Isibhengezo senkululeko simi njengenye yamaxwebhu abalulekileyo kwimbali yoluntu, amela ngaphezu kwesibhengezo esilula sokwahlukana kwezobupolitika. Lo mbhalo wesiguqulo, owabhalwa ngo1776, umgaqo ocacileyo oza kuphinda uguqule ingekuphela kwamathanga aseMerika kodwa ukhuthaza inkqubela-phambili yezolawulo-moya kulo lonke ihlabathi kangangeenkulungwane ezayo. Kubemi bale mihla, ukuqonda ukubaluleka okunzulu kwesi Sindululo kunika imeko engundoqo yokwazisa amalungelo, inkululeko, neembopheleleko ezichaza ubomi bentlalo. Olu xwebhu lusebenza njengesiseko sentanda-ntandabulumko apho iUnited States yakhiwe khona, isiseko solawulo lwezolawulo lwesizwe, amaziko, kunye nokuzingokwamaqela.

Esi Sibhengezo simela ixesha elibalulekileyo xa amaqela alishumi elinesithathu ehlangeneyo egqiba ukubeka engozini yonke into ($ubomi bawo, intelekelelo, nembeko engcwele) ngokuseka uhlanga olusekelwe kwimigaqo esekelwe kwizithethe, kwinkosi, okanye ekoyiseni. Saguqula intanda-bulumko engaqondakaliyo yabaGqibi ukuba ikho ukugunyaziswa koorhulumente kunokuvunyelwa nguThixo okanye ilungelo eliyifakelwayo. Namhlanje, olu xwebhu lusasebenza ngenxa yokuba lumisela ulwalamano olusisiseko phakathi korhulumente nabantu, luchaza indima efanelekileyo yegunya namalungelo angenamdlalo, nto leyo ingenakuphindwa ngurhulumente.

Intsingiselo Yembali Nenjongo Yesi Sibhengezo

Isibhengezo senkululeko samkelwa yiLizwekazi Congress ngoJulayi 4, 1776, ePhiladelphia, ePennsylvania, ngexesha lemfazwe enkulu phakathi kweGreat Britain kunye namathanga ayo aseMerika. Olu xwebhu lwasebenza iinjongo ezininzi ezinzima ezathi zadlulela ngaphaya nje kokuvakalisa ulwahlulo kulawulo lwaseBritane. Okokuqala, lwanika ingcaciso esesikweni, kumazwe akwilizwe lonke athethelela isizathu sokuba amathangami akholelwa ukuba ulwahlulo lwaluyimfuneko kodwa lwaluthethelelekile ngokokuziphatha. Oku kwakuyimfuneko kuba amathangange eenqanawa ayefuna inkxaso yezizwe ngezizwe, ingakumbi eFransi naseSpeyin, ukuze aphumelele kumzabalazo wolawulo lwehlabathi olunamandla.

Umbhali oyintloko, uThomas Jefferson, wagunyaziswa yiCongress yasezwentinental ngokulungisa uxwebhu olwaluza kuzicombulula izikhalo zommandla ngexa emisela isiseko sentanda-bulumko sokuzimela. UJefferson watsala kakhulu kwiingcinga zoluvo lokukhanyiselwa, ingakumbi uJohn Locke, ezineengcamango ezingelungelo lendalo kunye nesivumelwano soluntu phakathi korhulumente kunye nesivumelwano soluntu saphembelela ngokunzulu ulwimi kunye nobuchule bokwenza isaziso. Olu xwebhu lwayilwa kakuhle ukuvelisa impikiswano esengqiqweni: luqala ngemigaqo-ngquthela yonke ngemigaqo emalunga namalungelo abantu kunye nobuchule borhulumente, luqhubekeka ukudwelisa uluhlu lwenkcaphulo ebekwe nguKumkani uGeorge III, kwaye luqukugqiba ngoluvo olusemthethweni lokuzimela ngokwamvo olufanelekileyo njengolu hlobo lokwaphula-mthetho.

Ngapha koko injongo yayo yezopolitiko, iSindululo sanceda ukumanyanisa amathanga phantsi kwesizathu esiqhelekileyo nesabelana ngemigaqo. Ngaphambi kokuba azimele, amathanga ayeneemeko ezahlukeneyo, uqoqosho, kunye nezilangazelelo ezazisoloko zingqubana. Isindululo sanika ukubona kunye nenjongo emanyanisayo, ukuguqula imvukelo eyahlukeneyo yaba lishumi elinesithathu ibe ngumbutho omnye weenguqu. Sanika amajoni isizathu esifanelekileyo sokulwa oku ngaphezu kwenkxalabo yasekuhlaleni, simisela ukuba ayesilwa kungekhona nje ngenxa yokukhulula irhafu okanye ukulwela amalungelo abantu angundoqo kodwa amalungelo abantu kunye nelungelo lokuzilawula ngokwawo.

Olu xwebhu lwasebenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wangaphakathi ngokuhlanganisa amaqela ahlala engaphikiswanga ngokuzimela. Abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi babesavakalelwa kukuba banyanisekile eBritane yaye benethemba loxolelwaniso. Uluhlu oluninzi lwezityholo ```````''''''''' izityholo ezithenjiweyo nxamnye noKumkani George III'' lwayilelwe ukubonisa ukuba uxolelwaniso lwalungenakwenzeka kwaye ukumkani walwaphula amalungelo abo balawuli. Ngokubhala ezi mpawulwano ngokweenkcukacha, isindululo senza ityala elingxingxigoso kodwa yayingesokuzenza isigqibo esingxamisekileyo kodwa ukuphendula okufunekayo kwimikhosi elwayo.

Imigaqo Yendaleko Eqikelelweyo Kulo Mbhalo

Iinyaniso Ezizizo Namalungelo Emvelo

ISindululo esidume kakhulu sichaza ukuba iinyaniso ezithile "zibonakala," intsingiselo azifuni bubungqina kuba zicacile kuye nawuphi na umntu onengqondo. Eli cebo lokuphendula liye latshintsha ngokwalo, njengokuba lathi imigaqo yokulingana kwabantu namalungelo abo emvelo ayiyomibandela yoluvo, imfundiso yonqulo, okanye isithethe kodwa izibakala zendalo zifumaneka kwizizathu zabantu. Ngokuvakalisa ezi nyaniso zicace ngokuzenzekelayo, uJefferson uzinyusela ngaphezulu, ezimisela njengesiseko apho bonke urhulumente ofanelekileyo kufuneka uhlale khona.

Isindululo sithi onke amadoda adalwe ngokulinganayo, ulwelelo olugqithisileyo kwihlabathi elilawulwa bubuhandiba, ubukumkani, kunye nokusetyenziswa okungqongqo kwentlalo. Nangona ukusetyenziswa kwalo mgaqo kwakusikelwe umda ngelishwa ngo1776(ukungalingani kwabantu, ukusetyenziswa kwabantu abakhotyokisiweyo, kunye ne-Indidurations , umgaqo ngokwawo wawunembewu yolwando lwexesha elizayo. Ukugxininiswa kokulingana kwabantu jikelele kunika isiseko sentandabulumko esiza kubhenela ukwandisa amalungelo amaqela angaphambili. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu, umbutho wamabhinqa owesifama, umzabalazo oqhubekayo wokulingana, utsale wonke lo mgaqo wesiseko, ubonakalisa amandla awo ahlala ehleli kunye nolawulo.

Isindululo sichaza amalungelo akhethekileyo angenakususwa, kuquka ubomi, inkululeko, nokusukela ulonwabo. La malungelo achazwa njenge "engenakuphambukiswa," intsingiselo angenakunikezela, asuswe, okanye athatyathwe ngenxa yokuba ezalwa nabukho bomntu. Le ngcamango yaluphikisa uluvo olukhoyo lokuba amalungelo ayenikwe ngukumkani okanye oorhulumente. Endaweni yoko, isindululo saqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo abantu angaphambili kwaye abantu abanawo ngenxa yokuba bengabantu. Le nguqulelo yentanda-bulumko iguqula ulwalamano phakathi kwabemi kunye negunya, imisela ukuba oorhulumente bakhona ukukhusela amalungelo akhoyo phambi kolawulo okanye koorhulumente kunokuba banike amalungelo abo ngelungelo abo.

Ukufakwa "ukusukela ulonwabo" kunokusetyenziswa "ukufumana ulonwabo"" ." okubonakala kumgaqo kaJohn Locke/relayer ukhetho olubalulekileyo lwentanda-bulumko. Nangona amalungelo empahla ngokuqinisekileyo ayebalulekile kubaseki, ingcamango ebanzi yokusukela ulonwabo ibandakanya uludwe oluninzi lweminqweno yabantu kunye nenkululeko. Icebisa ukuba urhulumente ufanele unike abemi amandla okuchaza nokusukela umbono wabo wobomi obulungileyo, kunokuba anike ingcamango enye yokuchuma komntu. Lo mgaqo uxhasa inkululeko, i-esociolce, kunye nolwahluka-hlukeneyo lwezinto ezikhethwayo ebomini ezibonisa abantu abakhululekileyo.

Isivumelwano Sentlalo Nemvume Yabo Balawulayo

Isindululo sichaza ngokucacileyo ingcamango ecacileyo yokuba urhulumente unelungelo elisekelwe ekuvumeni kwabantu abalawulwayo. Sichaza ukuba oorhulumente bamiselwa phakathi kwabantu ukuze bakhusele amalungelo abo kwaye igunya lorhulumente lifumaneka ngokuvunyelwa ngabo balawulwayo. Lo mgaqo uluphikisa ngqo ilungelo lobuthixo lookumkani nolawulo olungokwemfuza, oluthi okumkani bafumana igunya labo kuThixo kunabantu ababelawula. Ngokugxininisa ukuba igunya elisemthethweni linyukela phezulu ebantwini kunokuba linyuke lide lide lide lide lide lifike kwisikhundla sikaThixo, isindululo samisela ulongamo oluqhelekileyo njengommiselo worhulumente waseMerika.

Le ngcamango ithetha ukuba urhulumente akakuphela ngokwayo kodwa uyindlela yokuphelisa isiphelo , ngokungqalileyo, ukhuseleko lwamalungelo emvelo. Xa urhulumente ezalisekisa le njongo, ifanelwe kukuthembeka nokuxhaswa ngabemi. Noko ke, xa urhulumente elungelelanisiweyo ephula amalungelo kunokuba abakhusele, uyawaphula isivumelwano soluntu kwaye uphulukana nelungelo lakhe lokusemthethweni. Le mbono yegunya likarhulumente inika abemi amandla okuvavanya ukusebenza kukarhulumente wabo nokufuna ukuba baphendule kwiinkokeli zabo.

Esi Sindululo siqhubeka sisithi xa urhulumente ebonakalisa iinjongo zakhe ezifanelekileyo, "Kulilungelo labantu lokutshintsha okanye ukuliphelisa, nokuseka uRhulumente omtsha". Eli lungelo lenguquko limele omnye wemigaqo engqongqo yeSindululo. Siqinisekisa ukuba abemi abangobalawulwa nje abangenzi nto abamele banyamezele nayiphi na into abanyanzelelwa ngurhulumente kodwa abanamandla abanegunya lokuphinda balungise amaziko ezobupolitika xa eyimfuneko. Lo mgaqo uyavuma ukuba utshintsho olunoxolo lungcono, uSindululo luphawula ukuba oorhulumente abamele batshintshe "ngenxa yokukhanya noxanduva olulula" kodwa bayaqonda ukuba iinguqu zinokuba yimfuneko xa ulawulo olulawulayo lushiya kungekho lunye ukhuseleko.

Intsingiselo esebenzisekayo yale migaqo yabemi banamhlanje inzulu. Ziqinisekisa ukuba amagosa karhulumente angabakhonzi babantu kunokuba abezinkosi. Abameli abagwetywayo bagcina izikhundla zabo okwexeshana kunye neemeko, phantsi kwemvume eqhubekayo yabo bameleyo. Xa amagosa esilela ukukhusela okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya lawo, abemi abanalo ilungelo lokuphela kodwa banembopheleleko yokubanika ityala kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi ezinjengokuvota, ukucela, ukuqhankqalaza, nokubophelelana kwezentlalo-ntle. Ngaloo ndlela isindululo sinikela isiseko sentanda-ntandabulumko yokuba ngummi okhutheleyo kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.

Uluhlu LweeMpahla: Ukubhala

Isibhengezo esikhulu siquka uluhlu olunenkcukacha ezingamashumi amabini anesixhenxe zezikhalazo ezichasa uKumkani uGeorge III, zibhala iindlela ezingqalileyo urhulumente waseBritane awaphule ngazo amalungelo abo bathathi-nxaxheba. Eli candelo lisebenza iinjongo ezininzi: libonisa ukuba ukuzimela ngokwamdwa kwakungeso isigqibo esingxamisekileyo kodwa ukuphendula ngokuphindaphindiweyo, kunika ubungqina obucacileyo bobuzwisileyo kunezikhalo ezingekho ngqiqweni ezifuna utshintsho. Kubemi banamhlanje, ukuqonda ezi ziphoso kunika ukuqonda oko abaqulumbi bakugqala njengokungamelekiyo ukuphulwa kwamalungelo, kwaye kunceda ukucacisa imigaqo ababefuna ukuyikhusela.

Izikhalazo ezininzi zixhalabisa ukungenelela kokumkani norhulumente wabameli kunye nomthetho. Isindululo sityhola ukuba ukumkani uchitha iindibano zabameli, uthintele ulawulo lwezobulungisa, kwaye wenza abagwebi baxhomekeke ekuthandeni kwakhe kuphela. Ezi zikhalazo zibonisa inkolelo yabaseki yokuba urhulumente osemthethweni ufuna ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, iqumrhu elizimeleyo, kunye namaziko abameli abanokuba nenxaxheba kuwo ekuqululeni umthetho. Abaseki baqonda ukuba amandla aphakamileyo ngokungenakuphepheka akhokelela ekulawuleni kwaye ukukhusela inkululeko kufuna ukwabiwa kwamazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba abemi banelizwi elinentsingiselo ekulawuleni kwabo.

Ezinye izikhalazo ezithetha ngokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezoqoqosho nerhafu ngaphandle kokumelwe. Esi Sindululo sidwelisa izikhalazo ezingeerhafu ezinkulu ngaphandle kwemvume, sinqumla ukuthengiswa kwerhafu nezinye iindawo zehlabathi, kwaye sinxiba abagwebi abagwebi betyala. Ezi zityholo zezoqoqosho zazingeyomali nje kuphela kodwa ngemigaqo esisiseko yokuzirhwebisa ngokwayo namalungelo empahla. Abaseki bakholelwa ukuba abemi abamele baphantsi kwerhafu okanye umgaqo wezoqoqosho ngaphandle kokuba abameli abanokuvuma ukuvavanywa kwemiqathango enjalo ngenxa yabo. Lo mgaqo "akuhlawulwa ngerhafuthelo" waba sisibhengezo sokuzingela iNguqulelo nokungamela okungundoqo kokulawula kwe-demokhrasi.

Zininzi izikhalo ezixhalabisayo ngokusetyenziswa kakubi komkhosi kunye nokubekwa komkhosi. Isindululo sityhola ukuba ukumkani wagcina imikhosi ime kumathangala eelizwe ngexesha loxolo ngaphandle kwemvume, yenza umkhosi uzimela kwaye uphakamile kwigunya lasekuhlaleni, kwaye imikhosi yadityaniswa idibene namakhaya abo bahlala bephantsi kwemikhosi. Ezi zikhalazo zibonisa inkxalabo enzulu ngemikhosi elwayo kunye nengozi ebangela ukuba imikhosi ikhululeke. Abaseki bakholelwa ukuba amandla emkhosini amele ahlale engaphantsi kwegunya lasekuhlaleni kwaye abemi bamele banganyanzelelwa ukuba bahlalise amajoni emakhayeni abo oluntu. Le migaqo kamva yaphembelela umGaqo-siseko wesiThathu woMgatho-siseko, nto leyo ethintela amajoni emakhayeni abo angathangavunyelwangagunyazi, kunye nomgaqo wolawulo lwabesomkhosi kumkhosi kumkhosi womkhosi.

Izikhalazo zikwathetha ngokwala kokumkani ukwaphula umthetho ofunekayo ukwenzela uluntu, ukungenelela kwakhe ekufudukeni nasekungcoleni, kunye nempembelelo yakhe yokuvukela kweentsapho. Ngokudibeneyo, ezi zityholo zichaza umfanekiso wobuzwilakhe obucwangcisiweyo / hayi iimpazamo ezizodwa okanye ngamaxesha athile kodwa indlela yamatyala asemthethweni ecetyelwe ukumisela ubuzwilakhe obupheleleyo bobuzwilakhe. Isindululo sigxininisa ukuba abenzi bomkhosi bamazwe aphantsi beli lizwe bacelele ukuvuselela izikhalo ngezikhalazo ngoxolo, kodwa bangazihoywa okanye baphendule ngomonakalo okokugqibela. Olu xwebhu lonyango loxolo oludaliweyo lwaluyimfuneko ukuthethelela inyathelo lokugqibelela utshintsho.

Impembelelo yesibhengezo kuRhulumente noMthetho waseMerika

Imigaqo echazwe kwiSindululo seSindululo seSikhululo yaphembelela ngokunzulu isakhiwo kunye nemilinganiselo karhulumente waseMerika, nangona esi Sindululo ngokwaso singelulo olusemthethweni olunamalungiselelo anyanzelekileyo. Isindululo saseka isiseko sentandabulumko apho umGaqo-siseko neSigqibo samaLungelo sakhiwa khona kamva. Ukugxininisa kwaso kumalungelo emvelo, urhulumente olinganiselweyo, kunye nolawulo oluqhelekileyo kwayila indlela abaseki bomGaqo-siseko abayakhe ngayo kwaye kuyaqhubeka kwazisa ukucaciswa komgaqo-siseko namhlanje.

Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko sivakalisa imigaqo yeSindululo ngokuthi "Thina bantu" simisele size simisele umGaqo-siseko, sigxininise ubukhosi obuqhelekileyo kunye nokuvumelana kwabalawulwa. Isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko, ngokuhlula kwawo amagunya, ukujonga nokulinganisela, kunye nolawulo, kubonisa inkxalabo yesindululo negunya elithe ngqo kunye nokuxhatshazwa kukarhulumente. Ngokusasaza amandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente worhulumente kunye noorhulumente, umGaqo-siseko udala izikhuseli zokhuseleko nxamnye nohlobo lobundlobongela obubhalwe kwizikhalazo zeSindululo.

IBhili yamaLungelo, eyongezwa kuMgaqo-siseko ngowe-1791, inikela ukhuseleko olungqalileyo lwamalungelo emvelo abhekiswe kwisindululo. Ukhuseleko loMphengululo Wokuqala lwenkululeko yokuthetha, lokushicilela, lonqulo, lombutho, kunye nesicelo sokuxhasa ngqo umbono weSindululo sabemi abanokuvakalisa iimbono zabo ngokukhululekileyo, ukuqhelisela iinkolelo zabo, kwaye ugcina urhulumente ebeke ityala. Ukukhusela kweSindululo seSine soMndululo nxamnye nokuphengulula okungekho ngqiqweqweni, isiqinisekiso senkqubo yeSihlanu sokuHlulo, kunye neseSiThathu soMmiselo-siThathu sokuLamla intetho ngentetho yenkundla ephakanyiswayo yonke ephakanyiswe ngezikhalalo zesibhengezo. Ezi zikhuselwa ngomgaqo-mthetho ziguqulela imigaqo ecacileyo yesiGajikelelo soMgamkelo kumalungelo esemthethweni karhulumente abekwe kwinkundla.

Impembelelo yesindululo yandisa ngaphaya kombhalo womGaqo-siseko ekutolikeni kwayo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yabhekisela ngamanye amaxesha kubhengezo xa itolika amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, ingakumbi xa ithetha ngamalungelo asisiseko kunye nokulingana. Nangona isindululo singenawo amandla omthetho, sinika umongo obalulekileyo ongokwembali wokuqonda amaxabiso nemigaqo eyabangela isizukulwana esisekiweyo. Xa iinkundla zitolika ulwimi olugqwethekileyo, ukugxininiswa komgaqo-siseko, ukulingana kwabantu, kunye norhulumente olinganiselweyo uyakwazi ukuchaza ukuhlaziywa kwabo nokunceda kucacise intsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko.

Esi Sindululo samisa imizekelo ebalulekileyo yenkcubeko yezobupolitika nemilinganiselo yezentlalo-ntle yaseMerika. Isiqinisekiso sayo sokuba abemi banelungelo lokutshintsha okanye ukuphelisa urhulumente ocinezelayo ugunyazisa inkcaso yezopolitiko yoxolo kunye nokungavumelani. Kwisithethe sezobupolitika saseMerika, ukugxeka iinkqubo zikarhulumente, ukulungiselela intsebenziswano, nokukhuthaza utshintsho olusisiseko asizizo izenzo zokunganyaniseki kodwa ziimbonakaliso zoburhulumente ezixhaswa yiSindululo. Le sithethe sokuchasa ngokunyanisekileyo, apho abemi banokungavumelani norhulumente wabo ngoxa behlala bebambelele kwimigaqo-siseko somgaqo-siseko, bahlula uluntu kwimimandla yedemokhrasi apho ulawulo luchaswa njengenkqubo yolawulo.

Ukusikelwa Umda Kwesibhengezo Neempikiswano

Ngeli xesha iSibhengezo senkululeko sachaza imigaqo yemvukelo yemigaqo yokwahlula umgangatho womntu namalungelo omntu, ukusebenza kwaso kwakusikelwe umda ngendlela elusizi ekusebenzeni. Isiqinisekiso sokuba "wonke amadoda adalwe alingana" asizange sidlulele kubemi base-Afrika abangamakhoboka, abafazi, abantu belizwe, okanye kwanamadoda amhlophe angenazinto nge1776. Lo msantsa phakathi kwemigaqo yendalo jikelele kunye nesicelo sawo sokukhetha umela enye yezona ngxubevange zibalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMelika, leyo eye yaguqula uxanduva lwalo lwamazwe lwama-Afrika akwilizwe lwawo, akwilizwe elimakhoboka, okanye alinganayo iminyaka emalunga nama-50.

Umahluko ocacileyo ubandakanya ubukhoboka. Abaninzi bemityikityo yesibhengezo, kuquka uThomas Jefferson ngokwakhe, abantu abangamakhoboka njengokuba babevakalisa ukuba bonke abantu banelungelo elingaphambukeli kubomi, inkululeko, kunye nokusukela ulonwabo. Idrafti yantlandlolo kaJefferson yeSindululo yayiquka ukugweba ukurhwebela amakhoboka nokubeka uKumkani u III ityala lokuqhubekeka kwayo, kodwa eli candelo lasuswa ekugxininisweni kwabathunywa abasuka eMzantsi Carolina naseGeorgia, kunye nabanye abathunywa basemntla ababandakanye norhwebo lwamakhoboka. Oku kwatyhila ingxabano enzulu phakathi kwemigaqo yeSindululo kunye nezoqoqosho kunye neenyaniso zasekuhlaleni zaseMelika.

Ukuphikisana phakathi kobukhoboka nemigaqo yesibhengezo kwabonwa ngabantu ababephila ngexesha elinye. Abantu abakhotyokisiweyo kunye nabaphelisi bacela ulwimi loSindululo ukuphikisa ubukhoboka, besalatha uhanahaniso lohlanga olusekelwe kwinkululeko ekhankanyiweyo kwizigidi. UFrederick Douglass, kwintetho yakhe edumileyo yo1852 "Intoni ikhoboka eliyiyo kweyesine kaJulayi," ngokunamandla ukuchaza oku kuphikisana, bebuza ukuba amaMelika angalubhiyo njani inkululeko ngoxa egcina ubukhoboka. Kodwa uDouglas wakwaya waqonda ukuba ubuchule boluvo lwalo, ukuba ukuba lungalusebenzisa ngokwenene, luza kufuna ukupheliswa kwemithetho yobukhoboka. Ngaloo maxesha omabini yaba ngunothithithi qhayithanga, kunye nesixhobo sokufuna ukuba iMelika iphile kwinjongo yayo yokuyila.

Amabhinqa ngokufanayo ayekhutshwe kwisithembiso soMgaqo-siseko sokulingana. UAgagail Adam wakhuthaza umyeni wakhe uJohn Adams ukuba "akhumbule abafazi" xa emisela imithetho yesizwe esitsha, elumkisa ukuba amabhinqa angaziva ebotshelelwe ngemithetho apho engenalizwi. Isibongozo sakhe satyeshelwa, kwaye abafazi bahlala bengaphantsi ngokusemthethweni kumadoda, bengakwazi ukuvota, impahla yabo ngamagama abo ukuba batshatileyo, okanye baba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kubomi bobuzwelonke. Bekuya kuthabatha malunga neminyaka eli- 150 yesenzo sobufazi ngaphambi kokuba amabhinqa azuze ilungelo lokuvota ngokuqulusela ngeSigqibo seshumi elinesithoba ngowe-1920. Iqela lamabhinqa lamabhinqa laqhubeka licela igalelo loMgalelo-siseko, liphikisa ukuba bonke abantu badalwa ngokulinganayo namalungelo angenazintlukelo olungenalunyuso.

Abantu belizwe lelizwe babejongene nohlobo olwahlukileyo lokwahlulwa. Isindululo siquka phakathi kwezikhalazo zaso isityholo sokuba uKumkani uGeorge III "wazama ukuzisa kubemi bemida yethu, amaIndiya angenanceba athathi nxaxheba. Olu lwimi lungenalukholo lubonakalisa imbono yabathathi-nxaxheba kwilizwe lobupoloni njengemiqobo yokwandisa abantu kunokuba abantu abanamalungelo abo nolawulo lwabo. Uhlanga olutsha olusekelwe kwimigaqo yokulingana namalungelo engokwemvelo luza kungqubana nezivumelwano namazwe aqhelekileyo, luthabathe amazwe azo, luze lulandele imigaqo yokususa kunye nenkcitho yenkcaso. Ukunga okuphakathi kwemigaqo yehlabathi kunye nokuphatha kwabantu i-IGregorist Ilbes luhlala lukho olunye lwezona meko zembali ezikhathazayo zeMelika.

Phezu kwazo nje ezi zithintelo zinzulu kunye neziphikisanayo, imigaqo yeSindululo equlathe imbewu yolwando lwazo. Ngokubeka imigaqo yendalo jikelele kunokuba imisele amalungelo kumaqela athile, isindululo sanikela umgangatho apho uqheliselo lwaseMelika lunokugwetywa khona luze lufunyanwe luyimfuneko. Yonke intshukumo yamalungelo anwenweleyo nokulingana kwimbali yaseMelika ./ukuqulunqwa, amalungelo abafazi, amalungelo abantu, LGBT+ amalungelo ekwayamkeleni isindululo, isithi iMelika kufuneka yandise imigaqo yayo yokuyila kubo bonke abantu. Izindululo zikho ngendlela elinganiselweyo kodwa ekuqaleni zazisetyenziswa kwimigaqo yehlabathi lonke, ukuba ziqhubeke zifuna ukukhuthaza ukuthethelelwa kobulungisa nokulingana.

Impembelelo yomhlaba wonke kunye nelifa lehlabathi lesibhengezo

Isibhengezo seSindululo seNtlalo - bume asiphembeleli nje kuphela inkqubela yaseMerika kodwa kwanemibutho yedemokhrasi kunye neenguqu ehlabathini lonke. Isiqinisekiso sayo sokuba oorhulumente bafumana ilungelo labo ngokusemthethweni ngokuvunyelwa ngabalawulwayo nokuba abantu banelungelo lokuguqula okanye lokuphelisa oorhulumente abacinezelayo abaphembelela imvukelo nabahlaziyi belizwekazi ngalinye. Isindululo sabonisa ukuba intanda-bulumko yokukhanyiselwa inokuguqulelwa kwizenzo eziluncedo zobupolitika, inika umzekelo kwabanye abantu abafuna ukuseka oorhulumente abasekelwe kulawulo oluqhelekileyo nakumalungelo emvelo.

IMvukelo yamaFrentshi, eyaqala kwiminyaka elishumi elinesithathu emva kokuzimela geqe eMelika, yaphenjelelwa ngqo ngumzekelo waseMerika kunye nemigaqo yesindululo. Isibhengezo samaFrentshi samalungelo abantu kunye nawoMntu, esamkelwa ngo-1789, sihlobana nogxininiso lwamaMerika kumalungelo emvelo, ukulingana, kunye nolawulo oluqhelekileyo. IMarquis de Lafayette, eyalwa kunye namaMelika kwinguqulelo yawo, yadlala indima engundoqo ekushwankatheliseni isibhengezo samaFrentshi, idwe ngokucacileyo kwimizekelo yamaMelika. Ngexa iMvukelo yamaFrentshi yathatha ikhondo eyahlukileyo kakhulu kuneMvukelo yeMelika, impembelelo yokuqala nesiseko sentandabulumko yavela kwicala eliphumelelayo loMgaqo-omatilamganiso wemi wezo-demo-demokhrasi.

Kuyo yonke inkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba nemashumi amabini, imibutho yokuzimela geqe eLatin America, e-Asia, nase-Afrika yacela imigaqo efana neyokwiSindululo senkululeko. Xa amarhamente ayefuna inkululeko kubukhosi baseYurophu, ayesoloko ethethelela izenzo zawo ngokusebenzisa iimpikiswano ezimalunga nokuzimela, amalungelo emvelo, kunye nokungagunyaziswa kolawulo ngaphandle kokuvuma.

Esi Sindululo sakwaphembelela ukuphuhliswa komthetho wamalungelo abantu wamazwe ngamazwe ngenkulungwane yamashumi amabini. Isindululo somhlaba Wonke samaLungelo aBantu, esamkelwa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngowe-1948, sibonisa imigaqo emininzi eyachazwa okokuqala kwiSindululo saseMerika: isidima esisizalwana nokulingana kwabantu bonke, ubukho bamalungelo asisiseko urhulumente amele akuhlonele, nengcamango yokuba ukukhusela la malungelo ayimfuneko kuxolo nokusesikweni. UEleanor Rooselt, owamisa ikomiti eyamisela iSindululo Sehlabathi Lonke, waphenjelelwa ngokunzulu ngamaxwebhu nemigaqo yaseMerika. Isindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Sindululo simela ukuzama ukuseka ihlabathi lonke oko kwathethwa sisindululo samaMerika kuhlanga anye: ukuba onke amalungelo abantu asisiseko amele akhuselwe.

Impembelelo yeSindululo sehlabathi lonke ibonisa amandla kunye nemiqathango yemigaqo yaso. Kwelinye icala, ukuthethelelwa kwayo ngomlinganiselo woluntu jikelele kunye namalungelo emvelo kuye kwabangela intsebenziswano ezininzi zenkululeko nokusesikweni emhlabeni wonke. Ingcamango yokuba urhulumente osemthethweni ufuna ukuvunywa kolawulo iye yaba ngumgaqo owamkelekileyo jikelele, nokuba kudla ngokugqithwa ekusebenzeni. Kwelinye icala, umsantsa phakathi kwemigaqo yeSindululo kunye nokusebenza kwayo, kuvela `embalini yaseMelika nakumazwe amaninzi acela imigaqo efanayo ekwalathisela amalungelo alula kunawo. Isindululo somhlaba wonke siquka impembelelo yayo yombutho wenkululeko kunye nokuzama ukuvelisa imigaqo yayo yenyaniso kubantu bonke.

Isizathu Sokuba Abemi Banamhlanje Bafanele Basiqonde Esi Sibhengezo

Ukuqonda Amalungelo Nesiseko Sawo

Kubemi bexesha elingephi, ukuqonda isindululo sokuzimela geqe kubalulekile ekuqondeni isiseko sentanda-bulumko yamalungelo abo nenkululeko. Isindululo siqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo awangomalungelo anikwe ngurhulumente kodwa ziimfanelo ezingokwemvelo zabantu abakhoyo ngaphambi kokuzimela urhulumente. Le nkcazelo ibalulekile kuba ichaphazela indlela abemi abalujonga ngayo ulwalamano lwabo negunya. Ukuba amalungelo zizipho ezisuka kurhulumente, urhulumente uyakwazi ukuwasusa ngokusemthethweni. Kodwa ukuba amalungelo awazuzwa ngokusemthethweni kwaye awathatyathwa ngaphandle kobuzwe, ngoko indima karhulumente ilinganiselwe ekukhuseleni amalungelo angaphambili nawakhoyo, kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente ezichasene nala malungelo aziyo.

Le siseko sentanda-bulumko inentsingiselo esebenzisekayo kwindlela abemi ababandakanyeka ngayo kwimibandela yezobupolitika yanamhlanje. Xa behlola imithetho ecetyisiweyo okanye izenzo zikarhulumente, abemi bangabuza enoba la manyathelo akhusela okanye achasene namalungelo asisiseko. Xa amagunya karhulumente athi anegunya lokumisela inkululeko, abemi bangayifuna ingxengxezo yokulunga nokubuza enoba imiqathango enjalo iyavisisana nomgaqo wokuba urhulumente ukho ukuze akhusele amalungelo kunokuba awabeke umda. Isindululo silungiselela ukugxeka ngokungqongqo ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo nangemida yamandla karhulumente, sinika abemi amandla okwahlula phakathi kwegunya elifanelekileyo neqhawe.

Ukuqonda esi Sindululo kunceda abemi balapha baqonde ukuba amalungelo ahambisana neembopheleleko. Abatyikityi beSindululo bathembisa ubomi babo, intelekelelo, kunye nembeko engcwele kwisizathu sokuzimela, beqonda ukuba ukuseka nokugcina ibutho elikhululekileyo kufuna ukuncama kunye nokuzibophelela. Abemi banamhlanje bawadla ilifa amalungelo alwelwayo kwizizukulwana ezidlulileyo ukuseka nokwandisa, kodwa la malungelo awangeni kuba kukuzixhasa. Bafuna ukuba abemi abakhutheleyo, abathathi besizwe, bazimisele ukubakhusela xa besongelwa. Isindululo sikhumbuza abemi ukuba inkululeko asilo lifa nje kodwa imbopheleleko esebenzayo abamele bawamkele baze bakhusele.

Ukukhuthaza Ubandakanyeko Lomsebenzi Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi

Umgaqo weSindululo wokuba oorhulumente bafumane ilungelo labo ngokuvuma kwabo bayalawulwayo ukuseka isiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi. Lo mgaqo ubonisa ukuba abemi abanalungelo lolawulo kuphela kodwa banembopheleleko yokuthabatha inxaxheba ekulawuleni ngokuvota, ngokubhataza, nangokubeka amagosa etyala. Xa abemi beqonda ukuba igunya likarhulumente lihamba ngokuvuma kwabo, bayaqonda ukuba idemokhrasi ifuna ukubandakanyeka kwabo ngokukhutheleyo kunokuba bamkele nawaphi na amagosa agqibayo.

ISindululo seSibhengezo esithi abantu banelungelo lokutshintsha okanye lokuphelisa urhulumente ocinezelayo ovumela inkcaso yezobupolitika engoxolo kunye nemibutho eguqula izinto. Kwidemokhrasi esempilweni, abemi kufuneka bazive benegunya lokugxeka iinkqubo zikarhulumente, lokulungiselela ukuxhasa, nokusebenzela ukuguqula iinkqubo ezingaphumeleliyo ekuncedeni uluntu. Oku akuthethi ukuba ukungavumelani nokunye kugwetywa, kodwa kuthetha ukuba abemi bafanele bazijonge njengabameli abasebenzayo ekulungiseni urhulumente wabo kunokuba babe ngabalawulwa abamele bathobele. Ukuqonda esi Sindululo kunceda abemi baqaphele ukuba ukuchasana notshintsho alusosiso idemokhrasi kodwa kuyimfuneko kuyo.

Isindululo sikwanikela isiseko sokuvavanya iinkokeli zezobupolitika nokuzinika ityala. Uluhlu olude loxwebhu lwezikhalazo ezichaphazelekayo kuKumkani uGeorge III lubonisa inkolelo yomseki yokuba abemi bafanele baziqwalasele ngenyameko izenzo zikarhulumente wabo kunye noxwebhu lokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Abemi banamhlanje bangasebenzisa olu hlolisiso lunye kumagosa akhoyo, bavavanye ukuba bayawakhusela na amalungelo, bahlonela imida yomgaqo-siseko, kwaye bakhonze umdla kawonke-wonke-wonke. Isindululo simisela ukuba amagosa angabakhonzi babantu kunokuba abezizo, umgaqo ofanele wazise indlela abemi abaqhubana ngayo nabameli babo.

Impikiswano eBalulekileyo Malunga Namalungelo

Iingxoxo ezininzi zezobupolitika zanamhlanje zibandakanya imibuzo esisiseko ngamalungelo, ukulingana, kunye nendima efanelekileyo karhulumente − ngokuphandle imbambano exutyushwa kwiSibhengezo senkululeko. Ukuqonda imigaqo yesibhengezo kunganceda abemi balapha baqhube le ngxoxo ngengqiqo ecacileyo nengokwembali. Xa kuvela iimpikiswano ngamalungelo abantu, ukhetho, ulawulo lwezoqoqosho, okanye igunya likarhulumente, isindululo sinika isiseko sentanda-ntanda-bulumko sokuhlalutya le miba nokuvavanya iimbambano eziphikisanayo.

Isiqinisekiso soMgaqo-nkqubo sokuba bonke abantu badalwa bayalingana kusenjalo kwiingxoxo eziqhubekayo ezimalunga nokulingana nocalucalulo. Ngelixesha abaseki bengazange bawusebenzise ngokungaguquki lo mgaqo, lo mgaqo ngokwawo unikela umgaqo wokuhlola enoba imithetho nemigaqo iphatha abantu ngokufanelekileyo. Abami bangacela ukuzinikela kwesi Sindululo ekulinganani xa becel ’ umngeni ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, unqulo, imbonakalo yesondo, okanye ezinye iimpawu. Isindululo siqinisekisa ukuba ulingana akuyonkqubo kodwa yinyaniso esisiseko ngendalo, ukuxhasa ngamandla amalungelo abantu kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho.

Impikiswano ngomgangatho ofanelekileyo karhulumente isoloko ibandakanya ukukhuphisana kwemigaqo yesibhengezo. Abanye bagxininisa inkxalabo yesindululo ngemigaqo yoorhulumente bobuzwilakhe kwaye baphikisa urhulumente osisigxina ophazamisa kancinane kubomi babemi. Abanye bagxininisa isiqinisekiso sikarhulumente sokuba urhulumente ukho ukuze akhusele amalungelo kwaye uphikisane ukuba urhulumente osebenzayo maxa wambi uyimfuneko ukukhusela amalungelo nokukhuthaza ukulingana. Ukuqonda esi Sindululo kunceda abemi bamazwe baqonde ukuba iingcinga zombini zisekelwe kwimigaqo yokusekwa kwaye ucebiseka oluno olululo lukulungelelanisa inkululeko nokhuseleko, amalungelo omntu ngamnye kunye norhulumente osisigxinakelelo olusebenzayo.

Ugxininiso loMndululo kumalungelo angaphambukeli lukwazisa iingxoxo zale mihla malunga nokuba ngawaphi amalungelo afanelwe ngumGaqo-siseko. Xa amalungelo amatsha evela `njengamalungelo obuqu, amalungelo emekobume, okanye amalungelo amanani). (iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe enoba ezi zibhengezo zibonisa amalungelo asisiseko orhulumente kufuneka akhusele okanye akhethelwe iinkqubo ezimele zigqitywe ngeenkqubo zedemokhrasi. ISindululo solawulo simisela amalungelo emvelo andulela urhulumente anika ingongoma yokuqala yezi ngxoxo, nokokuba asiwacombululeli ngokugqibeleleyo.

Ukufundisa Isibhengezo Kwizizukulwana Ezitsha

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo ziyasiqonda isibhengezo sokuzimela geqe sibalulekile ekulondolozeni impucuko nemilinganiselo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Imfundo ye-BIC equka ukubotshwa okunzulu kwesi Sindululo inceda abantu abaselula bahlakulele ulwazi, ubuchule, kunye neempawu ezifunekayo ukuze babe ngabemi abakhutheleyo. Noko ke, ukufundisa esi Sindululo kufuna okungaphezulu kunokugcina nje ngentloko amabinzana aziwayo okanye ukubhiyozela ngokungenakuphikiswa. Abafundi kufuneka baqonde umongo wembali ebhalwe kuyo, ukuxabana nokuphikisana kwayo kunye nokulinganiselwa kwayo, baze bahlolisise indlela imigaqo yayo eye yasetyenziswa ngayo kwimibutho eyahlukahlukeneyo kwimbali yaseMerika.

Imfundiso ephumelelayo yesi Sindululo kufuneka iquke ukufundwa ngokusondeleyo kombhalo ngokwawo, ukunceda abafundi baqonde indlela obhalwe ngayo, iimpikiswano, kunye nolwimi lwawo. Abafundi kufuneka bahlolisise impembelelo yentanda-bulumko kwiSindululo, ingakumbi iingcamango zokukhanyiselwa ngamalungelo emvelo kunye nengcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo. Bafanele bafunde nangeemeko zembali ezakhokelela ekuzilawuleni, kuquka izikhalazo ezithe ngqo ezidweliswe kwiSindululo kunye nemigudu yolawulo yoxolo. Oku kuqonda okungoko kungoko kuthethwa ngumxholo kunceda abafundi baqonde isizathu sokuba imigaqo yesindululo yayise kwinguquko ngexesha labo nendlela abaphikisa ngayo imigaqo karhulumente negunya.

Ukufundisa isindululo kukwafuna ukuganana ngokunyaniseka kunye nomahluko phakathi kwemigaqo yaso kunye nokusebenza kwaso. Abafundi kufuneka bafunde malunga nobukhoboka, ukususwa kwamabhinqa kunye nabantu bomthonyama, kunye noxanduva olude olufunekayo ukuze kwandiswe izithembiso zeSindululo kubo bonke abantu baseMerika. Olu qikelelo lunyanisekileyo alukuthathi nyakazisi ukubaluleka kweSindululo kodwa kunoko lubonisa ukuba umsebenzi oqhubekayo ofunekayo ukwenza imigaqo yaso ibe yeyokwenene. Abafundi bangahlola indlela amaqela ahlukeneyo, abaxhasi bemiquluko, abaxhasi bamalungelo abantu, kunye nabanye abaxhasa amalungelo abantu, kunye ```inconcomo''' iSindululo sibhengezo isibhengezo sifuna ukunyanzelwa nokulingana, ukubonisa indlela imigaqo yoxwebhu ekhuthaza ngayo utshintsho oluqhubekayo kwanaba babhali bayo ukuba basebenzise ngokuqhubekayo.

Abafundi kufuneka baqwalasele kwakhona impembelelo yomhlaba wonke yeSindululo kunye nendima yaso ekuphembeleleni imibutho yedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke. Ngokuhlolisisa indlela amanye amazwe nentsebenziswano eziye zayifaka ngayo kwimigaqo yeSindululo, abafundi bangayiqonda intsingiselo yaso ngokubanzi ngexesha beqonda ucelomngeni lokusebenzisa le migaqo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Le mbono yehlabathi lonke inceda abafundi baqonde ukuba ukulwela amalungelo abantu nokuzilwela akuyonto eMelika kuphela kodwa inxalenye yomnqweno womntu wenkululeko nesidima.

Ngaphandle kokufunda ngemfundo, imfundo yoluntu kufuneka incede abafundi banxibelelane nemigaqo yesindululo kwimibandela yangoku kunye nobomi babo. Ootitshala banokubhenela kwingxoxo ngeziganeko zangoku ngelebhu yemigaqo yeSindululo, bacele abafundi ukuba bavavanye enoba izenzo zikarhulumente zikhusela okanye ziyawachasa na amalungelo abantu, nokuba abemi basebenzisa ngokunempumelelo na ilungelo labo lokubeka amagosa eencwadi exanduva. Oku kusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yembali kwimibandela yanamhlanje kunceda abafundi ukuba bahlakulele ubuchule bokucinga obubalulekileyo obufunekayo ukuze babe ngabami.

Isindululo Kwizithethe Zezobupolitika ZaseMerika

Isibhengezo seSindululo senkululeko sinendawo ekhethekileyo kwimpucuko yezobupolitika yaseMerika, sisebenza njengoxwebhu olungokwembali nolusebenza njengophawu lwemilinganiselo yesizwe kunye neenjongo. EMerika kulo lonke icala lezobupolitika icela iSindululo ukuba sixhase izikhundla zabo, sibonise ukubaluleka kwaso okuqhubekayo namandla emigaqo yaso. Noko ke, amaqela awahlukeneyo adla ngokugxininisa iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zesi Sindululo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekukhuphiseni intsingiselo yaso kunye nentsingiselo yaso kwezobupolitika zanamhlanje.

Ngokufuthi inkcazo ephambili yesi Sindululo igxininisa inkxalabo yayo ngokulawulwa ngurhulumente kunye nokuzithethelela kwayo ngamalungelo emvelo azimeleyo azimeleyo kurhulumente. Ngokubhekisele kule mbono, isindululo sixhasa urhulumente olinganiselweyo, inkululeko, kunye nokhuseleko lwempahla yabucala. Abaququzeleli basenokucela iSindululo xa bephikisana nemigaqo karhulumente, irhafu ephakamileyo, okanye igunya elikhulu, bathi amanyathelo anjalo aphula umbono wabaseki borhulumente olinganiselweyo okhoyo ngokuyintloko ukukhusela amalungelo akhoyo kunokuba abumbe ibutho labantu.

Iingcaciso eziqhubekayo zesi Sindululo zidla ngokugxininisa ukunyanzelisa ukulingana kwaso kunye nokuma ngelithi oorhulumente bakhona ukukhusela amalungelo. Ngolu hlobo, esi Sindululo sixhasa imigudu karhulumente esebenzayo yokukhuthaza ukulingana, ukukhusela abantu ababuthathaka, nokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi bayakwazi ukusebenzisa amalungelo abo ngokuphumelelayo. Inkqubela-phambili isenokukhuthaza iSindululo xa bephikisana ngokukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu, iinkqubo zentlalo, okanye inyathelo likarhulumente lokulungisa ukungalingani, sisithi amanyathelo anjalo azalisekisa isithembiso soMgaqo-siseko sokuba bonke abantu badalwa ngokulinganayo namalungelo angamkeleki.

Zombini iinkcazelo zisebenzisa iinkalo zokwenene zesibhengezo, zibonakalisa ukuntsonkotha koxwebhu kunye noxanduva olungaphakathi kwemigaqo yalo. Esi Sindululo sivakalisa inkxalabo ngokuxhatshazwa koorhulumente kwaye sigxininisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye, sixhasa iimpikiswano ezithe ngqi kwimithetho efuna ukulingana kwabantu jikelele kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ukho ukukhusela amalungelo, ukuxhasa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo zorhulumente okhuthaza ukulingana nokukhusela amalungelo. Ezi nkcazelo ziphikisanayo zibonisa ukuba imigaqo yeSindululo ayifuni izikhundla ezithile zemigaqo kodwa inikela umgaqo apho amaMelika aphikisana khona ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo phakathi kwenkululeko nomanyano, amalungelo oluntu, urhulumente ngamnye kunye norhulumente ohlukeneyo nolawulo olunempumelelo.

Isindululo sikwasebenza njengomthombo wokwaziwa nomanyano lwesizwe, sinika imigaqo eyabelweneyo amaMelika aneemvelaphi ezahlukahlukeneyo anokuyamkela. Ukufundwa koluntu ngeSibhengezo ngoSuku Lwenkululeko, ukubonakaliswa kwaso koovimba besizwe ecaleni komGaqo-siseko kunye neBhili yamaLungelo, kunye nokukhutshelwa kwayo rhoqo kwiintetho zezobupolitika konke kuqinisa isikhundla saso njengoxwebhu oluchaza amaxabiso aseMelika. Le ndima yomfuziselo ibalulekile kuba inika incopho yombhalo oqhelekileyo kwintetho yohlanga, kwanaxa amaMerika engavumelaniyo ngemibandela ethile.

Noko ke, isimo somfuziselo soMndululo singakhokelela kwizicelo ezingeyomfuneko ezingahoyi intsingiselo yayo epheleleyo kunye nemigaqo. Abezobupolitika bangacaphula amabinzana adumileyo esi Sindululo ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka nzulu ngeempikiswano zazo okanye ukusebenzisa imigaqo yaso ngokungaguqukiyo. Abami bangasibhiyozela isibhengezo soMhla we-Idependent ngaphandle kokucinga ukuba isebenza ngokweenjongo zayo. Ukufeza umsebenzi waso ofanelekileyo kwimpucuko yezobupolitika yaseMelika, isindululo kufuneka singabi siphawu lokuhlonelwa; kufuneka sibe nguxwebhu oluphilayo olunemigaqo efundisa impikiswano eqhubekayo ngamalungelo, umanyano, ubulungisa, nolwalamano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwabemi norhulumente.

Iindlela Ezisebenzisekayo Zabemi Ezinokuhambisana Nesi Sibhengezo

Ukuqonda iSibhengezo seZigqibo Zokufuna Inkululeko Engqondweni kubalulekile, kodwa abemi banokulwenza nzulu uxabiso lwabo baze basebenzise imigaqo yabo ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi ngokubandakanyeka ngokukhutheleyo nalo xwebhu ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ezi ndlela ziluncedo ziguqula esi Sibhengezo sisuswe kwingxelo yembali sibe sisikhokelo esiphilayo sobumi kunye nesoburhulumente.

Ukufunda ngenyameko nangokupheleleyo isindululo linyathelo lokuqala elibalulekileyo elingazange lithatyathwe ngabemi abaninzi. Ngelixesha uninzi lwamaMelika luqhelene nemigca edumileyo yokuvula iSindululo, bambalwa abaye bafunda lonke uxwebhu, kuquka noluhlu lwalo oluninzi lwezikhalazo. Ukuzinika ixesha lokufunda umbhalo opheleleyo kunceda abemi baluqonde ulwakhiwo lweSindululo kunye neengxoxo, hayi nje kuphela amabinzana apheleleyo. Izibonelelo zesiZwe zinika umbhalo osemthethweni kwi-intanethi, kunye nemifanekiso ephezulu ephezulu yoxwebhu, isenza ukuba lufikeleleke lula kumntu wonke ofikelela kwi-intanethi. Abami banokucinga ukufunda isindululo soMgaqo-so ngonyaka, mhlawumbi ngoSuku lweNtlalo, njengendlela yokuquluselana ngemigaqo nokubonisa enoba ngaba ziyaluxhasa na iMelika yanamhlanje.

Ukufunda ngokunzulu esi Sibhengezo, mhlawumbi ngeencwadi, iizifundo, okanye amaqela eengxoxo, kunganikela ulwazi olunzulu ngemeko yaso engokwembali, iimpembelelo zentanda-bulumko, kunye nentsingiselo eqhubekayo. Imisebenzi emininzi yabaphengululi ihlolisisa esi Sibhengezo ngeembono ezahlukeneyo, iphanda ngemvelaphi yaso, indima yaso kwiNguquko, imiqathango nokuphikisana kwaso, kunye nempembelelo yaso kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni, iikholejini, kunye nemibutho yezentlalo yentlalo, isoloko inikela izifundo okanye amaqela ethetha ngayo. Ukusebenzisa esi Sindululo sikwisindululo saso sahlukeneyo kunika amathuba okuphanda nokuqwalasela indlela imigaqo yayo esetyenziswa ngayo kwimibandela yanamhlanje.

Ukutyelela iindawo zembali ezinxulumene nesi Sindululo kungenza imbali yaso icace yaye ibe nentsingiselo. IHolo yenkululeko ePhiladelphia, apho kwaphikiswana ngentetho ebhaliweyo, inika iindwendwe iindwendwe iindidi ezincedayo ziqonde ixesha lembali kunye nabantu ababandakanyekileyo. Ugcino-mali lweSizwe eWashington, D.C., lubonisa iSindululo santlandlolo ecaleni komGaqo-siseko kunye noMgaqo-siseko wamalungelo, luvumela abemi ukuba bazibonele ngokwabo ubugocibo obu buqu la maxwebhu esiseko. Iingi ezininzi zikwaneendawo zembali okanye iimyuziyamfama ezihlola indlela iNguqulelo nemigaqo yesibhengezo echaphazela ngayo ummandla wazo. Olu tyelelo lungakhulisa unxulumano lwabemi kwiSindululo nakumbali yayo.

Ukusebenzisa imigaqo yesindululo kwimibandela yangoku kunceda abemi balapho bahlakulele umkhwa wokucinga ngokugxeka izenzo zorhulumente neengxoxo zobupolitika. Xa bevavanya imithetho ecetyiswayo, iinkqubo zikarhulumente, okanye iimpikiswano zezobupolitika, abemi bangabuza imibuzo eqinisekiswe yiSindululo: Ingaba lo mlinganiso uyakhusela okanye uyawaphula amalungelo asisiseko? Ingaba uphatha abantu ngokufanayo? Ingaba ibonisa ukuvuma kwabalawulwa? Ingaba urhulumente wenza ngokwendima yakhe efanelekileyo yokukhusela amalungelo, okanye ngaba uzama ukufikelela? Le mibuzo, esekelwe kwimigaqo yeSindululo, inganceda abemi ukuba baphumele ngaphaya kweengongoma ezithethayo ngokucaphulula ngakumbi kwimibandela encinci.

Ukufundisa abanye isindululo, enoba sisemthethweni okanye ngokungacwangciswanga, kuqinisa ukuqonda kukabani ngeli xesha kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo ziyakuqonda ukubaluleka kwaso. Abazali bangaxubusha isibhengezo nabantwana babo, bachaze imigaqo yaso ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo zobudala kwaye babamanyanise nemilinganiselo yentsapho kunye neembopheleleko zoluntu. Obafundisi- ntsapho bangafaka esi Sindululo kwizifundo zemfundo zembali, hayi nje kwiiklasi, kwintandabulumko, nakwizifundo zezezemfundo. Amalungu oluntu angasebenza ngemibutho yemfundo yezezezezezentlalo esebenzela ukukhuthaza ukusungula amaxwebhu nemigaqo. Ngokufundisa isiGama, abemi banceda ekulondolozeni ulwazi oluyimfuneko kwizifundo zobuGawulayo-demo-demokrani.

Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kubomi boluntu ngendlela yokuhlonela imigaqo yesindululo imela eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokuganana. Isindululo siqinisekisa ukuba abemi banamalungelo kunye neembopheleleko zokongamela, ukuba urhulumente ufumana ilungelo lakhe ngokuvunyelwa ngabalawuli, nokuba abantu banelungelo lokunika amagosa ityala. Abami bangayihlonela le migaqo ngokuvota kunyulo, ukuhlala benolwazi ngemibandela kawonke-wonke, ukunxibelelana nabameli ngemicimbi enxulumene nenkxalabo, ukuba nenxaxheba kwimibhiyo engoxolo okanye kumaphulo okulwa kwemibutho, nokusebenza kwimibutho yemi, kunye nemisebenzi yezentlalo esebenzayo ebonwa ngabahlalisayo abagwebi, ukuguqula imigaqo yabo ecacileyo ibe yinkqubo engqikelel ’ idemo yolawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi.

Ukuziphakamisa Okuhlala Kukho

Phantse iminyaka engama-50 emva kokumkelwa kwayo, iSindululo seNtlalo-ntle sihlala sisebenza kakhulu kubomi bezentlalo-ntle yaseMerika nakwimilo yomhlaba wonke yamalungelo abantu kunye nokuzilawula. Intsingiselo yaso ehlala ihleli isekelwe kumgangatho wayo ogqibeleleyo.

Ukubaluleka kwesibhengezo kuxhomekeke ngokwenxalenye kumsebenzi waso wokufuna. Sichaza iinjongo zokuba iMelika ayizange ifezeke ngokupheleleyo kodwa iqhubeke iqhubeka isukela. Umsantsa phakathi kwemigaqo yeSindululo kunye nenyaniso yaseMelika ubungumthombo weentloni kunye nentshukumisa zozibini kulo lonke imbali yohlanga. Isizukulwana ngasinye siye sajamelana nocelomngeni lokwabela abantu izithembiso zangaphambili ezazikhutshwe ngaphandle namalungelo okukhusela kwiingozi ezintsha. Oku kuzabalazela ukuphila ngokuyila iSibhengezo kunika ubuchule obuqhubekayo, njengoko isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sifumanise oko kuthethwa kukuhlonela imigaqo yokulingana, inkululeko, kunye nokuzikhusela ngexesha laso.

Isindululo sikwayimfuneko ngenxa yokuba imibuzo engundoqo esinayo ithetha ngayo `Yiyiphi imibuzo esisiseko ebhekisa kuyo abantu? Yiyiphi indima efanelekileyo karhulumente? Igunya likarhulumente liba yindawo engekho mthethweni nini?"Imibuzo engapheliyo emele iphendulwe libutho ngalinye. Nangona iingxoxo ezithile zemigaqo zitshintsha ekuhambeni kwexesha, le mibuzo iphantsi iyaqhubeka. Isindululo silungiselela ukuphendula, simisela imigaqo enokuthi ikhokele abemi namagosa kwanaxa bengavumelani neenkqubo ezithile. Kule ngqiqo, iSindululo sisebenza kungeyo mithetho entsonkothile kodwa njengesiseko sentandabulumko esifundisa ukuquququzelelwa okuqhubekayo kwamalungelo, ukulawulwa, nokugwetywa.

Kwixesha lokwahlukana kwezobupolitika kunye nokwehla kolwazi lwamafama, ukusetyenziswa kwesindululo kungakhulu kunanini na ngaphambili. Ukuqonda esi Sindululo kunganceda abemi ukuba baqhubele phambili ngapha nangapha kwezantlukwano ezisisiseko ukuze babandakanye imigaqo engaphaya kwamaqela athile ezobupolitika okanye iingcamango. Ngoxa amaMerika esenokungavumelani ngemigaqo ethile, inkoliso inxulumene nemilinganiselo engundoqo yokulinganisa abantu, amalungelo emvelo, kunye norhulumente ngokuvuma. Ukubuyela kwezi migaqo zolwahlulo kunganika isiseko esifanayo sokuncoko eluncedo nokunceda abemi bahluleleneyo ngendlela efanelekileyo yokusebenzisa imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo kunye neempikiswano ezisisiseko ezingokwahlukani kwemilinganiselo yabantu.

Impembelelo yehlabathi lonke iqinisekisa ukuba iSindululo siyaqhubeka sisebenza. Njengoko abantu ehlabathini lonke beqhubeka bezama ukulwela amalungelo abantu, idemokhrasi, kunye nokuzigqibela, basoloko besebenzisa imigaqo efana naleyo ekuSindululo. Umthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe, imigaqo yedemokhrasi, kunye nemigudu yokuba oorhulumente bafune ukufikelela kwiingcamango ezithi iSindululo sincede ukusasaza: ukuba bonke abantu bamele bawahlonele amalungelo abo, nokuba abantu banelungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kulawulo lwabo. Imigaqo yoMthetho yoMthetho isuke yaba yinxalenye yolwimi lwehlabathi lonke lwamalungelo abantu, iqinisekisa ukuba intsingiselo yabo ifikelele kude lee imidabini yaseMerika.

Ngokungqalileyo, esi Sindululo siseyeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo ekuqondeni amalungelo abo, ulwalamano lwabo norhulumente, neembopheleleko zabo zoluntu. Simisela isiseko sentandabulumko urhulumente waseMerika nomthetho akhiwe kuso. Sinika imigaqo yokuvavanya izenzo zikarhulumente nokubeka amagosa etyala. Sikhuthaza imigudu eqhubekayo yokwandisa amalungelo nokulingana kubo bonke abantu. Yaye sikhumbuza abemi ukuba ukulondoloza ibutho elikhululekileyo kufuna ukudibana ngokukhutheleyo, ukucingelana amaqhinga, nokukulungela ukukhusela imigaqo esisiseko nxamnye nezisongelo ezivela kuwo nawuphi na umthombo.

Isiphelo: Isibhengezo njengombhalo ophilayo

Isibhengezo senkululeko singaphezulu kakhulu kunoxwebhu lwembali oluvakalisa ukwahlukana kweMelika neBritane. Lingxelo yentanda-bulumko emalunga nobume babantu, amalungelo, kunye norhulumente eqhubeka ibumba umthetho, izobupolitika, nenkcubeko emalunga neminyaka engama-50 emva kokuba ifumene ulwamkelo lwayo. Isiqinisekiso sayo sokuba bonke abantu badalwe belingana namalungelo angenantiyo, ukuba oorhulumente bafumana igunya ngokuvunyelwa ngabalawuli, nokuba abantu banelungelo lokutshintsha okanye ukuphelisa imigaqo yeenguqulelo esekelwe-demokhrasi emhlabeni wonke kwaye bayaqhubeka bezisa impikiswano ngamalungelo, ukulingana, nokusesikweni.

Ukuqonda esi Sindululo kubalulekile kubemi abanqwenela ukuxabisa isiseko sentanda-bulumko samalungelo abo nenkululeko, ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, nokugcina urhulumente ebeke ityala kwindima yakhe efanelekileyo yokukhusela amalungelo. Isindululo singqina ukuba abemi abangengabo abalawulwa abangasebenziyo kodwa ngamagosa asebenzayo anelungelo kunye neembopheleleko. Sinika abemi amandla okuthandabuza amagunya karhulumente, ukunyanzela ukuba amagosa ahlonele imida yezomgaqo-siseko, nokusebenza ukuze atshintshe xa urhulumente engaphumeleli ekusebenzeni okulungileyo koluntu. Le migaqo isebenza njengangoko ayenjalo ngo1776, enika ukhokelo kubemi abaqhuba imingeni yezopolitiki.

Uthintelo kunye nokuphikisana kweSindululo − ngokwemodwa isidathiso sabaseki sokwandisa imigaqo yaso kubantu, kubafazi, nakubemi bomthonyama .Ayithathi inciphiso kodwa ibonakalisa umsebenzi oqhubekayo ofunekayo ukwenza izithembiso zayo zibe zezokwenene. Intshukumo nganye yamalungelo anwenwayo nokulingana kwimbali yamaMelika ibhenele kwimigaqo yeSindululo, ebonisa indlela ulwimi lwaso lwendalo oluqulathe ngayo imbewu yolwando lwaso. Amandla eSindululo asikho kwindlela elinganiselwe esenziwe ngayo ekuqaleni kodwa imigaqo ecacileyo, imigaqo eqhubeka ikhuthaza ukufunwa kokusesikweni nokulingana.

Ukuze isindululo sifeze indima yaso efanelekileyo kubomi bezentlalo-ntle eMelika, kufuneka singaphezulu kophawu lokuhlonelwa ngoMhla Wenkululeko. Kufuneka lube luxwebhu oluphilayo olufundwa, luqondwe, luze lusetyenziswe kwimibandela yale mihla. Oku kufuna imfundo yezentlalo enxulumene nzulu nombhalo weSindululo, umongo, nentsingiselo eqhubekayo. Kufuna ukuba abantu bamanyane ngokunyaniseka nomahluko phakathi kwemigaqo yeSindululo, ngokwembali nakwenyani yaseMelika, kwaye kufuneka babe nobumi obusebenzayo obuhlonela umbono karhulumente ngemvume, apho abemi bathatha inxaxheba ekulawuleni nasekuphenduleni amagosa.

ISibhengezo seNkqutyana yenkululeko ngenxa yokuba simisela imigaqo esisiseko exhomekeke kuyo idemokhrasi yaseMerika. Sibalulekile kuba silungiselela ukucinga ngamalungelo, ukulingana, kunye nolwalamano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwabemi norhulumente. Kubalulekile kuba siphembele imigaqo yenkululeko nokusesikweni eMerika nakulo lonke ihlabathi. Yaye kungenxa yokuba isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sigqibe enoba siza kuhlonela imigaqo yaso okanye siyayishiya, nokuba siza kudlulisela izithembiso zaso kubo bonke abantu okanye siyabavumela bangazaliseki. Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba imicimbi yoSindululo yinyathelo lokuqala ekuqinisekiseni ukuba imigaqo yaso iyaqhubeka ikhokelwa yidemokhrasi kunye nenkululeko yabantu eza kubantwana abaza kuhlala bekho.

Abahlali abazinika ixesha lokufunda isindululo, ukuzama ukumelana nemigaqo yaso kunye nokuphikisana, nokusebenzisa ulwazi lwaso kwiingxaki zale mihla baza kuxhotyiswa ngcono ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi nokukhusela amalungelo nenkululeko evakaliswayo. Isindululo asiloluhlu lwexesha elidlulileyo kodwa sisisikhokelo esiphilayo sokuba ngummeli, ukunikela ubulumko nempembelelo kuye nawuphi na ozinikele kumsebenzi oqhubekayo wokwakha ngobulungisa, ngokulingana, nangokulingana, nangokuba nentlalo lwemigaqo yesindululo. Ngokuqonda nangokuthobela iSindululo, abemi bahlonela imibingelelo yabo balwela ukuzimela ngokwaseMelika ngoxa besamkela idinga lokuqinisekisa ukuba izithembiso zesibhengezo ziyinyaniso kubo bonke abantu.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kweSindululo seNkqutyana[FLT: 0] Abahlali bangaphanda ubuncwane obusuka kugcino-lwazi lwelizwe [[FLT: 1], olunexwebhu lwantlandlolo lubonelele izinto ezifundisayo. ISibonelelo seKhonkquzelo seNgqungquthela[[ [iiiii-at]] inikela iinkcukacha zomo-mo-zulu kunye nohlalutyo lwembali. Acacityismism kunye nemibutho yemfundo yezemfundo yesizwe enjengeZiko loMgaqo-o-o-omatilo [[FLT]] ibonelela iinkqubo kunye noovimba abanzulu bamaxwebhu okusekwa kunye nemigaqo. Ezi zinto zinokubanceda abemi bangenise ulwazi nokuqonda ngemicimbi yoMgaqo-o-o-wo-okthi yenkulungwane yokuqala.