Table of Contents
I-filbuster yinkqubo yeprocedial eUnited States evumela abaququzeleli ukuba bandise ingxoxo ngomthetho, ukuhlolwa, okanye eminye imibandela phambi kwegumbi. Esi sixhobo sinamandla siye sabumba imicimbi yemithetho ye-American ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, sisebenza njengesixhobo sokukhusela amalungelo amancinane kunye nomthombo wempikiswano enkulu. Ukuqonda indima ye-monicbuster kwinkqubo yethu yorhulumente kufuna ukuba kuvavanywe ukuphuhliswa kwayo, abalungisi bemithetho yezazulu, kunye nokubaluleka okuqhubekayo kwezobupolitika zale mihla.
Imvelaphi Nendaleko Ye - FIBUster
Indalo Eyingozi
Ngokwahlukileyo kwinkolelo ethandwayo, i-filibuster yayingeyonxalenye yoyilo lokuqala lukaBawo lokuQala kodwa endaweni yoko yadalwa ngempazamo. Ngo-1789, zombini iincwadi zolawulo zendlu nendlu yeBhunga zaziphantse zifane kwaye ziquka oko kwaziwa ngokuba "ngumbuzo odlulileyo" ukushukuma. Esi sixhobo sokulinganisa sisixhobo singasetyenziswa ukuphelisa ingxoxo kunye nokunyanzela ukuvota kwishishini elisekhona.
Ngo-1805, uMongameli onguMongameli uAaron Burr, ngoxa wayesongamela iNdlu yeNdlu yeMasa, wacebisa ukuba iqumrhu lifake incwadi yalo yolawulo ngokususa imithetho ephinda-phindiweyo, likhuphe inyathelo elandulelayo. IBhunga lalandela eli cebiso ngo1806, lingaqondanga icebo elinye ebelinokusetyenziswa ukuphelisa ingxoxo. Ngokuchasene noko, iNdlu yabameli yagcina yaze yaqinisa ukushukuma kwayo kwangaphambili, ekugqibeleni yayiguqula yaba sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokuphelisa ingxoxo.
Ukusetyenziswa Kwangaphambili Nendlela Esebenza Ngayo Igama
Iqhinga lokusebenzisa iintetho ezinde ukulibazisa ukuthatha inyathelo lomthetho lavela kwintlanganiso yokuqala yeBhunga. NgoSeptemba 22, 1789, iPennsylvania iSiphathi uWilliam Maclay wabhala kwincwadi yakhe yeziganeko zemihla ngemihla ukuba indlela eyakhiwe ngayo iVirginia yayikukuthetha ngelo xesha, ukuze ityala lingadluli.
Igama elithi "filibuster" elisuka kwigama lesiDatshi elithetha "ifreebooter" kunye neSpeyin "filibustros" `isetyenziswa ukuchaza abaphangi abahlasela iziqithi zaseCaribbean'. kwaye yaqala ukuvela kwiingxoxo zowiso-mthetho zaseMelika kwi1850s. Ngonyaka we-1863, igama elithi "ifilibuster" lasetyenziswa kwiBhunga ukuchaza inkqubo yokuvota okanye ukudlula komthetho. I-apicathericate yalucalula, njengoko iqhinga libandakanya ngokusisiseko ukurhoxisa inkqubo yomthetho weBhunga.
Uphuhliso lwemithetho yesiCwangciso
Ii-finbuster zokuqala zakhokelela kwimfuno yokuqala yoko sikubiza ngoku "ukuzenzela," indlela yokuphelisa impikiswano kunye nokuzisa umbuzo kwivoti. Ngo1841, i-Democratic encinane yazama ukukhupha iwotshi kwimali yokuseka ibhanki yesizwe, kwaye yaphazamisa uWhig umlamli kaHenry Clay wasongela ukutshintsha imithetho yeBhunga ukumisela umda, nangona isindululo sikaClay sabangela abanye ukuba balumkise kwanabafilibuster abade bakudala ukunqanda naluphi na utshintsho kwimithetho.
Ngaphezu kwenkulungwane emva ko1806, iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNqanawa yayingenayo inkqubo esesikweni yokuphelisa ingxoxo. Oku kwatshintsha ngowe-1917 xa, ngokukhuthazwa nguMongameli Woodrow Wilson, abaququzeleli besamkela uMthetho 22, owavumela iNdlu yeCante ukuba iphele ngevoti yamawaka amabini anesithathu, isixhobo esaziwa njengehlwili. Lo mthetho waqala ukuvavanywa ngo1919, xa iNtsimbi yeNdlu yacela ukuphelisa i-Diallbuster nxamnye neTreasare.
Kwanangomthetho omtsha wamahlwili, i-filbuster yahlala iluncedo ekuthinteleni umthetho, ekubeni iivoti ezimbini-ntathu zazinzima ukufumana, kwaye kwiminyaka engamashumi amane elandelayo, iNdlu yeNtlanga yakwazi ukubiza ihlwili izihlandlo ezihlanu kuphela. Ngonyaka ka1975, iBhunga lanciphisa inani levoti ezifunekayo kwihlwitha elisuka kwisibini-3 zamavili okuvota kuzo zonke ii-senator ezinyulweyo nezifunwe ngokulinganayo, okanye 60 kwi-100 ye-equators.
Indlela I-pilibuster Esebenza Ngayo: Izixhobo Zokuthambisa
Umsebenzi Osisiseko
Imithetho yeBhunga ibeka imiqathango embalwa kwingxoxo, kwaye jikelele, ukuba akukho mnikazi wengingqi othethayo, umnikazi ofuna ukunconywa unelungelo lokuthetha ixesha elide xa bethanda, ngengxoxo iqukumbela kuphela xa iphela ngokwemvelo okanye isebenzisa amahlwili. Le ngxoxo engenasiphelo iyahlula iBhunga kwindlu yabameli, emisela ixesha lokuthetha.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuphelisa i-filbuster kufuna uninzi lweziqu ezithathu ze-senator ezikhethwe ngokufanelekileyo nezifunwe (60 iivoti ukuba akukho sithuba sinye), ngoko ke iqaqobana labaququzeleli bangavala umlinganiselo, nokuba inenkxaso yabaninzi abalula. Le mfuneko iphezulu ingunobumba ngendlela engundoqo ehamba ngayo umthetho kwiBhunga.
Inkqubo Yokuzinza
Ubuncinane ishumi elinesithandathu le-Senator kufuneka lisayine intshukumo yamaza achaza oku: "Thina, sinobuchule obungaphantsi besakhelo, ngokuhambelana nelungiselelo lomthetho XXII wemithetho emileyo yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso, ngokusuka uthathele ukuphelisa impikiswano [umcimbi okuthethwa ngawo]. Kwiimeko ezininzi iBhunga alivoti lentshukumo yehlwili de kube lusuku lwesibini lwentlanganiso emva kokuba kushukumekiwe, kwaye lifuna ukuvota kwemivoti yesithathu-Shenars (ivoti eziqhelekileyo ezingama-60) ukubolekisa iklose.
Ukunyusa amahlwili kuvumela ubuninzi beeyure ezingama-30 ezongezelelekileyo ukuphikisana ngesicelo. Ngexesha lasemva kokuzalwa, kuphela ukubuyiselwa kwe-imanine, kwaye iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhupha ithambo ziyathintelwa. Eli xesha liqinisekisa ukuba xa ihlwili likhutshiwe, iNdlu yendlu yezindlu izakufikelela kwivoti yokugqibela kwimicimbi esesandleni.
I-"Silent" I-FILIbuster
I-filbuster ivele ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kwimo yayo yesithethe. Ukususela ekuqaleni koo1970, abaququzeleli baye bakwazi ukusebenzisa "isithethi" se-filbuster, apho nanini na iqela labaququzeleli abangama-41 okanye ngaphezulu lisongela umgcini-sandi, uninzi lweNtlanganiso luza kusoloko lungavumi ukubiza ivoti. Le nkqubela iguqule uhlobo lwe-filibilibuster kumboniso womgangatho obalaseleyo kumgangatho oqhelekileyo wento enzima.
Ngokungafaniyo nentetho esetyenziswa kakhulu ekwimifanekiso-bhanyabhanya efana no-"Mnu. Smith Goes to Washington," apho abaququzeleli be-geneta kufuneka babambe umgangatho rhoqo, i-finbuster yale mihla ayifuni lunyamezelelo lomzimba. Kunokuba ilawule umgangatho ngeeyure zokuthetha ngezilungiso ze-oyster okanye izingxengxezo, i-senter ifuna nje ukubonisa ukuba ukuzimisela kwakhe ukwenza njalo. Olu tshintsho lwenze ukuba i-Divbbuster ibe lula kakhulu kwaye iqheleke kakhulu.
Indima yeFilibuster ekukhuseleni uBuncinci bamalungelo
Ukukhusela Umkhosi Wamatonari
Ilungelo lengxoxo engenasiphelo kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNgwevu, kuquka nendlu yemveli, liye lanconywa njengomkhuseli weqela elincinane lezobupolitika kwingcinezelo yabaninzi kwaye liye laba lilungu elingundoqo lendima ekhethekileyo yeBhunga leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso yezobupolitika eMelika. Lo msebenzi uhambelana nobume obubanzi bomGaqo-siseko weenhlolo kunye nolungelelwano olulungiselelwe ukuthintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekusebenziseni igunya elingathintelwanga.
I-filbuster isebenza njengebreki kutshintsho olukhawulezileyo lomthetho, iqinisekisa ukuba ukutshintsha-tshintsha kwemigaqo-nkqubo kufuna ukuvumelana okubanzi kunenkomfa elula. KwiNdlu yamaBhunga eyahluleleneyo, oku kuthetha ukuba iqela elincinane ligcine impembelelo enenjongo kucwangciso lowiso-mthetho, linyanzelela uninzi ukuba luqwalasele iimbono nenkxalabo.
Ukukhuthaza Inkululeko Nokugqabaza Ngokucokisekileyo
Abaxhasi be-filibuster baphikisa ngokuthi ikhuthaza indima yeBhunga leNtsimbi njengequmrhu elizinzileyo. Ngokufuna inkxaso enkulu ukuqhubekisa umthetho ophikiswayo, i-filbuster iqinisekisa ukuba amatyala afumana uhlolo olunzulu nengxoxo. Oku kuqwalaselwa oku okugqithisileyo kungatyhila iimpazamo kumthetho ocetyisiweyo, kuvumele ixesha lolwazi, kwaye kuveze amathuba okuphucula iindleko ukuphuma kwiminxeba nokulungisa impikiswano.
Isisongelo se-filbuster sikhuthaza abaququzeleli ukuba babe nengxoxo ecacileyo ngapha kwemigca yeqela. Xa kufuneka ama-60 okuvota ukuqhubela phambili umthetho, iqela elininzi kufuneka lisoloko lifune inkxaso kwiqela elincinane, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulalaniseni nokwakhiwa komanyano. Le nkqubo ingavelisa umthetho othe qeleleke ngakumbi nowamkelekileyo kunokuba kuphume kumthetho omninzi.
Ukukhuthaza Intsebenziswano YamaBharthenti
Umnyango owenziwe ngama-60 owenziwe ngezixhobo ezinamandla zentsebenziswano. Inkokeli zeMajorth kufuneka zithethe neqela elincinane ukukhusela amavoti afunekayo ukoyisa i-filibusters, ikhokelela kumthetho obonisa igalelo kumacala omabini epasejini. Le mfuneko yentsebenziswano enqamlezayo inceda iingcebiso ezigabadeleyo kwaye yakha inkxaso kawonke-wonke-wonke ebanzi kwimithetho emiselweyo.
Xa umthetho udluliswa ngenkxaso yebhiparistan, usoloko unelungelo elifanelekileyo nobomi obude. Imithetho ewiswa ngokungqinelana okubanzi ayinakuphinda ilungiswe ngoko nangoko xa ulawulo lukarhulumente lutshintsha izandla, nto leyo ebangela ukuzinza nokuthelekelelwa okungakumbi kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke.
I-Filibuster Njengokuhlola Umthetho Onehansi
Ikhusela Ukwenza Isigqibo Esiphendulweyo
I-filbuster isebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokukhusela umthetho okhawulezayo okanye oqwalaselwe kakubi. Kubushushu bexesha lezobupolitika okanye ekuphenduleni kwiimeko ezinzima, kunokucinezelwa ukudlulisa umthetho ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iziphumo ezifanelekileyo zexesha elide. Imfuneko ye-monicbuster yenkxaso ephezulu idala ixesha lokuphola elivumela ukucingisiswa ngocoselelo.
Lo msebenzi ubalulekileyo kumthetho ontsonkothileyo oneziphumo ezifikeleleka kude. Utshintsho olungundoqo lwenkqubo oluchaphazela ukunyamekela impilo, ukuhlawula irhafu, amalungelo abemi, okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe lungenelwa kwingxoxo ebanzi evumela iingcali ukuba zilinganisele, iingxaki ezinokwenzeka zifumaneke, kunye nezinye iindlela eziza kuqwalaselwa.
Ukukhusela Iimfazwe Zokwexeshana
Iziphumo eziziziphumo ezibanzi ngamanye amaxesha zingavelisa izinto ezinkulu ezingabonisi uluvo lukawonke-wonke oluzinzileyo, olude lwexesha elide. I-monicbuster ithintela ezo ziphumo zokwexeshana ekumiseleni iinguqu zokuzala ezingenakunyamezela inkxaso kawonke-wonke. Ngokufuna uphakamiso olubanzi, i-monicbuster inceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho olukhulu lwemithetho-mthetho lubonakalisa okungaphezulu kokhetho lwenkoliso encinane, enokuba lufutshane oluphilayo.
Lo msebenzi wokukhusela ubaluleke kakhulu kwixesha lemida enciphileyo ejikelezayo kunye ne-spell-geral. I-monicbuster ithintela ukutshintsha-tshintsha kwemithetho engekho mgangathweni enokwenzeka ukuba iqela ngalinye, xa lifumana uninzi olunciphileyo, lajika ngoko nangoko zonke izinto ezaphunyezwe luninzi ngaphambili.
Ukubonakaliswa Kwemizekelo Yembali Yesilwanyana
Iifilibuster Ezidumileyo
Ingxelo yentetho ende kakhulu kumntu ngamnye uJ. Strom Thurmond owathi wahlala iiyure ezingama-24 nemizuzu eli-18 echasene noMthetho wamalungelo oluntu ka-1950. Ngeminyaka yee-1930, iNgwele uHuey P. Ekude wayisebenzisa ngokunempumelelo i-Renard nxamnye namatyala awayecinga ukuba akhetha izityebi phezu kwamahlwempu, edida abo wayesebenza nabo ngoxa wayezibetha izingxubukiso ze Shakespeare kunye nokufunda kwakhe izicwangciso ze-"porkkers," wakha waphatha umgangatho weCandelo kangangeears iiyure ezili-15.
Aba basebenzi babantwana ababalaseleyo babamba ingqalelo kawonke-wonke baza babonakalisa amandla omphathi omnye wokulibazisela ishishini leNtlanganiso. Ngoxa iintlanganiso ezinjalo zokuthetha amagqaba-phambili zinqabile kwixesha langoku lezi zilwanyana ezincinane ezithuleyo, zihlala ziyinxalenye yembali entle yeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso nelifa lesithethe.
I-ECD I-ECD I-EPF I-OF
IiFilibuster zangqineka ziluncedo ngokukhethekileyo kwii-senethi zasemazantsi ezazifuna ukuthintela umthetho wamalungelo abantu, kuquka nokungeyomfuneko yokuhlawula ityala, yaye de kwangowe-1964 iNdlu yeNdlu yemikhosi yoorhulumente yaphumelela ukudlulisela ityala elingundoqo lamalungelo abantu. Le mbali imela enye yeenkalo eziphikisanayo zelifa leNdluebuster.
Ngokutsho kohlolisiso olwenziwa zizazinzulu zezobupolitika uSarah Binder noSteven Smith, kumanyathelo angama-30 awaphazanyiswa yi-nfilbuster phakathi ko1917 no1994, kanye isiqingatha sawo sibandakanya amalungelo abantu. Le mbali ixhalabisayo iye yabangela iingxoxo eziqhubekayo zokuba ngaba iindleko ze-filiusbuster zingaphezulu kweengenelo zazo.
Ezikhethekileyo Kumthetho Wefilimu
Indlela Yokukhetha Inyukliya Nokutshintsha Kwamagama
Ngo-2013, amaDemocrates atshintsha imithetho yeBhunga ukuze avumele ukuqinisekiswa kweesikhundla zesebe eliphetheyo `kuquka ikhabhathi( kunye nejaji yenkundla engongophezulu) enezigwebo zetyala ezingeyoNkundla ezingeyoNkundla, kwaye kwiminyaka emine kamva, iRiphabliki yeNtlanganiso yamaRiphabliki yandisa utshintsho ukuze iquke ukumiselwa kweNkundla Ephakamileyo. Zombini ezi nguqu zabhenela koko kwaziwa ngokuba lukhetho lwenyukliya, okanye ukukhutshwa komthetho wokuphelisa isithintelo ngabambalwa.
Olu tshintsho lwayiguqula ngokusisiseko inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa kwabagwebi namagosa aphezulu esebe. Ngeli xesha i-propati ye-generist ihlala ingachukumiseki, ii-modeli ze-mines ngoku zingaqinisekiswa ngenkxaso elula, ngokuphawulekayo inciphisa amandla eqela elincinane lokunqanda ukubotshwa.
Ulungelelwaniso Loqingqo-mali
Iintlobo ezithile zomthetho zikhutshwe kumthetho wehlwili, kuquka inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yonyaka yoxolelwaniso lweNgqungquthela, efuna kuphela uvoti olulula kwaye ayinakuvota inzala encinane, kunye nezivumelwano zorhwebo ezixoxwe ngemithetho ekhawulezayo kunye nemilinganiselo ebandakanya ukuvalwa kwesiseko somkhosi okanye ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo.
Uhlaziyo lohlaziyo luye lwaba sisithuthi somthetho esibaluleke ngakumbi kuba sidlula i-finbuster. Noko ke, amatyala oxolelwaniso angadlula ngevoti ezingama-51 kuphela, xa kuthelekiswa nemfuneko ekhoyo e-60-vote ebekwe ngumntwana, nangona abanye abahlalutyi bephikisa ngelithi ayiyilwanga ukuphatha umlinganiselo wokukhukulisa umthetho obonisa ukusebenza kwawo ngoku.
Impembelelo yeFilibuster ekuphumezeni umgaqo-siseko
Ukusetyenziswa Kakhulu Kwamashumi Eminyaka Yakutshanje
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-nvilibuster, eyayikhe yagcinelwa kuphela ezona mpikiswano zididayo, kuye kwanda ngokuphawulekayo kwiminyaka yakutshanje eWashington, kunye nokukhula kwemimandla engaphandle eWashington, yaye kunamavoti angaphezu kwama-500 okuphelisa i-finbuster ukususela ngowe-1917, kwaye ngaphezu kwesiqingatha esenzeka kwiminyaka eli-12 edlulileyo. Olu lwando luphawulekayo lubonisa zombini ezi zinto zilula ezikhoyo kule ngxaki i-monilbuster ethuleyo kunye nokungakhutha kwempikiswano yama-Rhavision.
Ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-nkqubo we-filbuster uyiguqule ukusuka kumlinganiselo ongaqhelekanga obekelwe imicimbi yomgaqo ube ngumqobo osesikweni wento efuna ukuthethwa phantse yonke imithetho ebalulekileyo. Oku kusetyenziswa komsebenzi wesiqhelo kutshintshwe indlela esebenza ngayo iBhunga lenqanawa nendlela umthetho owenziwa ngayo.
Imiphumo Kumsebenzi Weengqungquthela
Abahlalutyi bathi oku kusetyenziswa okunyusiweyo kuye kwathoba ishishini kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi, ngokufuthi kubangela ukuba igumbi limiswe ngokusetyenziswa kwengcaciso yemincubeko endaweni yengxoxo encinci, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukuqokelela imithetho. Imfuneko yokukhusela amavoti angama-60 kumthetho omninzi ithetha ukuba amatyala amaninzi awaze aqwalaselwe, nokuba anenkxaso enkulu.
Ukwanda kwe-filbuster kuchaphazele indlela iinkokeli zeNdlu yeQela eziphatha ngayo ixesha lomgangatho kunye nomthetho obeka imilinganiselo. Ukwazi ukuba amatyala amaninzi aza kujongana nezisongelo ze-filbuster, iinkokeli kufuneka zikhethe ngocoselelo ukuba ngawaphi amanyathelo okusukela nokusebenzisa ixesha elifunekayo ukwakha iminqoqo emikhulu.
IFilibuster Kwimeko Ethelekisayo
Indlu yabameli yohlobo olwahlukileyo lokuya kumntu omnye
Indlu yabameli yathatha indlela eyahlukileyo ngokubhekiselele kwingxoxo engenasiphelo. Ngelixesha imithetho yendlu yokuqala ivumela impikiswano ebanzi, ubukhulu begumbi lendlu benza uqheliselo olunjalo lwaba lungasebenzi. Indlu yavelisa imithetho engqongqo elawula ixesha lengxoxo kwaye yanika uninzi amandla okulawula udweliso lwemithetho.
Lo mahluko ubalaselisa uphawu olukhethekileyo lweNdlu yeNtsimbi njengesiqu esizimelayo apho amalungu ngamanye kunye namaqela amancinane ahlala enamandla abalulekileyo. Ezi ndlela zohlukeneyo zibonakalisa indima eyahlukileyo yamagumbi amabini adlala kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, neNdlu igxininisa ubuchule bolawulo kunye noninzi xa iNdlu yeNdlu iqwalasela ingcinga-nkqubo kunye namalungelo amancinane.
Ingqikelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe
ICandelo leNdlu yeNdlu yeMibingelelo yeZizwe lingaqhelekanga kuthelekiso. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zedemokhrasi ezininzi ehlabathini lonke zisebenza kwimigaqo yomthetho emininzi, elinganiselweyo okanye engakwaziyo ukubeka umthetho wesithintelo ongapheliyo. Oku kwenza iCamplate yaseMerika yahluke ngeqondo lamandla ewanikayo kwiqela elincinane lemithetho.
Ezinye iinkqubo zepalamente zineenkqubo zokuthethana okugqithisileyo okanye ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane, kodwa bambalwa abafikelela kumandla e-American filbuster ukuze bafune inkxaso ephezulu kumthetho oqhelekileyo. Oku kungafaniyo kuye kwenza i-monilbuster ibe ngumbandela womdla wamazwe ngamazwe phakathi kwabaphengululi bezopolitiko kunye namaziko edemokhrasi.
Iimpikiswano Ezixhasa Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwe-FIlibuster
Ukulondoloza uphawu lokwahlula lweBhunga
Abameli bendlu yendlu yendlu yesine baphikisa ngelithi kubalulekile ukugcina indima yeBhunga leNtsimbi njengesiqu esikhululayo esahluke kwiNdlu yabameli. Abameli bacinga ukuba iNdlu yeNdlu yeMali ilumkile, igumbi lokubonisa imvakalelo enokuthi ithomalalise iminqweno yendlu eninzi. I-Freciusbuster, nokuba ibingeyonjongo yokuqala, ifikele ekubhaleni lo mbono ngokufuna ukuba kuvumelaniswe umthetho-wiso-mthetho.
Ukuphelisa i-finbuster, abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi, kuza kwenza iNdlu yeQela isebenze njengeNdlu, inciphise iinguqu zezakhiwo phakathi kweKhonkxale kwaye ishenxise uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumthetho ongxamile okanye ogqithisileyo. Imithetho yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi, kuquka i-monilbuster, ifak'uncedo lwenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano olunwebela ngaphaya kokwahlulwa kwamandla phakathi kwamasebe.
Ukukhusela Iimincili Ezayo
Isiphumezi-miyalelo esingundoqo sokugcina i-filbuster kukuba uninzi lwanamhlanje luza kuba yindawo encinane ngengomso. Bobabini amaqela bangenelwe kwi-nfilbuster xa bembalwa kwaye bekhuthukile kuyo xa bekwinkoliso. Le nto ishukumisa idala uhlobo lozingcamlo ekulondolozeni umthetho, njengokuba abaququzeleli beqonda ukuba basenokufuna ukhuseleko lwawo kwixesha elizayo.
I-filbuster isebenza njengendlela ye-inshorensi yamaqela omabini, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho nanye enokuvalwa ngokupheleleyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho naxa ingekho mandla. Oku kuthintelwa kobabini kungakhuthaza ukuzinza, ulawulo oluthe ngqo nokuthintela ezona ndlela zigqithisileyo zemfazwe yokulwa.
Ukukhuthaza Ukulalanisa Nokulungelelana
Ngokufuna amavoti angama-60 ukuqhubela phambili umthetho omkhulu, i-filbuster ivelisa izikhuthazo ezinamandla zokulalanisa nokulinganisela. IiBhili kufuneka zenzelwe ukubhena kwingingqi ebanzi kuneqela elininzi, elidla ngokuthetha ukutshintsha amalungiselelo agqithisileyo nokubandakanya igalelo elisuka kumaqela ezobupolitika.
Le mpembelelo ingummiselo enokuthi ivelise umthetho obonisa imbono yoluntu lwaseMerika engafaniyo kwaye isenokunyamezela utshintsho olugqithisileyo kulawulo lwezobupolitika. Imithetho edluliswa ngenkxaso ebanzi ye-bipartis idla ngokuzinziswa kwaye inandiphe ukufaneleka okungakumbi koluntu kunaleyo yenzelwe kwimigca efuna abalawuli abagqibeleneyo.
ULawulo lweNtlalo-ntle kunye noLawulo loMgaqo-siseko
Iimfuno eziPhakamileyo kumGaqo-siseko
Ngeli xesha i-filibuster ngokwayo ingakhankanywanga kumGaqo-siseko, uxwebhu lufuna izithethe ezibalaseleyo ukwenzela izenzo ezithile ezibalulekileyo, kuquka iivetoes eziphambili zomongameli, izivumelwano zokuqinisekisa, kunye nokulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Ezi mfuneko zibonisa inkolelo yabaLayisheli ukuba izigqibo ezithile zifuna inkxaso engaphezulu kwenkoliso elula.
I-filbuster ingabonwa idlulisela lo mgaqo kumthetho oqhelekileyo, isenza umaleko owongezelelekileyo wokwakhiwa kolwakhiwo lwenkqubo engundoqo. Ngelixesha abagxeki bephawula ukuba umGaqo-siseko uchaza apho kufunwa khona iinkalo ezinkulu kwaye uthatha ngokubanzi ulawulo oluninzi ngenye indlela, abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba i-filibuster iyavumelana nomoya obanzi womgaqo-siseko wokuhlola nolungelelaniso.
Umanyano namalungelo amancinane
I-filbuster ingaqondwa njengenxalenye yenkqubo ebanzi yokukhusela amalungelo amancinane nokukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu. Kanye njengokuba urhulumente ekhusela izilangazelelo zikarhulumente kwiinginginya zesizwe, kwaye iBhili yamaLungelo ikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nxamnye noninzi oluya kuthanda, i-monilbuster ikhusela amahlelo amancinane owiso-mthetho ekulawuleni abalawuli abaphezulu.
Olu khuselo lubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwibutho labantu elhlukeneyo, eliziinguqu apho imimandla, izilangazelelo, kunye neembono ezahlukeneyo kufuneka zihlalisene. I-Divbuster iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho awunakubekwa ngoontloko abanciphileyo ngenxa yokungavumelani okunamandla kwabantu abancinane ababalulekileyo, ikhuthaza uhlobo oluthe chatha lwendlela yokulawula.
Indima yeFilibuster ekuphenduleni kwezobupolitika
Ukukhuthaza Ingxoxo Ebonisa Imbonakalo Neyoluntu
I-filbuster inokukhulisa ukuphendulelwa kwezobupolitika ngokunyanzelisa ingxoxo kawonke-wonke ebanzi ngomthetho ophikisanayo. Xa amatyala ejamelene nezisongelo zemali, iingxoxo neengxoxo ezilandelayo zenzeka phambi kwabantu, zivumela abemi ukuba baqonde imibandela esengozini kunye nezikhundla zabameli babo.
Oku kukhanya kungayiphucula indlela yokuphendula yedemokhrasi ngokwenza kube nzima ukukhawulezisa umthetho ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa nguwonke-wonke. Ixesha elifunekayo lokwakha umbutho wama-60 oziimeko ezihlukeneyo linika amaqela enzala, amajelo eendaba, kunye nabemi amathuba okuvavanya ngokubeka umthetho omiselweyo kunye noxinzelelo lwabaququzeleli babo ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa amanyathelo athile.
Ukwabelana Ngembopheleleko
I-filbuster isasaza uxanduva lwezopolitiko ngokubanzi kunemithetho emininzi. Xa umthetho ufuna inkxaso ye-bipartisan ukuze idlulise, omabini amacala ayabelana ngempumelelo netyala lokungaphumeleli. Oku kwabelana ngetyala kunganciphisa utyekelo lokufumana isikhundla esiphezulu kwaye kukhuthaze ukudibana okwakhayo neengxaki zenkqubo.
Ngokuchasene noko, i-filbuster ikwathetha ukuba iqela elincinane limele libe nembopheleleko ethile yokungathathi-nxaxheba. Xa iingxaki ezibalulekileyo zingaphenduli, abambalwa abanakusuka batyhole inkoliso kodwa kufuneka bachaze isizathu sokuba bakhethe ukunqanda izisombululo ezicetyisiweyo kunokuthethana ngoxokelelwano.
Iimbambano Zexesha Elizayo Nezindululo Zotshintsho
Iphulo Lokuthetha Elinamandla
Bambi abaguquli bathi i-finbuster kufuneka ibuyiselwe kwimvelaphi yayo, apho kwakufuneka abaququzeleli ukubamba umgangatho baze bathethe ixesha elide ukulibazisa ityala, kunye notshintsho olunokuthi luncede amatyala amakhulu okuba abambalwa bakulungele ukuvala ngokufihlakeleyo kodwa ngokugqithisileyo. Esi sicelo siza kugcina imvelibusbe ngoxa isenza isithintelo esibonakalayo nesona sixabiso liphezulu kwezobupolitika.
Abaququzeleli ababuzayo ukubamba umgangatho bangenza ukuba ii-filibuster zibe nzima kakhulu ukuxhasa kwaye banyanzelise abo basebenzisa ubuchule bokuthethelela inkcaso yabo ekuhleni. Oku kubonakala kwandisiweyo kunokunyusa ukuphendula ngeli xesha begcina amandla eqela elincinane okulibazisa umthetho abawuchasa ngamandla.
Iingxubusho Zotshintsho Eziqhubekayo
Impikiswano malunga notshintsho lwemveli iyaqhubeka iguquka ngokweemeko zobupolitika ezitshintshayo. Iingcebiso ezahlukeneyo zicetyisiwe, kuquka ukunciphisa umqobo okhuselweyo ngaphantsi kwamavoti angama-60, ukwenza umahluko kwiintlobo ezithile zomthetho, okanye ukuzalisekisa "umlinganiselo odibeneyo" apho amavoti afunekayo ukuze kunciphe ukuhla kwehlwili kwixesha.
Ezi ngxoxo zibonisa ungquzulwano oluqhubekayo phakathi komnqweno wokulawula okuphumelelayo kunye nokubaluleka kokukhusela amalungelo amancinane. Ukufumana ulungelelwano olulungileyo kuhlala kusenye yocelomngeni olungundoqo kwezobupolitika zemithetho-mthetho yaseMerika, kunye neziphumo ezingaphaya kwenkqubo yeNdlu yeeNtsimi zezolawulo-moya.
Ukubaluleka Okubanzi Kwejibuster
Umfuziselo Wesithethe Sezobupolitika SaseMerika
Ngaphezu kweziphumo zayo ezisebenzisekayo, i-filbuster iye yaba ngumqondiso wenkcubeko yezobupolitika nemilinganiselo yaseMelika. Imela imbopheleleko yokucinga ngokuhambelana kwempumelelo, ukuvumelana ngamalungelo angaphaya komthetho omninzi, namalungelo amancinane kulawulo oluyintloko. La maxabiso, ngelinye ixesha anxunguphalisayo kwabo bafuna utshintsho olukhawulezileyo, abonakalisa inkxalabo enzulu yamaMelika malunga namandla aphezulu kunye nolawulo olunobuzwilakhe.
Ukuvelela kwe-filbuster kwintetho yezobupolitika yaseMelika .Njenga kwiifilimu, kuncwadi, nakwinkcubeko edumileyo .
Isiphumo
I-filbuster ibumba ngokuphawulekayo ukuba yiyiphi imigaqo enokwenziwayo nendlela edalwe ngayo. Umthetho kufuneka wenzelwe ukutsala inkxaso ebanzi, nto leyo ethetha ukuthi uphephe eyona mimiselo ididayo okanye egqithisileyo. Le mfuneko ingakhokelela kutshintsho oluthe cala, lwenkqubo yolwandiso kunokuba lutshintshwe ngendlela ephawulekayo.
Ngeli xesha lempembelelo eguqulayo iphazamisa abo bafuna utshintsho, ingenza nemigaqo-nkqubo ehlala ixesha elide ngenkxaso kawonke-wonke. Impembelelo ye-monicbuster kwiziphumo zenkqubo ibonisa ukurhoxa okusisiseko phakathi komnqweno wokwenza into ekhaliphileyo kunye nexabiso lozinzo kunye nokuvumelana.
Iinzuzo Eziphambili Zemali Eninzi Kulawulo Lwale Mihla
- Ikhusela amalungelo amancinane eqela: I-Divbuster iqinisekisa ukuba iqela elincinane ligcina impembelelo enentsingiselo kumthetho, ithintela uninzi ukuba lungalawuli ngokupheleleyo inkqubo yowiso-mthetho.
- [[Umthetho:0] Ukuqwalasela ngokucokisekileyo: ngokufuna ingxoxo ende kunye nengxoxo, i-filbuster ikhuthaza ukuqwalaselwa komthetho ngononophelo kwaye inceda ukuchaza iingxaki ezinokubakho ngaphambi kokuba ityala libe ngumthetho.
- Intsebenziswano yePromotes bipartisan: Umda wama-60 ubangela intshukumisa enamandla yentsebenziswano enqamlezayo, ekhokelela kumthetho obonisa igalelo kumacala omabini epaseji.
- Ikhupha umthetho ongxamisekileyo: I-Parenbuster isebenza njengesiqhoboshi ekwenzeni izigqibo ezikhawulezileyo, iqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lwenkqubo enkulu lufumana uhlalutyo olufanelekileyo nengxoxo.
- isantya sezicelo ezigqithisileyo: Imfuneko yokwakha iminqongo ebanzi ifuna ukutshintsha amalungiselelo axoxweyo omthetho, ukuvelisa iziphumo zenkqubo ezininzi.
- Iprojekthi yozinzo ukutyhubela utshintsho lwezobupolitika: ngokufuna inkxaso enkulu, umgcini-khaya unceda ekuthinteleni ujijijeko lwenkqubo xa ulawulo lwezandla zikarhulumente lutshintsha.
- Imithetho ewiswa ngemithetho ewisiweyo: imiyalelo edluliswa ngenkxaso ye-bipartisan isoloko inandipha ukugunyaziswa kakhulu kukawonke-wonke kwaye isenokumkelwa nangakumbi kwiindidi zezobupolitika.
- Ikhusela kwiinkulu zokwexeshana: I-filbuster ikhusela umxinwa, imo encinci ephilayo ekumiseleni utshintsho olutsha olungenakubonakalisa uluvo lukawonke-wonke oluzinzileyo.
- Uphawu lwendlu yengqungquthela eyahlulayo: I-filbuster inceda ekulondolozeni indima yeNdlu yeQela njengesiqu esikhutshwayo, esahluke kakhulu kwenkulu indlu yabameli.
- Iquka uxanduva lwezopolitiko: Ngokufuna intsebenziswano ne-bipartisan, i-filbuster iqinisekisa ukuba omabini amaqela anokudlelana ngembopheleleko yokuphumelela kwemithetho kunye nokungaphumeleli.
Ukuqonda indawo ye-Filibuster kulawulo-melo lwaseMelika
I-filbuster inendawo entsonkothileyo neyakhe iphikisanayo kulawulo-lwazi lwaseMelika. Inika amandla kunye nokudimazeka, ikhusela kunye nezithintelo, ikhuthaza ukucinga nokuphazamisa. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwayo kufuna ukulwa nezi ngxaki kwaye iqonda ukuba kukho iimpikiswano ezifanelekileyo kumacala amaninzi eengxoxo ngexabiso layo nangexesha elizayo.
Abo bafuna ukuqonda indlela urhulumente waseMerika asebenza ngayo, i-filbuster inika ingqiqo ebalulekileyo kumaxabiso kunye nokungaphumi kwezorhwebo ezifakwe kwinkqubo yethu yezopolitiko. Ibonisa ukukhethelwa ukuvumelana ngempumelelo, inkxalabo ngolawulo olugqithisileyo, kunye nokuzinikela ekukhuseleni amalungelo amancinane (5) xa ukwenjenjalo kubangelwa yimali yemveliso yomthetho.
Ingxoxo eqhubekayo ngekamva le-filibuster iza kuqhubeka ibumba imicimbi yezobupolitika zaseMelika kwiminyaka ezayo. Nokuba igcinwe, ihlaziywe, okanye ipheliswe, izakuba nentsingiselo enzulu ngendlela esebenza ngayo iNdlu yeeNyanga, ukuba yiyiphi imigaqo enokwenziwa, nendlela idemokhrasi elungelelanisa ngayo amaxabiso akhuphisanayo okulawula okunempumelelo kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane.
Ulwazi oluninzi malunga neenkqubo zeNdlu yeeNdlela zowiso-mthetho, tyelela i U.S. iphepha elisemthethweni leNdlu yeQelo likwi-finbuster kunye nehlwili. Abo banomdla ekuhloleni imbono ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yotshintsho lwe-filixbuster bangajonga izibonelelo ezisuka kwimibutho efana [ Brooking Institution [, enika uhlalutyo lolwazi lwembali yembali ye-Piblicbuster nengxoxo yangoku. [[FLT:] Brenannan] Iziko lomthetho oludityanileyo kwimisebenzi ye-Dibosboscreyivices.
Ukuqonda i-monilbuster kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso zaseUnited States esebenza ngayo nendlela umthetho ohamba ngayo kwiBhunga. Ngelixesha iingxoxo ezingeenzuzo zayo ziza kuqhubeka, i-monilbuster ihlala ingumsebenzi ochazayo wezowiso-mthetho zaseMelika, iziphumo zenkqubo yokubumba kunye nokuzalanisa uxinezeleko olusisiseko kulawulo lwedemokhrasi phakathi kolawulo oluninzi namalungelo amancinane, ubuchule kunye nobuchule, utshintsho nozinzo.