Table of Contents

Ukutyhubela imbali, iintetho ezidumileyo ziye zasebenza njengezixhobo ezinamandla zokuguqula ukuqonda uluntu ngemibutho karhulumente, imigaqo engokwasemthethweni, kunye nemigaqo yedemokhrasi. Ezi ntetho zidlula nje kumagama.

Isiseko Sembali Sentetho Yezobupolitika

Isithethe sokusebenzisa iintetho ukuze kudluliselwe imigaqo karhulumente sinemvelaphi enzulu engokwembali. Kwixesha elingaphambi komabonwakude okanye unomathotholo, isithethi sezomculo sasisisixhobo esinamandla sezobupolitika, yaye izithethi ezinobuchule zazinokubumba uluvo lukawonke wonke zize ziphembelele ikhondo lezizwe ngamazwi azo kuphela. Iingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni phambi kweNkundla Ephakamileyo zabumba imbono kawonke wonke, ngoxa iintetho zityhalele amandla asemthethweni kumthetho waseMerika.

Amandla entetho yezobupolitika adlulela ngaphaya kwentyontyelelo. Ezi dilesi zisebenza imisebenzi emininzi enzima kwibutho ledemokhrasi: zifundisa abemi ngamalungelo neembopheleleko zabo, zifundisa imibono ecacileyo ngekamva, zikhuthaza inkxaso ngexesha leengxaki, zinika ugwebo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha nentanda-bulumko kwizenzo zikarhulumente. Xa zinikelwa kumaxesha abalulekileyo embalini, iintetho ngokusisiseko zinokuguqula ukusetyenziswa kwezizwe kunye nolwalamano oluhle phakathi kwabemi norhulumente wabo.

Isithethe Sepalamente YamaNgesi

Emva kweMvukelo Ezukileyo nokunyuka okutsha kwegunya lepalamente, iBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo ka-1689 yafuna ukulwa nokuxhatshazwa kwemithetho ngokuqinisekisa uzimeleyo lwepalamente ngokusekwa kwelungelo lowiso-mthetho. Olo xwebhu lunye lwanika iNkululeko yokuthetha, kunye neeNkcukacha okanye iiNkxaki ePalamente, akufunekanga ziqhutywe okanye ziphandwe kuyo nayiphi na iNkundla okanye indawo ngaphandle kwePalamente.

Oku kukhusela intetho yowiso-mthetho kwaba yisiseko solawulo-demokhrasi, kuqinisekisa ukuba abameli bangathetha ngokukhululekileyo ngaphandle koloyiko lwentshutshiso. Umgaqo wawuqonda ukuba ingxoxo enzima nokuphakanyiswa kweengcamango okukhululekileyo kwakuyimfuneko ekulawuleni okunempumelelo nasekukhuseleni inkululeko. Le sithethe siya kuphembelela ngokunzulu ukuphuhliswa kwamaziko edemokhrasi eMerika nakwiindawo zonke zehlabathi.

Indima Yokuthetha Kulawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Kuluntu olulawulwa ngedemokhrasi, iintetho zisebenza njengebhulorho ebalulekileyo phakathi korhulumente nabalawulwayo. Zinikela ukubonakala, ukuphendula, nendlela yokucacisa izigqibo zazo nokufuna inkxaso kawonke-wonke. Imicimbi yezobupolitika ivumela ukuba izithethe ezintsonkothileyo zixoxwe ngeendlela ezichaphazela abantu abaqhelekileyo, zenza imigaqo ecacileyo yokulawula ephathekayo nefanelekileyo kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Ulawulo-demokhrasi, ukuqhelisela urhulumente, ngumnqophiso phakathi kwamadoda akhululekileyo okuhlonipha amalungelo kunye nenkululeko yabanye abantu. Iintetho ziqinisa lo mnqophiso ngokukhuthaza imilinganiselo eyabelanayo nangokukhumbuza abemi ngeembopheleleko zabo. Zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokuba nenxaxheba kwezentlalo, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye, nembopheleleko edibeneyo yokugcina amaziko olawulo-demokhrasi.

Ukufundisa Abemi Ngamalungelo Neembopheleleko

Enye yezona misebenzi ziphambili zeentetho zezobupolitika yimfundo yoluntu.Iinkokeli zisebenzisa ezi migangatho ukucacisa imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko, ukucacisa intsingiselo yemithetho, nokuchaza amalungelo aqinisekisiweyo kubemi. Ngentetho, iingcamango ezingekho ngqiqweni ezingokwasemthethweni ziyafumaneka kuluntu ngokubanzi, zikhuthaza ulwazi olungakumbi nakubumi obuthenjiswe ngokunyulu.

Iintetho zikwagxininisa iimbopheleleko zentlalo-ntle, ngezantsi, imisebenzi abemi abafanele bayenze kuluntu nakuhlanga lwabo. Zikhumbuza abantu ukuba idemokhrasi ifuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo, hayi ukuqwalasela iziganeko. Ukusukela ekuvoteleni ukuya ekuthobeleni imithetho ukuya ekubekeni iinkokeli iintambo, iintetho zibonakalisa ulwalamano olufanayo phakathi kwamalungelo kunye neembopheleleko ezixhasa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Inxaxheba Ekhuthazayo

Ngapha koko, iintetho zikhuthaza ukuba abemi babandakanyeke kurhulumente wabo, babe nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zobupolitika, baze basebenzele usukelo olunye.

Eyona ntetho yezobupolitika iphumelelayo isebenzisa iimvakalelo nemilinganiselo yabantu esisiseko, ```ithemba, okusesikweni, umnqweno wokuthand ’ izwe nomnqweno wokufuna ikamva elingcono. Iguqula iingcamango ezingekho ngqiqweni zezobupolitika zibe ziingxelo ezichukumisayo zobuqu, zisenza abemi bazive benxulumene nemibutho emikhulu yembali yaye banikwe amandla okuba negalelo kwiinguqulelo ezakhayo.

Isiseko sentetho yaseMerika neMigaqo yoMgaqo-siseko

Isithethe somgaqo-siseko saseMelika sibunjwe kakhulu ziintetho ezichaza imigaqo esisiseko yokulawula, inkululeko, nokusesikweni. Ukusuka ekusungulweni kwesizwe ngendaleko eqhubekayo, abaququzeleli baye basebenzisa iqonga labo ukuchaza ukuba iMelika imela ntoni nendlela urhulumente wayo afanele asebenze ngayo.

George Washington's Wokuqala Ukusetyenziswa kweDilesi

Ngonyaka we-1789, uMongameli wokuqala wathetha kwiBhunga lokuqala emva kokunikezelwa kwakhe, emisela umzekelo wokuvulwa kwazo zonke iintetho zokuqalisa. Idilesi yeWashington yamisa isandi sonxibelelwano lomongameli yagxininisa ukubaluleka komGaqo-siseko osandul' ukugunyaziswa njengesiseko sikarhulumente wesizwe.

Intetho yeWashington yabethelela ingcamango yokuba umGaqo-siseko umele ukhetho lwamabomu lwabantu baseMelika lokuyila urhulumente oza kukhusela umanyano lwabo aze ahambisele phambili ulonwabo lwabo. Ngokugxininisa ukulawulwa komgaqo-siseko kwintetho yakhe yokuqala esemthethweni, iWashington yaseka isithethe sokuthobela igunya lomGaqo-siseko elaliza kuphembelela amalandela ayo kwizizukulwana.

UBenjamin Franklin kwiNdibano YomGaqo-siseko

Benjamin Franklin wanikela intetho edumileyo apho wathi: Ndiyavuma kulo mGaqo-siseko, nkosi, ngenxa yokuba andicingi ukuba yeyona ingcono, kodwa andiqondi ukuba singenza ngcono, kwaye ndiyazi ukuba siphambukile, kwaye kukho into engalunganga kuyo, kodwa ndiyayazi ukuba siyakwazi ukuyitshintsha.

UFranklin wathetha intanda-bulumko yokulungisa nokuvuma ukuba umntu akafezekanga. Intetho yakhe yavuma ukuba umGaqo-siseko wawungafezekanga kodwa wawumela okona kulalanisa kulungileyo okunokufumaneka ngelo xesha. Okubaluleke ngakumbi, wagxininisa ukuba uxwebhu lungatshintshwa njengoko iimeko zitshintsha nanjengoko uhlanga lufunde kumava. Le ngcamango yokubhetyebhetyebhetye yemithetho-siseko ivumele ukuguquka kolawulo lwamaMelika ngokuqhubeka nemigaqo yokuyila.

Daniel Webster kunye nengcaciso yomgaqo-siseko

UDaniel Webster wayenxibe iminqwazi emithathu ````olayyer, order', kunye nomphathi-mikhosi', kwaye kwindima nganye, wabumba ngokusisiseko ubume bomthetho nobezobupolitika baseUnited States. Njengomphathi nomthethi, iintetho ezinamandla zikaDaniel Webster ezichasene nokupheliswa nokuchazwa kobuzwe baseMelika kwaye wanika isiseko sobulumko sokulondoloza i-Union, uAbraham Lincoln wayeza kuyila kulo kamva.

Iintetho zeWebster zachaza umbono womGaqo-siseko njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, obophelela onke amaphondo kumanyano olungagqibekiyo. Intetho yakhe yanceda ekumiseleni umgaqo wokuba igunya lesizwe, elisetyenziswe kakuhle phakathi kwemida yesiseko, elo phondo lithathe indawo yalo lizibanga liphelisa imithetho karhulumente. Ezi mpikiswano ziya kungqineka zibalulekile ngexesha lamanqam omgaqo-siseko akhokelela kwimfazwe yamakhaya.

Iintetho Ezandisa Imilinganiselo Yolawulo - melo

Ngoxa ezinye iintetho zazikhuthaza isiseko somGaqo-siseko esasikho, ezinye zacel ’ umngeni uhlanga ukuba luphile ngokweenjongo zalo ezichaziweyo. Ezi dilesi zabhenca ukungavisisani phakathi kwemigaqo esunguliweyo yaseMerika nezenzo zayo, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele ubukhoboka, amalungelo oluntu kunye nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho.

Frederick Douglas: "Uhanahaniso Lobukhoboka BaseMelika"

Ngo1852, uDouglas wamenywa ukuba athethe kumkhosi kawonke-wonke wesine kaJulayi eRochester, N.Y. Endaweni yokuthetha ngombhiyozo, uDouglas wathetha ngembambano eyayisahlula isizwe. Intetho yakhe enamandla yabhenca ukungavisisani phakathi kombhiyozo wenkululeko noqheliselo lwayo oluqhubekayo lobukhoboka.

Intetho kaDouglas yacelll ’ umngeni amaMelika ukuba amelane nomsantsa phakathi kwemilinganiselo yawo ekwakusithiwa yiyo kunye nezenzo zawo. Ngokucela umGaqo-siseko kunye nemigaqo yenkululeko kwakucetyelwe ukukhusela, uDouglas waphikisa ukuba ubukhoboka buchasene nomthetho osisiseko wesizwe nokuziphatha. Intetho yakhe yabonisa indlela iintetho ezisebenza ngayo njengezixhobo zokuququzelela intlalo, inyanzelisa ibutho ukuba lihlole ukuba iinkqubo zalo zomthetho zibonakalise ngokwenene okusesikweni nokulingana.

Ulwimi

Seward wavuma ukuba abaxhasi bomGaqo-siseko babebubonile ubukho bobukhoboka kwaye bakhusela apho babukhona, kodwa ummandla omtsha wawulawulwa "ngumthetho ophezulu kunawo umGaqo-siseko" y umthetho wokuziphatha omiswe ngu "Mdali wendalo iphela". UWilliam Henry Seward' obizwa ngokuba "Umthetho oPhezulu" uhlala engomnye wezona ntetho zibalulekileyo "maden" kwimbali yeNdlu. Yayingeyoyakhe yokuqala kwiNdlukwano, yayikwangumthetho wakhe emibini enempembelelo okanye iingxoxo ngexesha lomsebenzi wakhe wokwamndululo womthetho oweminyaka elishumi elinesibini; ngoko ke yamiswa njengenkokeli enkulu echasene nemikhosi yesizwe.

Intetho kaSeward yaqalisa impikiswano ephikisayo kodwa enempembelelo: ukuba umthetho wemilinganiselo yokuziphatha unakho ukuthatha indawo yamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko xa loo malungiselelo engqubana nemigaqo esisiseko yokusesikweni. Ngoxa abagxeki behlasela le ndawo njengehlasimlisela igunya lomGaqo-siseko, abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi iqinisa umGaqo-siseko ngokuwubeka kwimigaqo yokuziphatha yehlabathi lonke. Le ngxoxo ngolwalamano phakathi komthetho nokuziphatha iyaqhubeka iphembelela ukuchazwa komgaqo-siseko namhlanje.

UAbraham Lincoln Nedilesi YaseGettysburg

Mhlawumbi akukho ntetho ithe yalungela kakhulu urhulumente wedemokhrasi waseMelika kuneDileyitha ka-Abraham Lincoln. Ngamagama angama-772, uLincoln wachaza kwakhona imfazwe yamakhaya njengovavanyo lokuba urhulumente wedemokhrasi unokusinda kusini na, kwaye waphinda wawubeka kwakhona umGaqo-siseko ngokukhanyiselwa kwesithembiso seSindululo seNdempuko ukuba "onke abantu badalwa bayalingana."

UAbylon u-Lincoln "Ulawulo loburhulumente lungurhulumente wabantu, ngabantu, kuba abantu" baba yenye yezona nkcazelo zaziwayo zolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Umiselo lukaLincoln lwagxininisa ukuba urhulumente osemthethweni ufumana igunya lakhe ngokuvuma kokulawulwa kwaye ukho ekukhonzeni izilangazelelo zabantu. Lo mgaqo uphembelele intsebenziswano yedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke kwaye uhlala usemgangathweni kwiingxoxo ezingoburhulumente nobutyala.

Intetho yeshumi elinesibini-leshumi elinesibini nemithetho yedemokhrasi

Inkulungwane yamashumi amabini yanikela ubungqina kwiintetho eziye zathetha ngeengxaki ezintsha kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukususela ekudandathekeni kwezoqoqosho ukuya ekulweni kwehlabathi ukuya ekulweni amalungelo abantu. Ezi dilesi zavisisanisa imigaqo ehlala ihleli neemeko zanamhlanje zaza zandisa ukuqonda oko kufunwa ngurhulumente wedemokhrasi.

UFranklin D. Roosevelt's Inkululeko Ezine

Le ntetho, eyanikelwa nguMongameli Franklin Roosevelt ngoJanuwari 6, 1941, yaziwa ngokuba yi "Inkululeko Yethu Yokuthetha" ngenxa yesabelo esifutshane sokuqukumbela apho wachaza umbono wakhe wokwandisa iinjongo zaseMelika ehlabathini lonke. Kwimihla ezayo, esifuna ukuyenza ikhuseleke, sikhangele phambili kwihlabathi elisekelwe kwinkululeko yabantu efunekayo emine. Eyokuqala yinkululeko yokuthetha nentetho--ekholike kuyo yonke indawo ehlabathini.

Intetho kaRoosevelt yathetha ngokuphandle umbono wedemokhrasi osekelwe kwinkululeko esisiseko: inkululeko yokuthetha neyokubonakalisa, inkululeko yonqulo, inkululeko ekusweleni, nenkululeko yoloyiko. Kuba akukho nto ingaqondakaliyo ngeziseko zedemokhrasi ephilileyo nenamandla. Izinto ezisisiseko ezilindelwe ngabantu bethu benkqubo yabo yezobupolitika nezoqoqosho zilula. Ngokudibanisa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho namalungelo abantu, uRoosevelt wandisa ingcamango yoko urhulumente afanele abenzele abahlali bakhe.

Idilesi yokuqala ye-FDR

Ngo 1933, uMongameli omtsha wajamelana nelizwe elalijongene nobuchule bokudodobala kwezoqoqosho. "Okokuqala, mandiqinise inkolelo yam eqinileyo yokuba ekuphela kwento esimele siyoyike yiyo ukoyika ngokwayo -- engenagama, engenazingqondo, uloyiko olungekho ngqiqweni oluphazamisa imigudu yokuguqula isantya," uRoosevelt wathetha njengoko evula intetho yakhe enamandla.

Le ntetho yokusungula yabonisa indlela iintetho ezazinokubuyisela ngayo intembelo yoluntu ngexesha leengxaki. URoosevelt wasebenzisa iqonga lakhe ukuqinisekisa amaMerika ukuba inkqubo yawo yedemokhrasi ingacombulula kwanezona ngxaki zinzima zezoqoqosho. Intetho yakhe yagxininisa ukuba urhulumente unembopheleleko yokukhusela abemi, unceda ekumiseni isiseko sentanda-ntanda-bulumko ukwenzela indima eyongezelelweyo yorhulumente wezoqoqosho nesobuntlalo.

UMartin Luther King Jr.'s `Ndinephupha''

Intetho kaKing's "Dream" ephezulu koluhlu, ilandelwa nguJohn F. Kennedy ngo1961 kuqalo lokuqala lwedilesi kunye noFranklin Roosevelt yokuqala ngo 1933 xa abaphengululi babezimisela ezona ntetho zibalulekileyo zezobupolitika zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Intetho kaKumkani kwiLincoln Sikhumbuzo ngoAgasti 1963, phambi kwabantu abangama-250,000, ikwanye yezintshumayelo ezithenjiswe kakhulu kwimbali yanamhlanje.

Idilesi kaKing yachaza ngokuphandle imfuneko yokulingana kobuhlanga nokulunga phantsi komthetho. Ngokucela umGaqo-siseko kunye neSindululo senkululeko, uKing waphikisa ngelithi iMelika ikhuphe isaziso so "umthetho-siseko" kubo bonke abemi abaqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo, kwaye ukuba ilizwe liye lawazalisekisa esi sithembiso kumaMerika aseAfrika. Intetho yakhe yabonisa indlela yokukhuthaza intlupheko yoluntu ngenxa yotshintsho olungokwasemthethweni nolwentlalo, ekugqibeleni ifak ’ isandla ekudlulisweni komthetho wamalungelo abantu obalulekileyo.

ITeddy Roosevelt Ethetha Ngedemokhrasi Enyulu

Ndikholelwa kwidemokhrasi egqibeleleyo. NdineLincoln, ndikholelwa ukuba "eli lizwe, kunye namaziko alo, lingabantu abahlala kulo; xa bathe badinwa ngurhulumente okhoyo, bangasebenzisa ilungelo labo lomgaqo-siseko lokulixolisa. Sikholelwa ukuba abantu banelungelo, amandla, nomsebenzi wokuzikhusela, nentlalo yabo; ukuba amalungelo abantu angowona aphakamileyo phezu kwawo onke amalungelo; ukuba ubutyebi bufanele bube ngumkhonzi, kungekhona inkosi yabantu.

Roosevelt ka1912 intetho kwiNdibano yoMgaqo-siseko waseOhio yachaza imigaqo eqhubekayo eyakuchaphazela iingxoxo eziphathelele ulawulo lwedemokhrasi kuyo yonke inkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Ndikholelwa kwinyathelo lokuqala ne-arhenteum, ekungamele zisetyenziswe ukutshabalalisa urhulumente ongummeli, kodwa ukuyilungisa xa ikhe yagqwetha. Ukungagunyaziswa kwakhe kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezithe ngqo kwabonisa inkxalabo yokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela kukuthanda okuthandwayo.

Imbono Yamazwe Ngamazwe Ngolawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Iinkokeli ehlabathini lonke ziye zasebenzisa imigaqo ecacileyo yokulawula kwedemokhrasi, ngokufuthi zisebenzisa iingcamango ezisuka kwizithethe ezahlukeneyo zomGaqo-siseko.

UWinston Churchill Ngedemokrasi

Kwintetho yakhe, oko wayekuthetha kwakukukuba: "Akukho mntu uphakamisa ukuba idemokhrasi ifezekile okanye ilumkile. Ngenene, kuye kwathiwa idemokhrasi yeyona ndlela yoRhulumente embi ngaphandle kwazo zonke ezo ndlela ziye zavavanywa ngamaxesha athile. Ukwenziwa kobume obudumileyo bukaChurchis buvuma ukungafezeki kwedemokhrasi ngelixa evuma ukuba ilelona gunya lobungangamsha lorhulumente.

Iintetho zemfazwe zikaChurchill nazo zaxhasa amazwe olawulo-mpukane nxamnye nezisongelo zoozwilakhe, ziqinisa ukubaluleka kolongamo, ukunyamezela, kunye nomthetho. Intetho yakhe yabonisa indlela iintetho ezinokuxhasa ngayo umgangatho wedemokhrasi ngexesha lemeko-demokhrasi ekhoyo nesizathu sokuba ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lufanele ukukhusela kwanangeendleko ezinkulu.

Ronald Reagan's Westminster

Injongo endiyicebisayo ilula kakhulu ukuchaza: ukukhuthaza iziseko zedemokhrasi – inkqubo yenkqubo yamaphephandaba akhululekileyo, amaqumrhu, amaqela ezobupolitika, iiyunivesithi – ezivumela abantu ukuba bazikhethele indlela yabo, baphuhlise izithethe zabo, baxolelanise ukwahluka kwabo ngeenjongo zoxolo. Ngowe-1982 intetho kaReagan yacacisa umbono wedemokhrasi eyayigxininisa iziseko zezibonelelo kunokuba igxininise nje kwiinkqubo ezikhethiweyo.

Ukuba inxalenye yenkulungwane iyakuzibonela ngawakho ukukhula okuthe ngcembe kwenkululeko neenjongo zedemokhrasi, kufuneka sithathe inyathelo lokuncedisa kwiphulo ledemokhrasi. Idilesi kaReagan yanceda ekumiseni idemokhrasi njengosukelo olungundoqo lwenkqubo yangaphandle yaseMerika, iphikisa into yokuba ukuxhasa amaziko edemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke kunceda zombini iimfuno zokuziphatha kunye nezilangazelelo eziluncedo kuxolo nozinzo.

Imigaqo Yoonobumba Esetyenziswa Ngentetho Edumileyo

Kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, iintetho ezidumileyo ziye zagxininisa imigaqo ethile esisiseko exhasa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi nenkqubo yomthetho.

Okusesikweni Nomthetho

IJaji/Fair kunye nokuphathwa ngokungakhethi buso phantsi komthetho, kujongwa njengowona mgaqo usisiseko ochazwe kwiintetho zobupolitika. Abathethi baye bagxininisa ukuba urhulumente osemthethweni umele abaphathe bonke abemi ngokulinganayo phambi komthetho, ngaphandle kokukhetha okanye ukucalucalula okusekelwe kwiimpawu ezingabalulekanga.

Umthetho umi ngomthetho othi urhulumente ngokwakhe makasebenze ngaphakathi kwemiqathango engokwasemthethweni. Akukho mntu, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla okanye igunya, ongaphezulu komthetho. Iintetho ezigxininisa lo mgaqo ziye zanceda ekumiseni nasekulondolozeni ulindelo lokuba igunya likarhulumente limele lisetyenziswe ngokwemigaqo emiselwe ngokomthetho kunye nemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko.

Iintetho ezizizo eziye zathetha ngolwalamano phakathi komthetho nokuziphatha, ziphikisana enoba iinkqubo zomthetho zifanele zinyanzelise nje imigaqo yokuziphatha esesikweni okanye zifanele zifakelwe kumgangatho ophantsi. Olu xinezeleko luvela kwiintetho ezisuka "kumthetho ophezulu" kwingxoxo yomthetho wendalo kaKumkani ekuxhaseni amalungelo abantu.

Inkululeko Nenkululeko

Inkululeko //Inkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, kunye nesazela, iye yaba ngumxholo oyintloko kwiintetho eziphathelele urhulumente neenkqubo zomthetho. Ingxoxo ngemibandela kawonke-wonke kufuneka ingathinteli, iqine, ivulekile, kwaye iquka ukuhlasela okungathandekiyo, okuhlasela ngokuqatha, yaye maxa wambi okungathandekiyo koorhulumente nakumagosa kawonke-wonke, njengoko kucaciswa kumatyala abonisa inkululeko yokuthetha.

Iintetho ziye zagxininisa ukuba inkululeko ifuna okungaphezulu kunokungabi nakuthintelwa ngurhulumente. Ifuna ukukhuselwa okusebenzayo kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye, ukukhuselwa ngokwequmrhu ekucinezeleni ulawulo, nempucuko exabisa inkululeko nenokunyamezela ukungavumelani. Inkululeko yokukhetha iinkokeli ngonyulo olufanelekileyo, ukuvakalisa iimbono ezingathandwayo ngaphandle koloyiko lwentshutshiso, nokuqhelisela unqulo lomntu ngokwesazela kuye kwabalaseliswa njengemiqathango ebalulekileyo yorhulumente okhululekileyo.

Kwakhona intetho yezobupolitika iye yahlola imida yenkululeko, ivuma ukuba inkululeko imele ilungelelaniswe nezinye imilinganiselo ezibalulekileyo ezinjengonqabiseko, ucwangco, namalungelo abanye. Iintetho ezithetha ngale mbambano ziye zanceda abantu basebenzisa imibuzo enzima ngokuphathelele indawo abanokufumana kuyo imiqathango phakathi kwehambo evumelekileyo nengamkelekiyo.

Ukulingana Nokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Umgaqo wokuba bonke abemi bafanelwe kukuphathwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baluphi uhlanga, unqulo, ubufanasini, okanye ezinye iimpawu, ucaciswe ngamandla ngeentetho ezifuna amalungelo asekuhlaleni kunye nokusesikweni kwentlalo. Ukusuka ekugwebeni kukaDouglas ubukhoboka bephupha likaKumkani lohlanga apho abantu beya kugwetywa ngobuntu kunokuba babe nombala wesikhumba, ukuthetha kuye kwasetyenziswa ekukhuliseni ukhuseleko olusemthethweni kumaqela athe zwana.

Wonke umntu uxhomekeke ekusebenziseni idemokhrasi. Yaye akusoze kubekho idemokhrasi yokwenyaniso de wonke umntu omdala onoxanduva kunye nomthetho olawulayo kuyo, ngaphandle kohlanga, isini, ibala okanye isivumo sokholo sakhe esingenakushenxiswa nakutshintshwa ngurhulumente, njengoko uBhishophu oPhawulayo uChapman Catt waphikisayo. Lo mgaqo uye waqhubela phambili ukunyusela amalungelo okuvota nokukhusela okulinganayo okusemthethweni kumaqela angaphambili agxothiweyo.

Iintetho ezimalunga nokulingana ziye zathetha ngemiqathango yezoqoqosho, ziphikisa ngelithi ukungalingani okugqithisileyo kunokuphazamisa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi ngokunika igunya lezobupolitika elingalinganiyo kwizityebi. Abaququ baphikisane ngokuthi kutheni ukulingana okufunekayo.---"mere ngokusemthethweni, okanye ukulingana okuncinane kakhulu kwamathuba nobuncwane.

Imbopheleleko Yomsebenzi Nenxaxheba

Ngoxa iintetho zidla ngokugxininisa amalungelo, kwakhona zigxininisa iimbopheleleko abemi abazithwalayo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Idemokhrasi ifuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo/ukuthatha inxaxheba, ukusebenza kwimiba yeejaji, ukuhlala usazi ngemicimbi kawonke-wonke, nokubeka iinkokeli ezinokuphendula. Iintetho zikhumbuze abemi ukuba amalungelo neembopheleleko ziyaphinda zisetyenziswe; ukunandipha iingenelo zolawulo-demokhrasi kubandakanya ukwamkela imisebenzi yokuxhasa nokuxhasa amaziko edemokhrasi.

I-Progatoriation igxininise ukuba idemokhrasi asiyomidlalo ejongwayo. Ifuna abemi babandakanyeke kwimibandela enzima, balalanise xa kuyimfuneko, bahlonele iziphumo zedemokhrasi naxa bengavumelani nezigqibo ezithile. Iintetho zichane ngeempawu zoluntu, ukubonakalisa umoya kawonke-wonke, ulwazelelelo, ulwazelelelo, nokuzibophelela kwizinto eziqhelekileyo.

Urhulumente womGaqo-siseko kunye namandla alinganiselweyo

Iintetho ziye zagxininisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuba igunya likarhulumente kufuneka lilinganiselwe kwaye lisetyenziswe ngokwezithintelo zomGaqo-siseko. UmGaqo-siseko usebenza njengomthetho osisiseko ongenakukwazi ukuthomalalisa kwiinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zezobupolitika. Lo mgaqo ukhusela amalungelo amancinane kwaye uthintela izinto ezingundoqo zokwexeshana ekuguquleni ngokusisiseko isakhiwo sikarhulumente okanye ukususa inkululeko esisiseko.

Abaqulunqi baye bachaza iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zokuchazwa komGaqo-siseko, bephikisana enoba umGaqo-siseko umele uqondwe ngokwentsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo okanye utolikwa njengoxwebhu oluphilayo oluguqukayo oluneemeko ezitshintshiweyo. UmGaqo-siseko usoloko ujongwa njengoxwebhu oluphilayo, olutshintshayo. Ukuze kwaziswe ukwakhiwa kwawo okuqhubekayo, abaphengululi, amagqwetha, kunye nabagwebi ngokufuthi baphethulela ekusungulweni komGaqo-siseko ukuze bafumane iimpendulo.

Iintetho zikwathetha ngokwahlulwa kwamagunya phakathi kwamasebe awahlukeneyo orhulumente, ziphikisa ngelithi ukwahlula igunya kuthintela naliphi na ilungiselelo elinye ekufumaneni imigangatho eyingozi yamandla. Olu khuselo lwenkululeko lusoloko lungumxholo wezopolitiko malunga nolawulo lomgaqo-siseko.

Ubugcisa Obungavisisaniyo Bentetho Yezobupolitika Ephumelelayo

Ukuqonda indlela iintetho eziguqula ngayo ukuqonda kwabantu ngorhulumente kufuna ukuba ungahloli nje oko kuthethwa sisithethi kodwa yindlela ezikuthetha ngayo.

Izibheno Zokwabelana Ngemilinganiselo

Iintetho eziphumelelayo zidla ngokusekela iingxoxo zabo kwimilinganiselo abaphulaphuli abasele beyamkela. Kunokuba baveze imigaqo emitsha ngokupheleleyo, abathethi abaphumelelayo babonisa indlela iingcebiso zabo ezihambelana ngayo nezibophelelo ezimiselweyo ezingobulungisa, inkululeko, ukulingana, okanye ezinye iingcamango ezabelana ngokubanzi. Ngokudibanisa imigaqo emitsha nemilinganiselo eqhelekileyo, izithethi zenza iingxoxo zabo zikwazi ukuyekelela ngakumbi kwaye zingasongeli kwiinkolelo ezikhoyo.

Izibheno ezibhenela kwisizwe nakwimigaqo yokuseka ixhaphakile kwiSindululo sezobupolitika saseMerika. Abathethi bacela umGaqo-siseko, iSindululo senkululeko, nombono wabaQaphi ukuba baphikisane nokuba isikhundla sabo simela intsingiselo yokwenene yedemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba

Ezona ntetho zingenakulibaleka zidla ngokuthetha ngamabali abonisa imigaqo ecacileyo ngemizekelo ecacileyo.

Imbali inamandla ngokukhethekileyo kwiintetho zezobupolitika. Ngokuchaza imizabalazo yenkululeko, okusesikweni, okanye ulawulo lwedemokhrasi, izithethi zidibanisa imingeni yanamhlanje neendawo ezikhulu zembali. Obu buchule bubonisa ukuba imigudu yangoku iyaqhubeka nezithethe eziphakamileyo kwaye impumelelo inokwenzeka ngenxa yokuba iingxaki ezifanayo ziye zoyiswa ngaphambili.

Izihlandlo Eziphindayo Nezivakalisi Ezingalibalekiyo

Iintetho zezobupolitika ezinempumelelo zisebenzisa uphinda- phindo ukugxininisa iingongoma ezingundoqo kwaye zivelise amabinzana angenakulibaleka abamba iingcamango ezintsonkothileyo ngendlela elula, elula. nguLincoln's "urhulumente wabantu, ngabantu, kunye nentetho kaKumkani ephindaphindwayo "Ndinephupha" ingqina indlela uphindaphindo olungenza ngayo iintetho zikhumbuleke kwaye imiyalezo yabo ihlale ihleli.

La mabinzana angenakulibaleka ngokufuthi athabatha ubomi bawo, ecatshulwa yaye ebhekiswa emva kwexesha elide emva kwentetho yokuqala.

Umahluko Nokuchasana

Abathethi badla ngokusebenzisa umahluko ekuloleni iimpikiswano zabo, bekhuthaza iimbono eziphikisanayo ukugxininisa umahluko kunye nokucacisa ukhetho. Ulawulo-melo kunye nengcinezelo, inkululeko kunye nengcinezelo, okusesikweni kunye nokungalungisi.

I-Antithesis, ukusetyenziswa kwesakhiwo esinxulunyaniswayo ukugxininisa umahluko wengqiqo, sisixhobo esisebenzayo. Kennedy '``Cela ukuba ilizwe lakho lingakwenzela ntoni' faka into onokuyenza kwilizwe lakho' ibonise indlela alwa nolwelo olunamandla ngayo iimpikiswano kwaye olunokulibaleki.

Impembelelo Yentetho Engokwasemthethweni Nezobupolitika

Iintetho ezidumileyo ziye zaphembelela inkqubela engokwasemthethweni nezobupolitika ngeendlela ezininzi, ukususela ekuphembeleleni uluvo lukawonke - wonke ukusa ekulungiseleleni iinkundla nezindlu zowiso - mthetho ezizamkela kamva.

Ukuphazamisa Iimbono Zabantu Nezamaqela Ezobupolitika

Iingcingo zinokuchaza iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke ezivakalayo, zinika ilizwi kwizinto ezixhalabisayo abantu abaninzi kodwa ezingazichazanga. Ngokuchaza imibandela ngendlela enyanzelisayo, izithethi zingaguqula uluvo lukawonke-wonke zize zakhe inkxaso kwimibutho yezobupolitika. Umzekelo, iintetho zikaKumkani, zinceda ekuguquleni umbutho wamalungelo abantu ukusuka kwinkxalabo yengingqi yengingqi ukuya kutsho kutsho kumthetho wesizwe obalulekileyo.

Ngokucacisa imibuzo enzima engomthetho okanye yomgaqo-siseko ngendlela efikelelekayo, izithethi zinceda abemi ukuba baxakene neengxoxo ezibalulekileyo baze bavelise iimbono ezichanekileyo. Le mfundiso ibalulekile kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, nto leyo efuna ukuba abemi abanolwazi bangenelele.

Ukugunyazisa Umthetho Osemthethweni Nezigqibo Zokugweba

Iintetho zinokuphembelela ngokuthe ngqo iingxoxo zowiso-mthetho nezigqibo zogwebo. Iingxoxo ezicaciswe kwiintetho ezidumileyo zidla ngokuvela kamva kwiingxubusho zowiso-mthetho, iimbono zenkundla, kunye nolwazi olungokwasemthethweni. Ngokomzekelo, iintetho zeWebster, zinika iingcamango zomgaqo-siseko ezamkelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiimeko eziphawulekayo ezikhulisa amandla orhulumente.

Kwanaxa iintetho zingayitshintshi ngoko nangoko imithetho, banokutshintsha iingxoxo ngendlela ekhokelela ekuguquleni ngokusemthethweni ekugqibeleni. Ngokuvelisa iimpikiswano ezintsha, ukucacisa imibandela, okanye ukubalaselisa okungekho sikweni, iintetho zinokwenza utshintsho olungenakucingwa ngaphambili lubonakale luyimfuneko yaye lungenakuphepheka.

Ukumisela Iziganeko Zangaphambili NezamaNorm

Iintetho zomongameli, ngokukodwa, zingamisela imizekeliso ebumba indlela iinkokeli zexesha elizayo eziyiqonda ngayo imisebenzi yazo neembopheleleko zazo. Intetho yokuqala yeWashington ibeka ulindelo lwehambo yobumongameli eyaphembelela abalawuli bakhe. Iintetho zikaRoosevelt ezingeembopheleleko zikarhulumente zentlalontle yezoqoqosho zanceda ekumiseni imigaqo engokwendima karhulumente eqhubekayo namhlanje.

Kwakhona iintetho zinokuqinisa okanye zicel ’ umngeni izithethe ezikhoyo ngentetho yezobupolitika eyamkelekileyo.

Ukugqalwa Kwamabali Embali

Iintetho ezixutyushwe kweli nqaku zisenendima kwiingxoxo zale mihla eziphathelele urhulumente kunye neenkqubo zomthetho. Imigaqo ababeyichaza ngokuphandle/ukusesikweni, inkululeko, ukulingana, uxanduva lwentlalo-ntle, kunye nolawulo lomgaqo-siseko, iyaqhubeka ikhokela intetho yezobupolitika neyomthetho.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Ngenkcazelo yomgaqo-siseko

Iingxoxo ezingokwesi ngxoxo ezingendlela yokutolika umGaqo-siseko eziphendulwe kwiintetho zembali. Ingaba umGaqo-siseko ufanele utolikwe ngokwentsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo, okanye ingaba kufuneka uguqulelwe ukuphendula iimeko zale mihla? Iyiphi indima ekufuneka isetyenziswe ekutolikeni okusemthethweni? Le mibuzo, ebhekiswa kwiintetho ukusuka kuSeward ukuya kuRosevelt ukuya kuReagan, ihlala ingundoqo kumthetho wesiseko kunye nentanda-ntanda-bulumko yezobupolitika.

Ngokufunda indlela izizukulwana zangaphambili eziye zaphendula ngayo imibuzo efanayo, sinokuyiqonda kakuhle imibandela esijamelana nayo nendlela esinokuphendula ngayo.

Ukuqhubeka Kwemilo Yokungalingani Nokusesikweni

Nangona kuye kwenziwa inkqubela ebalulekileyo ukususela oko uDouglas wagxeka ubukhoboka waza uKumkani wafuna amalungelo asekuhlaleni, imibutho yokulwela ukulingana nokusesikweni iyaqhubeka.

Imigaqo ebekwe ngokucacileyo kwiintetho ezidumileyo `ukuthi bonke abantu bafanelwe kukuphathwa ngokulinganayo phantsi komthetho, ukuba okusesikweni kufuna okungaphezulu kunokulingana ngokusemthethweni, ukuba urhulumente unembopheleleko yokukhusela abo babuthathaka() ehlala inxulumene nokuhlaziywa kobulungisa, ukuvota amalungelo, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho neminye imibandela yanamhlanje.

Ulawulo Lwedemokhrasi Kwixesha Lamanani

Iminyaka yezobugcisa iye yaguqula indlela unxibelelwano lwezobupolitika olukhoyo ngayo, kodwa iinjongo ezisisiseko zeentetho zobupolitika azitshintshanga. Iinkokeli zisasebenzisa iidilesi zikawonke wonke ukucacisa imigaqo-nkqubo, ukuphembelela abemi, nokuchaza izinto eziza kwenzeka kwixesha elizayo. Noko ke, ukwahlulwa kwamajelo eendaba nokuvela kwamajelo eendaba kuye kwayiguqula indlela iintetho ezifikelela ngayo kubantu zize ziphembelele imbono yabantu.

Abathethi bexesha langaphambili bajamelana nocelomngeni lokuba abo babekho ngaphambi kwabo babengenalo igalelo elifanelekileyo kwimeko-bume yobuninzi bolwazi, indlela yokufikelela abaphulaphuli kwiingingqi zamajelo eendaba ezihlukeneyo, nendlela yokugcina intetho yamakhaya kwiindawo ezihlukeneyo zezobupolitika. Kodwa imigaqo yokusebenzisa intetho yezobupolitika.//i-acensing, ukuphinda-phinda-phinda ngokweemvakalelo, ukukhuthaza ukwabelana ngemilinganiselo

Ukubaluleka Kokufundisa Iintetho Ezidumileyo

Ukufunda iintetho ezidumileyo ngorhulumente nangenkqubo yomthetho kunika iingenelo ezininzi. Ezi dilesi zinika iifestile kwiziganeko zembali, zichaza indlela abantu abayiqonda ngayo imingeni yezobupolitika yaye zithetha ngezicombululo ezinokwenzeka. Zikwanikela nemizekelo yengxoxo ephumelelayo nonxibelelwano lukawonke-wonke olusasebenza namhlanje.

Ukuqonda Imeko Yembali

Ukufundisisa ezi dilesi kufuna ukufunda ngeemeko zezobupolitika, zentlalo nezezoqoqosho ezabashukumisela ukuba bafunde. Oku kuqonda okubhaliweyo kukhulisa ulwazi lwethu ngembali yaye kusinceda siqonde indlela iingcamango ngorhulumente nomthetho eziye zavela ngayo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Ngokuhlolisisa iintetho ngomongo, sinokusiqonda ngakumbi isizathu sokuba iingxoxo ezithile zivakalise abantu abathile nendlela izithethi ezizilungelelanisa ngayo iingxelo zazo kwiimeko ezithile.

Ukuhlakulela Ubuchule Bokucinga Obubalulekileyo

Ukuhlolisisa iintetho zezobupolitika kukhulisa ubuchule bokucinga. Abafundi bafunda ukuphawula iimpikiswano, bahlolisise ubungqina, baqonde ubuchule bokufuna impendulo, baze bahlole ukuthand ’ isidima kwezikhundla. Obu buchule buluncedo kungekhona nje ekuqondeni iintetho zembali kodwa nasekubandakanyeni kwintetho yezobupolitika yanamhlanje.

Ukufundisisa iintetho kukhuthaza abafundi ukuba baqwalasele iimbono ezininzi kwimibandela ephikisanayo. Ngokuhlolisisa iintetho ezimela iimbono ezahlukeneyo .⁠Webster no Calhoun kumandla orhulumente, umzekelo, okanye imibono eyahlukeneyo yenkcazelo yomGaqo-siseko, / iingcali zifunda ukuxabisa ukuntsonkotha kwemibuzo yezobupolitika kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo abantu abanawo.

Ubungqina Obukhuthazayo Bomsebenzi

Iintetho ezidumileyo zingakhuthaza ukudibana kwebutho labantu ngokubonisa indlela abantu abanokuyiphembelela ngayo imicimbi yoluntu ngonxibelelwano olunempumelelo. Zibonisa ukuba amazwi abaluleke, iingxoxo eziveliswe kakuhle zinokuguqula iingqondo nokuguqula imbali. Oku kuqwalaselwa kunokukhuthaza abafundi ukuba bahlakulele ubuchule babo bonxibelelwano nokuba nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kulawulo-demokhrasi.

Ngokufunda iintetho ezaziphikisana nokungekho sikweni nezikhuthaza utshintsho, abafundi bafunda ukuba abemi abaqhelekileyo banokuncedisa ngokubalaseleyo ekuphucukeni kwezobupolitika nakwezomthetho.

Oovimba Abanokufundwa Ngokubhekele Phaya

Abo banomdla wokuhlola iintetho ezidumileyo eziphathelele urhulumente kunye neenkqubo zomthetho ezinzulu kakhulu, kukho oovimba abaninzi. I-Melika-Rhetoric yewebhsayithi inikeza imibhalo kunye nokushicilelwa kwentetho ebalulekileyo engamakhulukhulu. Ugcino-zincwadi lweNational lugcina ukuqokelelwa kwamaxwebhu okuseka kunye neentetho zomongameli ezabumba ulawulo lwamaMelika.

Amaziko afundisayo anjenge Iziko loMgaqo-siseko wesizwe anikela ubuncwane obufundisayo ngembali yomGaqo-siseko neentetho ezaphembelela ukuphuhliswa komGaqo-siseko. Iincwadi zogcino-zincwadi zeYunivesithi kunye noovimba bemivo zinikezela ukufikelela kwiintetho zembali kunye nohlalutyo lwabaphengululi ngeziphumo zazo.

Iincwadi ezihlalutya iintetho ezidumileyo zinikela ingqiqo enzulu kwimbali yazo, iindlela zokuphendula nempembelelo ehlala ihleli. Iincwadi ezibhaliweyo zabathethi ababalaseleyo abanjengoLincoln, uKumkani, uChurchill, noRoosevelt zinikela umongo owongezelelekileyo wokuqonda iintetho zabo neemeko ezazenza zabumba.

Isiphelo: Amandla Ahlala Ehleli Adluliselwa Ngezopolitiko

Iintetho ezidumileyo ziye zaba nendima ebalulekileyo ekuphembeleleni uluntu ukuba luqonde urhulumente neenkqubo zomthetho.

Imigaqo ebalaseliswe kwezi ntetho ``ukusesikweni, inkululeko, ukulingana, uxanduva lwemfuyo, kunye nolawulo lomgaqo-siseko') ihlala ifanelekile namhlanje njengaxa yachazwa kuqala. Nangona iingxaki ezithi zijongene nebutho ledemokhrasi zitshintshile, imibuzo esisiseko ephathelele indlela yokulungiselela urhulumente, ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, nokulinganisela imilinganiselo ephikisanayo iyaqhubeka.

Ukufundisisa iintetho ezidumileyo kunikela ingqiqo exabisekileyo ngendlela iingcamango zezobupolitika ezikhula nezisasazeka ngayo, indlela unxibelelwano olunokuba luncedo ngayo kwiimbono zabantu kunye nemigaqo yabo, nendlela abantu abanokuba negalelo ngayo kwinkqubela yezobupolitika neyomthetho. Ezi ngxubusho zisikhumbuza ukuba idemokhrasi ifuna okungakumbi kuneenkqubo neenkqubo; ifuna ukuba ngummi welizwe okhutheleyo, ukucingisisa ngokusengqiqweni, nokuzibophelela ekubelaneni ngemigaqo.

Njengoko sijamelene nocelomngeni lolawulo-demokhrasi .ukungathembani, ukungathenjwa kwamaziko , ukuhla kokuthembeka kwamaziko .Intetho ehlolwa kweli nqaku inikela intshukumisa nokhokelo. Zibonisa ukuba ibutho lolawulo-moya liye lajamelana nocelomngeni olunzulu ngaphambili kwaye lifumana iindlela zokuzilungisa ngengxoxo eqiqayo, ngenkalipho yokuziphatha, kunye nokuzibophelela kwimigaqo esisiseko.

Isithethe sokuthetha okuqhubekayo kwezobupolitika namhlanje, njengoko iinkokeli zisebenzisa iintetho zokunxibelelana nabemi, zicacisa iinkqubo, kunye nemibono ecacileyo ngekamva. Ngoxa amajelo eendaba etshintshile ngokuphawulekayo, iinjongo ezibalulekileyo zeentetho zobupolitika azitshintshanga. Zifundisa, ziphembelela, zifaka ucelomngeni, kwaye zimanyanisa ulawulo lwedemokhrasi olubaluleke ngokunje.

Ngokufundisisa nokufunda kwiintetho ezidumileyo eziphathelele urhulumente neenkqubo zomthetho, sinokuziqonda bhetele izithethe zethu zezobupolitika, sibe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwiingxoxo zale mihla, size sibe negalelo kwiphulo eliqhubekayo lokwakha nokuxhasa ibutho labantu elinobulungisa, elikhululekileyo nelilawulwa ngedemokhrasi. Amazwi ezazi ezona zikhulu avakalayo kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana, esikhumbuza iingcamango zethu eziphakamileyo yaye asicel ’ umngeni ukuba sizenze zokwenene kwixesha lethu.