Kuluntu lwedemokhrasi jikelele ehlabathini, umgaqo wokuhlola nokulinganisela umi njengenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zokukhusela ekuxhaseni ubundlobongela nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya lorhulumente. Le ngcamango isisiseko iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe liza kukwazi ukulawula amandla amakhulu, ukuvelisa ukwahlula amagunya akhusela amalungelo abemi kwaye akhuthaze ulawulo olufanelekileyo. Ukuqonda indlela uphando nolungelelwaniso lomsebenzi okuyimfuneko ngayo nabani na ofuna ukuqonda idemokhrasi yale mihla kunye nomgudu oqhubekayo wokulondoloza okusesikweni, ukuphendula komthetho.

Ukuqonda Ingqiqo Yokuxilonga Nokulungelelana

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano lubuchule obusasaza igunya kuyo yonke inkqubo yezobupolitika – buthintela nawuphi na umbutho okanye umntu ukuba angakwazi ukulawula ngokupheleleyo. Lo mgaqo umela okungaphezulu kunendlela nje yengcamango; uquka indlela esebenzisekayo yokulawula eye yavela kwiinkulungwane zephulo nezolingelo lwezobupolitika.

Amagama 'akhangela' kunye 'nomlinganiselo' asetyenziswa kunye, kodwa angacingelwa njengabhekisa kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ngokufihlakeleyo. Iindlela ezivumela ulawulo lwezobupolitika lusikelele amandla - umzekelo ngokuvala, ukulibazisa okanye ngokulula ukugxeka izigqibo. Ulungelelwano, ngeli xesha, luqinisekisa ukuba ulwahluka-hlukeneyo lweembono kunye nezilangazelelo zimelwe kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Ezi zinto zidityanisiwe zidala inkqubo apho amandla engahlulwanga kuphela kodwa alawulwa ngokuqhubekayo kwaye elawulwa.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nesiseko Sezifundo Zenzululwazi

Igama elithi "Ukwahlula Amagunya" laqanjwa sisithandi sobulumko senkulungwane ye-18 uMontesquieu, owathi iincwadi zakhe zaphembelela ngokunzulu abakhi beenkqubo zedemokhrasi zale mihla. Umbhali wezopolitiko uBaron Charles de Montesquieu wabhala ngokwahlula ingcamango yamagunya malunga neminyaka emalunga nekhulu ngaphambi kokuba kwenziwe umgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, enika isiseko esithethsasasasazisa esiza kubumba izakhiwo zikarhulumente ehlabathini lonke.

Noko ke, le ngcamango, inemvelaphi enzulu yembali. Umbhali-mbali ongumGrike uPolybius wahlalutya umgaqo-siseko wamandulo wamaRoma oxubeneyo phantsi kolwahlulo olungundoqo: ulawulo lookumkani (olwamkelwa ngumlawuli); ubuhandiba (iBhunga); kunye nedemokhrasi (abantu). Waphembelela kakhulu kamva iimbono ngolwahlulo lwamagunya. Le ngqiqo yamandulo karhulumente olungeleleneyo yabonisa ukuba imfuneko yokunqanda amandla aphakamileyo iye yaqwalaselwa kawakawakawaka eminyaka.

Abalayishi bomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ababephenjelelwa yiMontesquieu kunye noWilliam Blackstone phakathi kwabanye, bajonga iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano njengolubalulekileyo kukhuseleko lwenkululeko phantsi komGaqo-siseko. Umbono wabo yayikukudala inkqubo apho amabhongo ayeza kulwa namabhongo, nalapho isakhiwo sikarhulumente ngokwaso sasiza kuthintela nayiphi na into ekulawuleni abanye.

Amasebe Amathathu Karhulumente

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisa amasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo kodwa alinganayo karhulumente: isebe lowiso-mthetho (lenza umthetho), isebe elilawulayo (ligunyazisa umthetho), kunye nesebe eligwebayo (lichaza umthetho). Esi sakhiwo somgaqo-siseko esihambayo sibumba isiseko senkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela eMerika kwaye samkelwe, ngeenguqu ezininzi, ngolawulo-demokhrasi jikelele.

Isebe Elisemthethweni

Kurhulumente wesizwe, iGatya 1 lomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States limisela iSebe leMithetho, eliqulethwe yiKhonkxa. iKhomishini, ukongezelela kwezinye iimbopheleleko ezidwelisweyo, ijongene nokuyila imithetho. Isebe lemithetho limela ukuthanda kwabantu kwaye lisebenza njengequmrhu eliyintloko lokwenza imithetho kurhulumente.

IBhunga linezindlu ezimbini: iNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yabameli, kwaye inokuzikhupha i-veto enguMongameli ngevoti 2/3 kuzo zombini izindlu. Esi sakhiwo se-bimeral ngokwaso simela uhlolo lwangaphakathi nolungelelwano, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho kufuneka udlule kumanqanaba amaninzi okuhlola phambi kokuba ube ngumthetho.

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linamagunya aliqela agxekayo awenza akwazi ukukhangela amanye amasebe. Isebe lowiso-mthetho linamandla okuvumela ukutyunjwa koMongameli, ukulawula uqingqo-mali, kwaye linokutyumba uMongameli lize limsuse eofisini. La magunya aqinisekisa ukuba isebe elilawulayo alinakusebenza ngaphandle kwesizathu kwaye kufuneka lilondoloze intembelo nentsebenziswano yabameli abanyuliweyo babantu.

Isebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli kwinkqubo yeUnited States, linembopheleleko yokunyanzelisa nokuzalisekisa imithetho edluliswa lisebe lowiso-mthetho. Noko ke, amandla esebe elilawulayo adlulela ngaphaya kokunyanzeliswa komthetho. Isebe elilawulayo lingavakalisa iMithetho enoLawulo oluPhezulu, efana nezibhengezo ezithwala amandla omthetho, kodwa isebe eligwebayo lingazivakalisa ezo zenzo ezingekho migaqo-mthetho.

UMongameli ukwadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ngamandla okumisela kunye ne-veto. Isebe lezobulungisa lichaza imithetho, kodwa uMongameli ubeka amatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo, inkundla yabagwebi ababhenelayo, kunye nabagwebi benkundla yesithili abaphendulayo. Eli gunya lokubumba ijaji limela uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwinkululeko yokulawula, nangona ngokwalo lukhangelwa yimfuno yeBhunga.

Umongameli we-veto umele enye yezona zinto zithe ngqo zokuhlola igunya lowiso-mthetho. IBhunga linamandla okudala imithetho, uMongameli unamandla okuyilawula, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho. Oku kudala inkqubo apho umthetho kufuneka usebenzise imiqobo emininzi ngaphambi kokuba usebenze.

Isebe Eligwebayo

Isebe lejaji lisebenza njengetolikela umthetho nokulondoloza imigaqo-siseko. Nangona lingachatshazelwa ngokucacileyo kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko, ukuhlolisiswa kwetyala ngezantsi kwamandla eenkundla ukuhlolisisa izenzo zowiso-mthetho kunye nezixhobo zolawulo oluphezulu nolawulo lukarhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba zingumGaqo-siseko.

Eli gunya lohlolo lomthetho limele enye yeengqikelelo ezibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yonke. Isebe lezahlulelo linegunya lokulawula ukuba umthetho uphule amalungelo abemi okanye ezinye iinxalenye zomgaqo-siseko. Ukuba isebe lezomthetho ligqiba umthetho ngu "ongamiselwanga," alisayi kuphinda linyanzeliswe lisebe elilawulayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho okanye isigqeba-ntloko asinako ukwaphula imigaqo esisiseko yomgaqo-siseko, kwanangenkxaso eqhelekileyo.

Noko ke, ikomiti yejaji ayinazo ii-checkes zayo. Isebe lezobulungisa lichaza imithetho, kodwa iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeSebe lowiso-mthetho iqinisekisa ukutyunjwa koMongameli ngezikhundla zokulawula, kwaye iBhunga linokukhupha nawuphi na loo jaji lize libasuse kwisikhundla. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ijaji ihlala iphendula phezu kwayo nje inkululeko yayo.

Indlela Iindlela Ezilukhuthaza Ngayo Ubulungisa Nokuziphendulela

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi yale mihla. Zithintela amandla ukuba angajongi kakhulu kwinxalenye enye yenkqubo yolawulo, kwaye zinceda ekuthinteleni iingxaki ezinokuvela xa izigqibo zithatyathwa ngaphandle kohlalutyo olufanelekileyo okanye xa imilinganiselo ephakamileyo yokuziphatha inganyanzeliswa. Oku kusasazwa kwamandla kusebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo ekugcineni ibutho labantu elinobulungisa nelinobulungisa.

Ukukhusela Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya

Abasebenzi besakhelo baseka urhulumente ngale ndlela ukukhusela elinye isebe likarhulumente ukuba lingabi namandla kakhulu, nokuyila inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela. Inkxalabo engundoqo yayikulelo gunya liphakamileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani oliphetheyo, ngokungenakunqandwa ikhokelela ekuxhatshazweni. Ngokwahlula-hlula igunya likarhulumente kumasebe amaninzi, ngalinye linamandla okumisela amanye, inkqubo idala imiqobo yokwakha isakhiwo kwigunya elilawulayo.

Iingqiniwa-mali nezilungelelanisi zithintela ukubekwa kwamandla kuye nawuphi na umntu okanye iqela, kwaye zikhusela abemi ekuxhatshazweni, ekucinezelweni, okanye kwezinye iindlela. Olu khuselo lusebenza kungekuphela kumgangatho ophakamileyo karhulumente kodwa kuyo yonke inkqubo, luvelisa iindawo ezininzi apho ukuxhatshazwa kusenokubonwa khona kwaye kunqandwe.

Imigudu yesebe elinye yokuthintela elinye isebe ekubeni libe ngophezulu icingelwa ukuba isoloko iphazamisa naliphi na isebe ekubekeni amanyathelo anzima ngokungeyomfuneko kulawulo. Olu xinezeleko lusoloko luphakathi kwamasebe, ngeli lixa kudala ukhuhleko nocotho lwezenzo zikarhulumente, lufeza injongo ebalulekileyo yokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Ukuqinisekisa ukwenziwa kwesigqibo sobunjani

Ngaphandle kokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa, uhlolo nokulungelelana kukwanceda ukuphucula ubunjani bezigqibo zikarhulumente. Baqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo iyavavanywa kwaye imo yehambo iyalawulwa. Oku kunceda ekuphuculeni umgangatho wokwenza izigqibo, kwaye kuthintele ukuziphatha okusenokusongela ingqibelelo okanye udumo lwenkqubo yezobupolitika.

Iingqiniba kunye nolungelelwano azithinteli nje urhwaphilizo, kodwa zikwanceda ukwenza izigqibo zobulumko. Umzekelo, urhulumente angaqala ngokucacileyo kwindlela etshabalalisayo nebubudenge. Inkqubo yokuhlola nolungelelwaniso inika ezinye iinkqubo, kwakunye nebutho lasekuhlaleni, ukuphakamisa inkxalabo kunye nezithintelo okanye ukulungisa izigqibo ezinjalo ngaphambi kokuba zenze umonakalo ongalungisekiyo.

Ukukhusela Ubuncinane Bamalungelo

Baqinisekisa ukuba iimbono zabo bambalwa kumbandela othile zimelwe – umzekelo, ngokuqinisekisa ukuba inkcaso iyaviwa kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho. Olu khuselo lwamalungelo amancinane lumela omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yokuhlola nokulungelelana kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ngaphandle kokhuseleko olunjalo, idemokhrasi ingasuka ibe yile ibibizwa ngokuba "ingulo-mkhosi," apho amalungelo nezilangazelelo zamaqela amancinane zinyathelwe phantsi kukuthanda kwamanani amaninzi. Ulawulo-melo lwamandulo, ngaphandle kovavanyo nolungelelwaniso, luncitshiswe lube "ngumbangi wabaninzi," ukuze izithandi zobulumko eziphambili njengoAristotle noThomas Aquinas bajonge idemokhrasi njengeedemokhrasi njengenye yeentlobo ezibi zikarhulumente. Idemokhrasi zalekhrasi zalethi zale mihla zinganika inkululeko yabemi kwaye zikhusele amalungelo abantu abambalwa ngenxa yeengqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano kumandla.

Imizekelo Engqalileyo Yokuxilonga Nokulungelelana Okusebenzayo

Ukuqonda isiseko sengqiqo sovavanyo nolungelelwano kubalulekile, kodwa ukuhlolisisa imizekelo ethile kunceda kubonise indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo. Ezi nkqubo zisebenza ngokuqhubekayo koorhulumente bolawulo-mpukane, ngokufuthi ngaphandle koqwalaselo loluntu, ukugcina umlinganiselo wamandla.

Ukukhangela Umthetho Kumandla alawulayo

Isebe lowiso-mthetho linazo izixhobo ezininzi zokuhlola igunya elilawulayo. Irhuluneli okanye uMongameli wase-U.S. unamandla okukhupha nawuphi na umthetho omtsha odluliswe lisebe lowiso-mthetho. Kodwa ke, ukuba isebe lowiso-mthetho lixhasa ngokuqinileyo umthetho omtsha, lingawuyeka loo mbandela ngevoti enkulu (umqobo ophezulu kunama-50%). Oku kuthoba amandla kuqinisekisa ukuba umphathi akanakuwuthintela ngokulula umthetho onenkxaso ebanzi yemithetho yowiso-mthetho.

Yimali efanelekileyo kuphela enokwenziwa yiBhunga, kwaye indlu nganye isebenza njengengqwalasela kusetyenziso olungafanelekanga lwegunya okanye isenzo sobukrelekrele. Eli "gunya lemali" limela enye yeengqikelelo zomthetho ezibalulekileyo kwigunya eliphetheyo, njengoko kungekho nyathelo liphezulu lingaqhubeka ngaphandle kwenkxaso-mali, kwaye yonke inkxaso-mali kufuneka ivunywe yiBhunga-mthetho.

IBhunga lingamgweba umongameli ngetyala elikhulu, njengokungcatsha okanye ukunyoba. Indlu yabameli inamandla okuzisa izityholo ezichaphazelekayo kuMongameli; iNdlu yeeNgwevu inamandla okuvalela amabanjwa nokususa uMongameli eofisini. Olu hlolo luqinisekisa ukuba kwanegosa eliphezulu lihlala linetyala kumthetho nakubameli babantu.

Isebe elilawulayo Lihlola Amandla oMthetho

Ngeli xesha indlu yowiso-mthetho inegunya elibalulekileyo, isebe eliphetheyo linee-check zalo zokuthintela ukuphangwa kwemithetho. I-veto ime njengelona tyala lolawulo oluphezulu oluthe ngqo kumthetho. Xa uMongameli ekhupha ityala, libuyela kwiBhunga, elimele ngoko ligqibe enoba liyakuzama na ukuzama ukurhoxisa okanye ukuguqula umthetho ukuphendula imicimbi yoMongameli.

Kwakhona iququzelela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngamandla okumisela umthetho kunye nokumisela izicwangciso-nkqubo. Iingxingxezo kunye nolungelelwano olusuka kwisithethe nakwindibano zomGaqo-siseko ziquka inkqubo yeekomiti zombutho kunye namagunya ophando, indima yamaqela ezobupolitika, nempembelelo yomongameli ekuqaliseni umthetho.

Ukuxilonga Amasebe Ooaval

Amandla ejaji enkcazo avumela iinkundla ukuba ziphelise izenzo zomthetho kunye namasebe alawulayo achasene nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. La mandla, nangona engachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, aye aba yenye yezona zihlo zibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yamaMelika.

Iinkundla zingahlola izenzo zolawulo, kuquka imiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo, imimiselo, kunye nezigqibo zomthetho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ziyavumelana neemfuno zomthetho kunye nezomGaqo-siseko. Ngokufanayo, iinkundla zingawisa umthetho ochasene nokukhuselwa komGaqo-siseko, nokuba loo mthetho unenkxaso ebanzi.

Iingxelo Ngamandla Eejaji

Phezu kwawo nje amandla abalulekileyo ejaji, ijongene novavanyo olubalulekileyo. Umongameli umisela amalungu eNkundla Ephakamileyo kodwa kuphela ngemvume yeNkundla yeNtlanganiso, ekwayamkelayo nezinye izigqeba ezilawulayo. IBhunga kwakhona kufuneka livume izivumelwano. Oku kwabelana ngamandla phezu kokumiselwa kwekomiti egwebayo kuqinisekisa ukuba amasebe aphetheyo nawabekileyo afumana igalelo kwicandelo lombutho wejaji.

Ngokuqalisa ukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, kunakho ukuqhelisela izigqibo ezigqwethayo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Nangona oku kungumsebenzi onzima nonqabileyo, kumela ingqwalasela epheleleyo kwigunya lokugweba, iqinisekisa ukuba iinkundla azinakubeka izindululo ngokusisigxina ezichasene ngokusisiseko nokuthanda kwabantu njengoko kuboniswa ngabameli babo abanyuliweyo.

Ukusebenzisana Kwamandla Phakathi Kwamasebe

Phantsi kwale nkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, kukho ukusetyenziswa kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu. Isebe ngalinye linegunya lalo, kodwa kufuneka lixhomekeke kwigunya lamanye amasebe ukuze asebenze urhulumente. Oku kuxhomekeka kumalungu omzimba akuyonto ibuthathaka kodwa koko kungamandla enkqubo, okunyanzela intsebenziswano nolalanisa.

Ingcamango kukuba akwanele ukwahlula amagunya nokuqinisekisa inkululeko yawo kodwa amasebe kufuneka abe nendlela yomgaqo-siseko yokukhusela amandla awo asemthethweni ekungeneni kwamanye amasebe. Oku kukwazi ukukhusela kuqinisekisa ukuba ulungelelwaniso lwamandla luhlala luzinzile ngexesha, kwananjengokuba iimeko zezobupolitika zitshintsha.

Imfuneko Yenkululeko Yeziko

Ukukhangela kunye nokulungelelana ukuze kusebenze ngokunempumelelo, isebe ngalinye kufuneka ligcine umlinganiselo wokuzimela geqe kwabanye. Inkqubo yokuhlola nolungelelwano kwakhona ifuna ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi kwamaziko, ukuze iinjongo nezenzo zomnye zinganqunywa ngokupheleleyo lelinye (ukuxhomekeka); ukuba omabini amaziko ayesoloko evumelana ngokuxokozelana ngomnye ulawulo, angayi kuze acel ’ umngeni omnye.

Olu zimeleyo lugcinwa ngeempawu ezahlukeneyo zesakhiwo, kuquka iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhetha, iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeofisi, kunye nee-continuences ezahlukeneyo. Ezi mahluko zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye liphuhlisa ukuma kwalo kobuzwe kunye nezilangazelelo, eliza kuzikhusela ekungeneleni kwabanye.

Iindlela Nokulungelelana Ngaphaya Kwamasebe Amathathu

Ngeli xesha imodeli yemithathu imele umnyo wendlela yokuhlola nokulinganisa, ulawulo-melo lwangoku luvelise ubuchule obengeziweyo bokusasaza nokunciphisa amandla. Umgaqo ngumba ongundoqo kuyo yonke idemokhrasi yale mihla, nangona uzalisekiso olukhethekileyo luhlukile kumazwe ngamazwe.

Indima Yoluntu Namajelo Onxibelelwano

Ijelo leendaba nebutho lasekuhlaleni linikela uhlolo lwesine olungundoqo. Ijelo leendaba liphengulula abezobupolitika namagosa karhulumente, lisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola kungekuphela nje kwisikhululo kodwa kwinkqubo yezobupolitika ngokubanzi.

Ibutho labemi likwasebenza njengovavanyo nolungelelwano, livumela izenzo zezopolitiko kunye nezindululo ukuba ziphathwe ngamaqela ochwepheshe ngaphandle korhulumente nepalamente, kwaye linika amathuba okuba amaqela abanzi kwibutho labantu abe negalelo kwinkqubo yolawulo. Oku kubandakanya, umzekelo, inkxaso-mali efuna ukumela abasebenzisi bayo benkonzo ngokunikela ingxelo kwiizicelo zemigaqo, okanye imibutho ezizimeleyo ejonga nokunikela ingxelo ngokukhanya nokunganyaniseki.

Imizimba yokuzimela yomgaqo-nkqubo

Enye ingqwalasela ibonelelwa ngabalawuli abazimeleyo, abakhuthaza ukuqhelisa okuhle, baze bahlolisise baze bachaze ububi ngabo basebenza kuzo zonke iinkalo zenkqubo. Le mizi, esebenza ngamaqondo ahlukeneyo okuzimela ngokwamasebe angundoqo karhulumente, isebenza imisebenzi ekhethekileyo ekujongeni nasekulawuleni imimandla ethile yoorhulumente kunye nomsebenzi wabucala.

Umanyano njengengxubusho

Oku kubandakanya izakhiwo ezifana nolawulo-bume, okanye iimpawu ezibanzi zedemokhrasi ezifana nobukho bamaqela amaninzi ezobupolitika. Umanyano.(* ulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi kwesizwe okanye urhulumente wengingqi).Njengoko ulwahlulo olongezelelekileyo lomaleko wetsheke kunye nolungelelwaniso, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla awabelwanga ngokuthe tyaba nje kuphela phakathi kwamasebe kodwa akwasasazwa ngokuthe nkqo phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente.

Iingxaki Nezinto Ezinokusikelwa Ngumqobo

Nangona uhlolo nolungelelwano lunika ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, le nkqubo ikho ngaphandle kocelomngeni kunye nezithintelo ezinokwenzeka. Ukuqonda ezi zithintelo kubalulekile ekulondolozeni nasekuphuculeni amaziko edemokhrasi.

Ingozi Yokuvala iGridi

Kodwa ke kukho imiqobo enxulumene notshekiso nolungelelwano xa bomelele. Ngenxa yokuba benza isenzo sokungabikho komphambili wesenzo sibe nzima kwaye bavumele udidi olukhulu lwabadlali ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kulawulo, uvavanyo olunamandla nolungelelwaniso lunganyusa umngcipheko wentambo yegrid. Xa amasebe ahlukeneyo elawulwa ngamaqela ezobupolitika aphikisanayo okanye enemibono eyahlukileyo yenkqubo, inkqubo yokuhlola nolungelelwano ingenza kube nzima ukwenza nantoni na, kwanaxa kuyimfuneko ngokukhawuleza.

Bangenza kube lula ukukhusela izilangazelelo zabo ngendleko zabanye, ngokudala amathuba amaninzi okusebenzisa icebo elininzi kutshintsho olucetyisiweyo. Oku kungaphumela kwimeko yemo yemo yemo yemo, apho utshintsho olufunekayo luthinteleka kungengenxa yokuba bengenalufaneleko kodwa ngenxa yokuba basongela izilangazelelo ezisemgangathweni ezinokusebenzisa iincopho ezininzi ezikwinkqubo.

Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zomGaqo-siseko nokuwohloka kweZiko

Noko ke, ukuba elinye isebe aliwenzi umsebenzi walo, okanye elinye isebe lingalihoyi elinye, sisenokungena kwingxaki engokomGaqo-siseko.

Ukusebenza kwe-checks nolungelelwano ekugqibeleni kuxhomekeke ekuvumeni kwabo banegunya ukuhlonela imida yeziko kunye nemigaqo-siseko. Iingxilongo nolungelelwano luba semngciphekweni xa abantu abasebenza kwinkqubo yolawulo betyeshela ukubaluleka kwabo, okanye befuna ukubenza bangabi nalukhuni, okanye kwanokubenza buthathaka okanye bahluthe.

Ukubaluleka Kwezithethe Zedemokhrasi

Iingqiniwa kunye nolungelelwaniso, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, ezinye iimpawu kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. zisetyenziselwe abantu abazenzayo nabalawulwayo. Imizamo yokusebenzisa izakhiwo zezobupolitika ezifanayo eHaiti, eIraq, nakwezinye iindawo iye yasilela ngenxa yokuba iimeko eziphantsi kwenkcubeko nezoqoqosho zazingekho. Oku kubalaselisa inyaniso ebalulekileyo: izakhiwo zomgaqo-siseko kuphela azinakuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Bamele baxhaswe yimpucuko yezobupolitika emilinganiselo yedemokhrasi kwaye bakulungele ukuyikhusela.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngokuxinana Nokulungelelana

Ngeli xesha inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela eUnited States isenokuba yeyona yaziwayo, ezinye idemokhrasi zivelise iindlela zazo zokusasaza kunye nokulinganisela amandla karhulumente. Igama elithi 'iichecks nomlinganiselo' linikwa ukubaluleka okuphezulu kwamanye amazwe kunamanye, kwaye lisoloko linxulunyaniswa kakhulu neUnited States.

Inkqubo yePalamente

Iingqiniwa kunye nolungelelwano, olulungisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, lungasebenza phantsi kweenkqubo zepalamente ngokusebenzisa igunya lepalamente ukwamkela ukhetho olungakholelekiyo kurhulumente; urhulumente, okanye ikhabhathi, ngokuqhelekileyo ingayincina ipalamente. Oku kumela indlela eyahlukileyo yokuhlola nokulinganisela kunenkqubo yaseMelika, enokwahlula okungaguquguqukiyo phakathi kwamasebe aphetheyo nomthetho kodwa aneenkqubo ezibugcisayo zokuziphendulela.

Isifundo Setyala: IiPhilippines

Wakhokela ekuqulunqeni nasekuhlawulweni komGaqo-siseko we-Philippines ka-1992, owamisa kwakhona iingqikelelo nolungelelwano lukarhulumente. Umgaqo-siseko waqulunqa ukwahlulwa kwamandla phakathi kolawulo oluphezulu, uwiso-mthetho, namasebe ejaji waseka amalungiselelo amatsha ajolise ekumiseleni amandla omongameli, kuquka ukubekwa kwemida yegama kunye nokubuyiselwa kohlalutyo olugwebayo.

Umgaqo-siseko omtsha waqinisa namaziko afana neKhomishini kukhetho (COMLEC), iKhomishini yoPhicotho-zincwadi (COMLEC), kunye ne-Ombudsman, eyayenzelwe ukusebenza njengovavanyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu nomthetho ngokuphatha ingqibelelo yabanyulwa, iindleko zikarhulumente, kunye nokunganyaniseki okusemthethweni, ngokulandelelana. Ezi nguqu zolawulo-mthetho zanceda ukubuyisela iPhilippines njengedemokhrasi esebenza ngokuphelisa ukuxinzelelwa kwesebe eliphetheyo, njengoko kwakunjalo ngexesha lika-Ferdinand Marcos.

Ikamva Leengcebiso Nolungelelwano

Njengoko ibutho lezizwe liguquka lize liphumele kwiintlobo ezintsha zamandla, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela kufuneka ilungelelane ukuze ihlale isebenza. EUnited States, kunye nezinye intlalo eziphucukileyo, ukuqokelelwa okutsha kolawulo-mandla, ingakumbi kwicandelo lezoqoqosho kusongela ubukho bedemokhrasi, kwaye ekugqibeleni inkqubela phambili yezoqoqosho ngokwayo. Ezi zintlukwano zamandla ezazingekho, okanye zazingalindelwanga ngabaseki, kufuneka zihlolwe zilungelelaniswe nokubaluleka okuthi kukho umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.

Iingxaki Ezimanyeneyo

Ulawulo-melo lwale mihla lujamelene nocelomngeni abacebisi beentsika nezikali ababengenakululindela. Ukuvela kwemibutho enamandla, impembelelo yemali kwezobupolitika, ukuxineneka kolawulo-lwazi, nokuvela kobugcisa obutsha konke kudala iintlobo ezintsha zamandla ezisenokufuna iindlela ezintsha zokuhlola nokulungelelana.

Ukongezelela, ukuntsonkotha okukhulayo kolawulo lwale mihla, ngokuxhomekeka kwawo kumasebe olawulo kunye nakumaqumrhu olawulo, kuphakamisa imibuzo ngendlela ii-checks nolungelelwano lwesithethe olusebenza ngayo kula maqumrhu. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphendulana nokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa kwezi meko kufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo kunye neenkqubo ezintsha ezisenokwenzeka.

Ukuhlala Uphaphile

Ukulondoloza iingqinipho nokulinganisela kufuna ukuba abemi, imibutho yasekuhlaleni, neenkokeli zobupolitika zizinikele kwimigaqo yedemokhrasi. Xa kusenziwa iichekethi neengqiniba kusenokufuneka ukuze kufunyanwe indawo ephakathi kweenkqubo ezomeleleyo ezidala uxinzeleleko nenkqubo ezibuthathaka kangaka ezisilela ukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa.

Imfundo ngokubaluleka kovavanyo nokulungelelana, ukuganana kwebutho labantu, nokuzibophelela kwizithethe zedemokhrasi konke kudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ezi nkqubo. Xa abemi beqonda indlela uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso olukhusela ngayo amalungelo abo nokukhuthaza ulawulo olulungileyo, baxhotyiswe bhetele ukukhusela la maziko abo bangawanyanzela inzuzo yexeshana elifutshane yezopolitiko.

Izicelo ezisebenzisekayo kunye neMpazamo yeLizwe lokwenene

Imigaqo engabonakaliyo yokuhlola nokulungelelana inempembelelo ecacileyo kubomi babantu bemihla ngemihla, kwanaxa ezo mpembelelo zingabonwa ngokukhawuleza. Wonke umthetho odluliselwayo, nawuphi na ummiselo onyanzeliswayo, kunye nesigqibo somthetho ngasinye esinikezelwayo sisebenza ngaphakathi kwesehlo kunye nolungelelwano.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Zibalulekile ekukhuseleni inkululeko yabantu. Xa iinkundla ziwisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho, xa izikhulu zendlu yowiso-mthetho ziphanda ngokuziphatha okubi, okanye xa abalawuli be-veto bechasa amalungelo abantu, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela isebenza ukukhusela abemi kwiingingqi zikarhulumente.

Ukuqinisekisa Urhulumente Ofuna Ukuvuselelwa

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano lukwanceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela kwiimfuno nenkxalabo zabantu. Ngokudala iindawo ezininzi zokufikelela nempembelelo, inkqubo ivumela abemi kunye nemibutho yentlalo ukuba babandakanye urhulumente kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo nakwiindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba elinye isebe alisabeli, abemi banokusoloko beya kwelinye isebe ukuze bafumane iinkonzo.

Ukukhuthaza Ukubonakala Kwabantu Nokuphendula

Imfuneko yokuba amasebe ahlukeneyo ajonge aze ajonge omnye komnye akhuthaze ukubonakala kwimisebenzi karhulumente. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho iphanda izenzo zolawulo, xa iinkundla zihlola izigqibo zikarhulumente, naxa umphathi-mthetho kufuneka athethelele izenzo zakhe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, ulwazi olumalunga nemisebenzi karhulumente luba lubalasele, luvumele abemi ukuba baphendule iinkokeli zabo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Nokulungelelana

Ngelixesha umGaqo-siseko wawusebenza kakhulu le migaqo, ukwahlukana kwamandla kwabalawuli kwakungekho nzima, kodwa waquka inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano apho elinye isebe lalinokuhlola amandla awabelwe elinye. Le nkqubo ithambileyo kodwa eyomeleleyo ingqineke iqinile ngokuphawulekayo, ilungelelanisa nokutshintsha kweemeko ngeli lixa igcina umsebenzi walo ongundoqo wokuthintela ukuxineneka kwamandla.

Indima yokuhlola nokulinganisela ekuqinisekiseni imithetho elungileyo nemigaqo ayinakuchazwa ngokugqithisileyo. Ngokusasaza amandla phakathi kwamasebe amaninzi karhulumente, ngalinye linamandla okulinganisela amanye, iinkqubo zedemokhrasi zidala imiqobo yesakhiwo ekusebenziseni ubundlobongela nasekusebenziseni kakubi. Ngokufuna intsebenziswano nokulungelelane phakathi kwamaziko ahlukeneyo, uvavanyo kunye nolungelelwano lukhuthaza ukucingisiswa nokuphuculwa komgangatho wezigqibo zikarhulumente. Ngokukhusela amalungelo amancinci nokuqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezininzi ziyaviwa, zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho nemigaqo inceda izilangazelelo ezintle kunezo ezincinane.

Noko ke, ukuphumelela kokuhlola nokulinganisela akuqinisekiswanga yitekisi yomgaqo-siseko kuphela. Kufuna ukuzinikela okuqhubekayo kweenkokeli zobupolitika, ukuganana okusebenzayo kwabemi, kunye nezithethe zezobupolitika ezixabisa imigaqo yedemokhrasi ngaphezu koncedo lwabathathi-nxaxheba. Njengoko kuvela imingeni emitsha kunye nohlobo olutsha lwamandla, uluntu lolawulo-melo kufuneka luhlale luphaphile ekulondolozeni nasekulungiseni iinkqubo zalo zokuhlola nokulungelelana ukuqinisekisa ukuba luyaqhubeka lufeza umsebenzi walo obalulekileyo.

Ukuqonda ii-checks nokulungelelana asiyonto nje yemfundo kodwa yinto eyimfuneko yokuba nabani na onqwenela ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Enoba njengabavoti, abaxhasi, amagosa kawonke-wonke, okanye abemi abanolwazi oluqhelekileyo, sonke sinendima ekufuneka siyifezile ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano olululo lwamandla olukhusela inkululeko yethu nokukhuthaza ulawulo olusesikweni. Ngokuxabisa indlela ezi migaqo zokusebenza nokuze kubaluleke ngayo, sinokuzikhusela ngokungcono kwabo bangabatyhafisayo baze babasebenzise kakuhle ukuqhubela phambili urhulumente olungileyo nonoxanduva.

Abo banomdla wokufunda okungakumbi ngemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi, oovimba abanjenge- i-Contitution [[FLT:] ivela kwiThala leencwadi leeKhorasi linikela uhlalutyo oluneenkcukacha lwemiqathango kunye notoliko lwazo. U.S. iiNkundla zemfundo yemfundo yemfundo [[FLT] [FLT] 3] zinikela iingcaciso ezifikelelekayo zendlela efikelelekayo yendlela isebe elisebenza ngayo kwinkqubo yee-chekente kunye nolungelelwano. Ngaphezu koko, imibutho enjenge Icandelo lomgaqo-Mbali [FLT][FLT] [FLT]] enikela iimbono ezithelekisayokumgangatho we-DCequaliyolwazi lombuso waseLondon.

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela imele enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kuluntu ekuphunyezweni kokulawula. Ngokuqonda, ngoxabiso, nangokukhusela le nkqubo, sifak' isandla kwiprojekthi eqhubekayo yorhulumente wedemokhrasi kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba amandla ahlala emele aphendule abantu.