethweni lukhusela inkululeko yonqulo kubo bonke abantu.

Inkululeko Nokwakhiwa Kwezikhundla Zokulawula

Ukukhusela inkululeko yonqulo ngokunempumelelo kufuna iinkundla ezizimeleyo ezikwaziyo ukutolika nokunyanzelisa ukukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko nokukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni.

Iinkundla zifanele zivelise imigaqo ecacileyo nengaguquguqukiyo kwimibandela yenkululeko yonqulo, zinike ukhokelo kumagosa karhulumente, abaqeshi, abafundisi-mfundo, nabanye ngeembopheleleko zabo. Izigqibo ezigwebayo zifanele zilungelelanise inkululeko yonqulo nezinye izilangazelelo ezibalulekileyo ngoxa zigcina imilinganiselo engqongqo exhasa inkululeko yonqulo.

Intsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nokuphendula

Ukugada, ukunikela ingxelo nokuziphendulela kunceda ukufumanisa ukwaphulwa, ukunyanzelwa koorhulumente ukuba baphucule izenzo zabo, nokuxhasa amaxhoba entshutshiso yonqulo. Amazwe afanele asebenzisane nemibutho yamalungelo abantu yezizwe ngezizwe, asebenzise ingcebiso eluncedo ekuphuculeni inkululeko yonqulo.

Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe namazwe ngamanye anokusebenzisa ingcinezelo yezakhono, iintshukumisa zezoqoqosho, nezigwebo ukuze akhuthaze ukuhlonelwa kwenkululeko yonqulo.

Imfundo Neenguqulelo Zenkcubeko

Ukukhusela okusemthethweni akunakuqinisekisa inkululeko yonqulo ukuba abantu bahlala beluchasile unqulo olwahlukileyo.Imfundo ephathelele inkululeko yonqulo, ukudibana kweentlanga nemigudu yokukhuthaza ukunyamezelana nokuhlonelana inokubangela iimeko ezixhasa unqulo olungafaniyo.

Imfundo kawonke wonke ifanele iquke ukufundisa ngezithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo zonqulo, ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yonqulo, negalelo labantu bonqulo ezahlukahlukeneyo kwibutho labantu.

Ukuxhasa Uluntu Lwasekuhlaleni Nonqulo

Ukuxhasa le mibutho ngemali, uncedo olungokwasemthethweni nokuxhasa ezopolitiko kunokuwomeleza amandla ayo okujonga ukwaphula umthetho, ukunceda amaxhoba nokuwaxhasa ngakumbi.

Intsebenziswano yeInternational Faith ibonisa ukuba inkululeko yonqulo ingumdla omnye nongapheleli kwinkululeko ethile yonqulo yaye ibangela imibutho exhasa inkululeko yonqulo.

Ikamva Lenkululeko Yonqulo

Ikamva lenkululeko yonqulo lixhomekeke ekuhlaleni uphaphile, ekusebenziseni igunya nasekuzibopheleleni kwimigaqo eye yavela ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zomlo.

Ukudibanisa iingxaki ngezantsi kuquka ukungazikhathaleli ncam kwenkululeko yonqulo, ukungavisisani nonqulo, iimbambano phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo namanye amalungelo, kunye nokudodobala kwendlela yokuzikhusela ngokwesithethe, kunye nokungakhuselwa ngokufanelekileyo okugcina ukhuseleko olunamandla ngoxa uqhelanisa neemeko ezitshintshayo. Injongo kufuneka ibe kukulondoloza imigaqo esisiseko yenkululeko yonqulo ngoxa ufumana iindlela zokucombulula inkxalabo esemthethweni nokucombulula iingxabano.

Inkululeko yonqulo isenokuhlala ididane, ifuna incoko eqhubekayo, ingxubusho, kunye nophuhliso olungokwasemthethweni. Noko ke, ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yonqulo kwisidima somntu, ulawulo lobudemokhrasi, kunye noxolo lwentlalo kunika izizathu ezinamandla zokulondoloza nokuqinisa ukhuseleko olusemthethweni. Ngokuqonda indima yomthetho ekukhuseleni inkululeko yonqulo, ukuqonda iingxaki eziqhubekayo, nokusebenzela ukomeleza ukhuseleko, ibutho labantu linokuqinisekisa ukuba eli lungelo lisisiseko lihlala likhuselekile kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Imigaqo Eyintloko Yokukhusela Inkululeko Yonqulo

  • Ukhuseleko lomthetho: Amalungelo enkululeko yonqulo asisiseko kufuneka afakelwe kwimimiselo, enika umgangatho ophezulu wokhuseleko olusemthethweni kwaye emisela ulawulo olulinganiselweyo amandla karhulumente ukuze kuqingqwe inkululeko yonqulo.
  • Imigangatho yamalungelo abantu yehlabathi lonke:[ imithetho yesizwe kufuneka ihambelane nezixhobo zamalungelo abantu zezizwe ngezizwe, kuquka iSindululo soMhlaba Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu, Umnqophiso Wezizwe Ngezizwe Ngamalungelo Abemi Namazwe Opolitiko, kunye neSindululo sokushenxiswa Kwazo Zonke Iifomu Zokunganyamezelani Nocalucalucalucalulo Esisekelwe kunqulo okanye kwinkolelo.
  • I-Cumprehensive Specience: ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lufanele lugubungele yonke imiba yenkululeko yonqulo, kuquka inkululeko yokukholelwa, inkululeko yokuqhelisela, inkululeko yokufundisa nokusasaza iinkolelo zonqulo, inkululeko yonqulo, inkululeko yonqulo, ulawulo lonqulo, kunye nenkululeko yonqulo.
  • [[NTLA:0] Imithetho ekhuselayo yoluvo-luvo: kufuneka ithintele ucalucalulo lonqulo emsebenzini, kwimfundo, kwindlu, kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, nakwezinye iindawo zobomi bukawonke-wonke, ukuqinisekisa unyango olulinganayo kungakhathaliseki ukuba ungowayiphi inkonzo.
  • Imida enokufumaneka: Nayiphi na imida kwinkululeko yonqulo kufuneka ichazwe ngumthetho, ifeze iinjongo ezisemthethweni ezinjengokukhusela ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke okanye amalungelo abanye, kwaye iyimfuneko kwaye ilungele ukufezekisa ezo njongo.
  • Isiphumo sonyanzelo:[ Ukhuseleko olusemthethweni lufuna iindlela zonyanzelo ezimandla, kuquka iinkundla ezizimeleyo, amasebe olawulo, ukujongana nezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nenkxaso kwimibutho yoluntu ekhusela inkululeko yonqulo.
  • Ukhuseleko lwamancinane onqulo: ingqwalasela ekhethekileyo kufuneka inikelwe ekukhuseleni amaqela amancinane onqulo kwintshutshiso, ucalucalulo, nogonyamelo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqela onqulo anokuqhelisela ukholo lwawo ngokukhuselekileyo.
  • I-Iustigal Autonom: Imibutho yonqulo kufuneka ibe nenkululeko yokuzilawula, yokukhetha iinkokeli zayo, yokuchaza iimfundiso zayo, nokusebenza ngokwemigaqo yayo yonqulo ngaphandle kokungenelela okungeyomfuneko korhulumente.
  • Ukunyanzela Amalungelo: Xa inkululeko yonqulo ingqubana namanye amalungelo okanye izilangazelelo, iinkqubo zomthetho zifanele zifune izisombululo ezilungeleleneyo ezihlonela inkululeko yonqulo kunye nezinye imilinganiselo ebalulekileyo, ziphephe zombini ingcinezelo yonqulo kunye nengcinezelo yehlabathi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe: Amazwe kufuneka asebenzisane ngezizwe ukuqwalasela iimeko zenkululeko yonqulo, abaphula umthetho baphendulisa, kwaye baxhase amaxhoba entshutshiso yonqulo.

Isiphelo

Indima yomthetho ekukhuseleni inkululeko yokukholelwa nokunqula yenye yezona misebenzi zibalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zomthetho kwimimandla yedemokhrasi.

Ezi nkuselo zisemthethweni zibonisa ukulwa iinkulungwane nxamnye nentshutshiso yonqulo nokuqonda ukuba inkululeko yonqulo isisiseko sesidima sabantu, ulawulo lobudemokhrasi, nokulawula ngoxolo.

Sekunjalo, kusekho iingxaki eziphawulekayo: Abantu abaninzi ehlabathini lonke bahlala phantsi koorhulumente abavala inkululeko yonqulo, kwanakumazwe akhuseleke ngokusemthethweni, athintele abantu ukuba bafumane inkululeko yonqulo nentlalo - ntle.

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe inkululeko yonqulo ngokusemthethweni kufuneka ukuzinikela ngokuqhubekayo koorhulumente, kwiinkundla, kwiintlangano zasekuhlaleni, kwiintlanga zonqulo, nabantu ngabanye.

Njengokuba imibutho iqhubeka izama ukulwa nonqulo olwahlukileyo, imilinganiselo etshintshayo yentlalo, kunye nokukhuphisana kwamalungelo, ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yonqulo akufunekanga kulityalwe. Inkululeko yokukholelwa nokunqula ngokwesazela sikabani ayimelanga lungelo linye phakathi kwabaninzi kodwa inkululeko esisiseko eyenza abantu baqhubeke kwaye ikhusele indawo apho abantu badibana nemibuzo ecacileyo yentsingiselo, injongo, nenyaniso. Iinkqubo zomthetho ezikhusela le nkululeko zibeka isidima soluntu kwaye zidala iimeko zenkululeko nebulungisa bokwenyaniso kubo bonke abantu.

Ulwazi olungakumbi ngemilinganiselo yenkululeko yonqulo yehlabathi lonke, tyelela i-ofisi ye-UN yoMphathiswa oPhakamileyo wamalungelo abantu. Ukufunda ngokhuseleko lwenkululeko yonqulo eUnited States, uphanda ii-smente ezisuka kwi [ yeSiko laMalungelo . Kwi-ofisi yehlabathi lonke yowiso nkululeko yonqulo, jongana [[[FLT:]] U.S. Isebe lezemali yezemali yezenkolo yezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe i-intelligence Propoints .[FLT]] iimbono ezongezonqulo ezidityaniweyo.U.U.U.U.U.U.U.S. kwi-NT.PL.[F.]