Isibhengezo seSindululo senkululeko sisekelwe. Nangona abaninzi besijonga njengenye yeengxelo ezinempembelelo kwimbali yoluntu, imigaqo yayo iqhubeka ithetha ngokunzulu kwibutho labantu lanamhlanje, impembelelo yemithetho yezoburhulumente bezeenjongo zedemokhrasi ehlabathini lonke, isuka kwimfundo ukuya kumalungelo abantu zweni lonke. Ukuqonda indlela olu xwebhu lwesiseko esichaphazela ngayo ubomi bemihla ngemihla kusinceda siqonde amandla ahlala ehleli eengcamango zalo ezisisiseko kunye nobuchule balo banamhlanje.

Isiseko Sendaleko: Oko Kwamiselwa Sisindululo

Yayiyeyokuqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "United States of America": ngale ngqiqo, isibhengezo sasiyisiqinisekiso sokuzalwa kohlanga lwaseMelika. Kodwa ngaphandle kokuseka uhlanga olutsha, iSindululo sachaza imigaqo yenguquko eyaphikisa ulungelelwano lwehlabathi olwalukho. Sachaza oko kwabonwa njengeyona nto ifihlakeleyo nengenakulibalekileyo yemigaqo apho olo hlanga lwasekwa khona: amalungelo obomi, inkululeko, nokusukela ulonwabo; imvume yabalawulwa; kunye nokuchasa kolawulo; kunye nokuchasa kwingcinezelo.

Indinyana edumileyo yalo xwebhu iqulathe iingcamango ezinzulu zentanda-bulumko ezazikho ngexesha labo. Isiqinisekiso sokuba "bonke abantu badalwa belingana" kwaye benamalungelo "angenakuhlulwa" samela ukuhamba okuphawulekayo kwibutho leenkcubeko ezilawula inkulungwane ye-18. De kwangowe-1776, kwathi kwathi kwathi kwathi kanti, abalawuli abaninzi babengafuni ukulandela umthetho, kwaye iintambo ezinkulu zabanelungelo zakhululwa kwimithetho esetyenziswa kuninzi lwabantu. Isindululo sayiphikisa ngokusisiseko le ngcamango.

Amalungelo angenakushenxiswa: Siqhele ukucinga ukuba sinamalungelo urhulumente amele asihlonele, kodwa oku kwaguquka kakhulu ngo1776. Enyanisweni, abantu babe "balawulwa" yaye babeno "iimvumi" ezithetha ukuba urhulumente ulawula abantu abangoorhulumente kuphela ovunyelwa ngurhulumente. Le ngcamango ithetha ukuba abantu abanalungelo lokufuna imvume kurhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, "abangenalo ilungelo" ithetha ukuba abanakuthatyathwa, bazalwa kumntu ngamnye kwaye abanakuze bathatyathwe ngurhulumente. Le ngcamango iguqule ulwalamano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye norhulumente wabo, imisela amalungelo okuphuma kwisidima soluntu kunokuba kunikwe imvume karhulumente.

Impembelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe: Iintsebenziswano Ehlabathini Lonke

Kwaye, njengovumo lokuqala olunempumelelo lokuzimela geqe kwimbali yehlabathi, umzekelo wayo wanceda ekukhuthazeni intsebenziswano ezininzi zokuzimela geqe, nokuzihambela ngokwayo, kunye neenguqu emva konyaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe. Impembelelo yesibhengezo yanwenwela ngaphaya konxweme lwaseMerika, yaba yisikhokelo senkululeko yokuhambana namazwekazi neenkulungwane.

Izibhengezo zokuzimela geqe zadityaniswa ekuweni kobukhosi: iSilawuli saseSpeyin ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, iHabsburg, iHohenzollern, nobukhosi beRomanov emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, kunye nobukhosi baseYurophu baphesheya emva kokupheliswa kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Ukusuka eVietnam ukuya eLiberia, ukusuka eCzechoslovakia ukuya eKorea, amazwe afuna inkululeko ayejongene noSindululo saseMerika njengomzekelo wokukhuthaza iingcamango zawo.

Impembelelo yezizwe ngezizwe ityhila ububini obubangela umdla. Inkoliso yamaMelika ibone isindululo njengomthetho wamalungelo awo obuqu kwi "Ubomi, Inkululeko, kunye nokuKhuselwa kolonwabo". Ngokwahlukileyo, uninzi lwabo bangaphandle kwe-U.S. luthathele ukuba luyimithetho yamalungelo abo ahlangeneyo ukwenza "Abantu omnye," ukuvukela amagunya angaphandle, ukuvukela ebukhosini, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukuseka amaphondo azimeleyo. Olu toliko lubonisa uxwebhu lunemisebenzi elungileyo nolulungelelwaniso oluhlala luhleli kwizithethe ezahlukeneyo kunye nezobupolitika.

UAbraham Lincoln wayibiza ngokuba yi-"sikhalimiso nesikhubekiso kwingcinezelo" iyaqhubeka ikhuthaza abantu ehlabathini lonke ukuba balwele inkululeko nokulingana. Imigaqo yesibhengezo iye yasetyenziswa ekulweni nobuthanga, ubuzwilakhe, kunye nengcinezelo ukutyhubela imbali yanamhlanje, ibonisa ukuba iingcamango zayo zingaphaya kwemida yesizwe namaxesha embali.

Ukugqwetha ulawulo-demokhrasi lomGaqo-siseko waseMerika

Iinjongo zendalo zerepublic yamalungelo enkululeko zaphembelela ukusekwa korhulumente womGaqo-siseko waseMerika osekelwe kwinkululeko nokulingana. Kwakhona zabumba ulundelo lokuba abantu abakhululekileyo baya kuhlala kwibutho elinobulungisa. Nangona iSindululo ngokwaso singanyanzelekanga ngokusemthethweni, isiseko saso sentandabulumko saphembelela ngokunzulu ekuphuhlisweni komthetho-mGaqo-siseko waseMerika nenkqubo elawulayo.

Ulwalamano oluphakathi kwesindululo noMgaqo-siseko lumela ukuqhubekeka okusuka kwiingcamango zentanda-bulumko ukuya kulawulo olusebenzisekayo. Isindululo senkululeko senza amadinga athile angezonkululeko esisiseko nesazuzwe njengemfuza, kodwa loo nkululeko ayizange inyanzeleke ngokusemthethweni de yachazwa kumGaqo-siseko nakuMgaqo-siseko nakuMalungelo. Ngamanye amazwi, inkululeko esisiseko yabantu baseMerika yajongwa kwiSindululo seNtlanganiso, ngokuqwalaselwa kumGaqo-siseko, kwaye yacalulwa kwiBhili yamaLungelo.

Nangona ingachazwanga ngokucacileyo, iSibhengezo sonke seNkqutyana yokuZimela singumbono womthetho. Ngamanye amazwi, urhulumente nabantu bobabini babotshelelwe ngumthetho. Lo mgaqo womthetho, apho kungekho mntu ujongelwe phezulu kumthetho osemthethweni, uhlala ubalulekile kulawulo-melo lwaseMerika kwaye unegalelo kwindlela abemi abasebenzisana ngayo namaziko karhulumente kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.

Indaleko Ngokuhlaziywa Komgaqo - siseko

Umbono weSindululo wokulingana wathatha izizukulwana ukuba ziqonde ngokulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Emva kwemfazwe, umbono weSindululo wawuqukwa ngowe-13, we-14, kunye nowe-15 weSindululo kumGaqo-siseko, owawuwuphelisa ngokusemthethweni ubukhoboka, uqinisekisa bonke abantu ukuba "bakhusela imithetho ngokulinganayo," kwaye wanika amadoda aseAfrika namaMelika ilungelo lokuvota. Ezi zindululo zazimela amanyathelo abalulekileyo ekuguquleni imigaqo yesibhengezo ngokwezikhuseli ezisemthethweni ezinyanzelekileyo.

Kodwa kwathatha imfazwe yamakhaya, eyathi uMongameli uLincoln kwiDilesi yeGettysburg wayibiza ngokuba "kukuzalwa okutsha kwenkululeko," ukuthethelela isithembiso esidumileyo seSindululo esithi "bonke abantu badalwa bayalingana" kwaye kwathatha isiHlanziso seshumi elinesine kumGaqo-siseko, sagunyaziswa ngo1868 emva kweMfazwe yabemi, ukuthethelela ithemba lokuqala likaJames Madison lokuba kungekuphela nje urhulumente wesizwe kodwa kwanorhulumente uya kufuneka ngokwemithetho-siseko ukuhlonela inkululeko esisiseko eqinisekiswe kwiBhili yamaLungelo.

Ilifa Lamalungelo Abemi: Ukusuka Kwilungelo Ukuya Kwimimandla Yanamhlanje

Mhlawumbi akukho ndawo apho isiphumo semihla ngemihla sesibhengezo sibonakala ngakumbi kunembali yemibutho yamalungelo abantu baseMelika. Kunyaka wekhulu elinamakhulu asibhozo anamashumi asixhenxe ethethayo ukugxeka isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo eDred Scott v. Sanford (1857), uAbraham Lincoln wachaza ukuba umgaqo wokulingana kwiSindululo seNdendeko "wungamele ukumisela umgaqo osezantsi [umgaqo wesiseko wamalungelo angokweziko] kwibutho labantu abakhululekileyo. Ngenene, kuyo yonke imbali yaseMelika, amaMelika amaninzi abhenela kwimigaqo yeSindululo sokukhululeka nokulingana ukuze enze inkululeko nolinganayo bonke abantu.

Iqela Leengozi

Abantu babhenela [ekubonisweni njengobungqina] kwimigaqo yeSindululo seNtlalo-ntle kungekudala emva kokuba sityikitywe. Kunyaka wama-1770 kunye nowama-1780, abantu abasebukhobokeni eNew England babhenela kwimigaqo yendalo yamalungelo oMgaqo-siseko weSindululo norhulumente njengoko babecela iindlu zowiso-mthetho neenkundla zenkululeko nokupheliswa kobukhoboka. Ezi zibheno zangaphambili zabonisa indlela ulwimi loMgaqo-siseko olunokusetyenziswa ngayo njengesixhobo sokusesikweni ngabo bangalusebenzisiyo kwisithembiso salo ntlandlolo.

Frederick Douglas, omnye wamazwi anamandla kumbutho wokuphelisa, wamisela ukusetyenziswa kweSindululo. UFrederick Douglas (1818-1895), ikhoboka elisindileyo elisuka eMaryland nomphathi ophambili we-Abolitions Movement, wabhenela kwiSindululo senkululeko ekufuneni inkululeko kuwo onke amaMelika aseAfrika. Intetho ka-Douglass kuMbutho we-Rochester uAntine-bustracry Society eRochester, eNew York, ngoJulayi 5, 1852, iye yaduma ngenxa yocelomngeni lwawo olungqalileyo kwilizwe: "Yini endinayo, okanye ndimele, ukuze ndenze uzimele? Yimigaqo emikhulu yenkululeko yezopolitiko neyomthetho yendalo, equlunjwe kuMgalelo lweSivumelo, olubanzi olusongezelelwe kuthi kuthi?

Iqela lamalungelo amabhinqa

NgoJulayi 1848, amadoda namabhinqa angaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu ahlanganisene eSeneca Falls, eNew York, kwindibano yamalungelo amabhinqa yokuqala, apho uElizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1910) ubhengezo oludumileyo lwaMazwe athunyelweyo lwafundwa lwaza lwamkelwa. Lwafuziselwa emva kweSibhengezo seNdendeko, uxwebhu lukaStanton lwagxeka ukungasemthethweni kwamabhinqa, lwabeka uludwe lweziphakamiso zokuziphatha, ezoqoqosho, kunye nokulungelelana kwamabhinqa kwezobupolitika.

Baye bamisela "Ukwenziwa kwamaxwebhu eSindululo" kwiSindululo senkululeko, apho babefuna ukulingana kwentlalo nezobupolitika kumabhinqa. Isiqubulo sabo sasisithi "Onke amadoda namabhinqa adalwe elingana", kwaye bafuna ilungelo lokuvota. Oku kuchazwa kolwimi lwesibhengezo kubonisa indlela imigaqo yayo enokuthi yandiswe ngayo ukuchaza iindlela ezintsha zokungalingani nokungabi nabulungisa.

Intlangano Yamalungelo Abemi Yanamhlanje

IZiko lamaLungelo langaphakathi lee-1960 lalwela ukufikelela amalungelo aseAfrika awayeqinisekiswe yiSindululo senkululeko kuwo onke amaMelika. Iinkokeli zale nkonzo zasoloko zicela izithembiso zeSindululo ukukhankanya umsantsa phakathi kwemilinganiselo yamaMelika nento yokwenene yaseMerika.

Ngonyaka ka1963, kwi Washington eJobs and Free in Washington, D.C., uMartin Luther King Jr. wanikela intetho yakhe edumileyo "Ndinophupha". Le ntetho yayinzelwe ukukhuthaza uhlanga, ukuthatha iinjongo zamalungelo abantu. uKumkani usebenzisa izicatshulwa ezivela kwiSibhengezo senkululeko ukukhuthaza ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo kwabo bonke abantu kungakhathaliseki ukuba kuluphi uhlanga. UGqr. Isicelo sikaKumkani sokubhengeza uSindululo sabonisa indlela imigaqo yayo eyahlala inamandla ngayo kwiNguquko yentlalo phantse iinkulungwane ezimbini emva kokuba igqibile ukutyiswa kwayo.

Iinkqubo Zamihla Le: Indlela Esi Sibhengezo Esibuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Banamhlanje

Imigaqo echazwe kwiSindululo seNdebeko idlulela ngaphaya kwentsingiselo yembali, iguqula ubomi bangoku baseMerika ngeendlela ezininzi ezisebenzisekayo. Ukuqonda ezi zicelo kunceda kukhanyele isizathu sokuba olu xwebhu lwenkulungwane ye-18 lusoloko lusebenza kwinkulungwane yama-21.

Amalungelo Emisebenzi Nokulingana

Ukugxininisa kwesindululo ekulinganani nakumalungelo angenakususwa kuye kwachaphazela kakhulu ukukhusela emsebenzini kwale mihla kunye nemithetho yokusebenza. Umgaqo wokuba bonke abantu bakhiwe ngokulinganayo usekelwe kwimithetho elwa nocalucalulo ekhusela abasebenzi ekuphathweni ngokungekho sikweni ngenxa yebala, ubufanasini, ubudala, ubulwelwe, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Xa abaqeshwa becela ukuhlawulwa ngokulinganayo ngomsebenzi, bafaka imigaqo elandela ngqo kwintelekelelo yomgangatho ophezulu womgangatho wabantu.

Iingcamango zale mihla zesidima emsebenzini, ukuphathwa kakuhle, nelungelo lokulungiselela iimeko ezingcono zonke zibonakalisa impembelelo yesi Sindululo. Ingcamango yokuba abantu banelungelo lemfuza elingenakunikelwa/nakulwalamano lomsebenzi (h/noxa kunxulumene namalungelo angenakuhlulwa.) Esi siseko sentanda-bulumko sixhasa iingxoxo zale mihla zamalungelo abasebenzi, umvuzo ofanelekileyo, iimeko ezikhuselekileyo zokusebenza, kunye nokulungelelana kwamalungelo phakathi kwabaqeshi nabaqeshi kunye nabasebenzi.

Imfundo Nentsebenziswano

Imigaqo yesindululo ibumba iinkqubo zemfundo yemfundo yangasemva nezezemfundo yoluntu kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Izikolo zifundisa abafundi ngamalungelo neembopheleleko zabo njengabemi, zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokuthabatha inxaxheba kolwazi kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Ingcamango yokuba oorhulumente bafumana “amandla abo asesikweni ngokuvumelana nabalawulwa" igxininisa ukubaluleka kokuvota, inkonzo yabachongi, inxaxheba entlalweni, nezinye iintlobo zokumanyana kwezezentlalo.

Amaziko emfundo ngokwawo asebenza phantsi kwemigaqo ephenjelelwa yiSindululo. Ukunyanzela ukufikelela kwimfundo elinganayo, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi okanye iimeko, kubonisa iinjongo zoxwebhu ezilinganayo. Iimeko zophawu lwelizwe ezifana noBrown v. Board of Education, eyaphelisa ukwahlukana kwesikolo, yasebenzisa isithembiso seSindululo sokulingana ukuphikisa ukuba izibonelelo zemfundo ezahlukeneyo azilingani ngokwemvelo.

Amalungelo Asemthethweni Nenkqubo Yokusesikweni

Impembelelo yesindululo ichaphazela inkqubo yomthetho waseMerika, ibumba indlela iinkundla eziluchaza ngayo ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ingcamango yamalungelo angenakususwa yazisa ukuqiqa okungokwamalungelo asisiseko urhulumente angenakuwaphazamisa ngaphandle kokugwetywa ngokunyanzelisayo. Xa iinkundla zivavanya ukuba imithetho iyangqubana na nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, zisoloko ziqwalasela enoba loo mithetho iyayihlonela isidima esizukileyo nokulingana okuvakaliswe sisindululo.

Inkqubo yogwebo lomthetho olulawulayo ibonisa imigaqo esekelwe kwiSindululo ngokukhusela okufana nokucingela ngokungenatyala, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, kunye nokungavunyelwa kwesohlwayo senkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga. Oku kukhusela ingcamango yokuba kwanabo batyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho bagcine amalungelo abantu asisiseko urhulumente amele awahlonele. Iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ezimalunga nokuhlaziywa komthetho, ukuphendula kwamapolisa, kunye nokugweba ngokusesikweni konke kubhekisa kwimigaqo esekelwe kumbono weSindululo wokusesikweni nolingana.

Imisebenzi yoluntu

Ukongezelela, esi Sindululo sinikela isiseko esibalulekileyo sentandabulumko nezobupolitika kwezobupolitika nasebuthweni laseMerika. Ngenxa yokuba abantu bedalwe belingana, abantu bafanelwe yintlonelo ebantwini nangasese.

Imibutho yoluntu, amaqela amatsha - ntliziyo, kunye namaqumrhu asekuhlaleni asoloko esebenza kwimigaqo ethathwe kwesi Sindululo. Ingcamango yokuba abantu banelungelo lokuhlanganisa, ukucela utshintsho, nokulungiselela iinjongo ezifanayo ibonakalisa ukugxininiswa kwesindululo kulawulo oluqhelekileyo nolawulo oluzihambelayo. Xa abamelwane belungiselela ukuphendula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni, xa uluntu luxhasa inkqubela, okanye xa abemi becela abameli babo, basebenzisa amalungelo asekelwe kwimigaqo yeSindululo.

Inkululeko Yobuqu Nokuzikhethela Komntu Ngamnye

Isibhengezo esibhekisa "ukusukela ulonwabo" siphembelele ngokunzulu ukugxininisa kwenkcubeko yamaMelika kwinkululeko nolwaneliseko lobuqu. Lo mgaqo uxhasa ingcamango yokuba umntu ngamnye ufanele abe nenkululeko yokuzenzela ukhetho lwakhe ngokuphathelele umsebenzi, indlela aphila ngayo, ulwalamano, nophuhliso lobuqu, kuphela ngokuhlonela amalungelo alinganayo abanye.

Iingxoxo ezingeenkululeko zobuqu, amalungelo obuqu, kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye zonke zisebenzisa ubuchule beSindululo sobulumko. Ukuba kuxutyushwa ngezigqibo zonyango, inkululeko yonqulo, inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye ezinye izigqibo zobuqu, amaMelika asoloko esebenzisa umgaqo wokuba abantu banelungelo elizukileyo lokulawula ubomi babo. Oku kugxininisa kwisebe ngalinye kunye nokuzigqibela ngokwalo kubonisa isindululo sesindululo sokuba abantu abalawulwa kodwa bamele babe ngabemi abanamalungelo nesidima esizuz

Impembelelo Yesi Sibhengezo Ngentetho Yezobupolitika

Njengokuba umbhali-mbali uJames Stoner ebhalile, imigaqo ekhutshwe kwiSindululo seNkqubela-nkululeko isayitshintsha intetho yethu yezopolitiko," kunye neSindululo "siye sangqinelana nokumanyana kwe-Melika, ukuchaza iziqalelo ezingundoqo zokwaziwa kwamaMelika, nokunika imigaqo eye yakhokela inkqubela yezentlalo nezobupolitika. Lo msebenzi ukhuthaza ukuba iingxoxo zezobupolitika ngaphaya komgangatho wesindululo soluvo zisoloko zixhasa izindululo zazo.

Abezobupolitika nabaxhasi beembono ezahlukeneyo bacela iSindululo xa bephikisana ngezizathu zabo. Abaququzeleli basenokuthi bagxininise ukuqwalaselwa kwamalungelo angenakuhlulwa kunye norhulumente olinganiselweyo, ngeli xesha abahambela phambili benokugxininisa izithembiso zabo ezilinganayo kunye nelungelo lokuguqula oorhulumente abangakwaziyo ukukhusela amalungelo abantu. Oku kuchaza okuhlukeneyo, phezu kwazo nje iinkcazelo ezahlukeneyo, kunika isiseko esiqhelekileyo sengxoxo yedemokhrasi kwaye kunceda ekulondolozeni intlalo kunye phakathi kokungavisisani.

Ukubekwa koxanduva kunye nokubonakala koRhulumente

Isindululo soluvo lokuba oorhulumente bafumana amandla abo ngokuvuma kwabalawulwayo ukumisela ilungiselelo lokuphendula koorhulumente. Lo mgaqo uxhasa iimfuno zale mihla zokubonakala, urhulumente ovulekileyo, nokufumaneka koluntu ngolwazi oluphathelele imisebenzi karhulumente. Xa abemi becela iingxelo zikawonke-wonke, beya kwiintlanganiso zeholo yedolophu, okanye befuna iingcaciso zezigqibo zikarhulumente, basebenzisa amalungelo asekelwe kumbono wolawulo oluqhelekileyo.

Ingcamango yokuba abantu bagcine ilungelo lokutshintsha okanye lokuphelisa oorhulumente ababa nokonakalisa amalungelo abo, kodwa abaxhasi inguqulelo.

Ucelomngeni Neempikiswano: Isibhengezo Sishwankathela

Ukuqonda ukusebenza kwemihla ngemihla kweSindululo kufuna ukuvuma ukuphikisana kwaso nembali kunye nomzabalazo oqhubekayo wokuzalisekisa izithembiso zaso ngokupheleleyo. Uxwebhu lwavakalisa ukuba "bonke abantu badalwe ngokulinganayo" ngeli xesha abaninzi abasayinayo bekhotyokiswa ngabanye abantu. Le mdada iye yaguqula imbali yaseMerika kwaye iyaqhubeka iphembelela ingxubusho zale mihla malunga nokulingana nokusesikweni.

Kwidrafti yakhe erhabaxa yesibhengezo, uThomas Jefferson waqinisekisa ukuba abantu baseAfrika bano "malungelo angcwele obomi kunye nenkululeko" kwaye wakhalimela uKumkani George III ngenxa yokukhusela urhwebo lwamakhoboka. Jefferson wabhala oku nangona yena ngokwakhe wayelikhoboka. Abanye abaqeqeshi, abasebenzisa imikhosi yabo ebekelwe amandla amakhulu ebukhobokeni, baphikisana nale ndawo kwaye bafuna ukuba isuswe kuyo iSindululo. Oku kungqubana phakathi kwemilinganiselo kunye noqheliselo kuye kwanika zombini umthombo wecritique kunye nesixhobo sokulungisa imbali yaseMelika yonke imbali.

Kumashumi eminyaka emva kokuzimela geqe, iinjongo zeSindululo senkululeko zazingekaqondwa ngokupheleleyo kuwo onke amaMelika. Ecaphula ulwimi lweSibhengezo senkululeko, amanye amaqela amaMelika ayefuna ukuphelisa ubukhoboka nokwandisa amalungelo amabhinqa. Bazama ukuguqula isithembiso seSindululo sokulingana sibe sesokwenene. Lo mgudu oqhubekayo wokulungelelanisa uqheliselo lweMerika nemigaqo yeSindululo uyaqhubeka ubumba imibutho yasekuhlaleni kunye nemigudu yokuphucula intlalo namhlanje.

Ukwandisa Isangqa Somgangatho

Imbali yamalungelo abantu baseMerika ingaqondwa njengokwanda okuqhubekayo kokuqukwa kwesithembiso soMgaqo-nkqubo sokulingana. Ekuqaleni isangqa salinganiselwa kumsebenzi kumadoda amhlophe aphethe impahla, isangqa siye sakhula ngokuthe ngcembe saquka amaqela akhutshweyo ngaphambili. Ngoxa ukupheliswa kobukhoboka kwazisa inkululeko kwizigidi zamaMelika aseAfrika, kwahlala kungacacanga ngo1865 ekupheleni kwemfazwe yamakhaya yaseMelika yaye yayingummi opheleleyo waseUnited States. AmaMelika ayengagqalwanga ngokuba ngabemi baseUnited States de kwango1924. Iinkqubo zokufudula eziqulukileyo zawa zithintela amaTshayina nabaphambukeli abaninzi base-Asia abasuka kweli lizwe azizange zitshintshe de kudlule uhambo lwe-ImGreast kunye nomthetho wesizwe ka-196565.

Imibutho yeLGBTQ + amalungelo esiphene, amalungelo abaphambukeli, nezinye iindlela zokulingana iyaqhubeka le sithethe sokucela imigaqo yeSindululo ukuphikisana ukuze kubekho kunye nokuphathwa ngendlela efanayo. Le ntshukumo ibonisa ukuba iinjongo zesindululo zisenamandla okutshintsha intlalo, njengokuba iingxoxo ziqhubeka ngokucaciswa kwazo nokusetyenziswa kwazo okufanelekileyo.

ISindululo Kumalungelo Abantu Ezizwe Ngezizwe

Kwincwadi yakhe ethi A World Made New, uMary Ann Gledon wabeka ibali langasemva kwiSindululo soMhlaba samaLungelo abantu esamkelwa yiZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngoDisemba 1948 ngaphandle kokuchasana nevoti, ephawula ukuba "yaphawula isahluko esitsha kwimbali eyaqala ngemithetho-siseko enkulu yamalungelo abantu yokuqhuba amalungelo abantu ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe neyeshumi elinesibhozo" eyayiquka isibhengezo seNtlanganiso. Olu nxibelelwano lubonisa indlela imigaqo yokuyila iMelika echaphazele ngayo ukuphuhliswa kwemibutho yamalungelo abantu yamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngezizwe echaphazela ngayo amawaka ezigidi zabantu ehlabathini lonke.

ISindululo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu, esiye saguqula umthetho wezizwe ngezizwe nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe emhlabeni wonke, sihambisana nemigaqo emininzi eyachazwa okokuqala kwiSindululo senkululeko saseMerika. Iingcinga zesidima sobuntu, ukulingana, namalungelo asisiseko oorhulumente abamele ukuba bawahlonelayo ziye zaba zizisekelo zomthetho wamalungelo abantu wezizwe ngezizwe, ebonisa ukufikelela iingcamango kwehlabathi okokuqala ezavakaliswa ePhiladelphia ngowe-1776.

Iindlela Ezisebenzisekayo Zokusebenzisa Imigaqo Yobhengezo Namhlanje

Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwesibhengezo yenye into; ukusebenzisa ngokukhutheleyo imigaqo yaso kubomi bemihla ngemihla yenye indlela. Nazi iindlela ezicacileyo umntu angafaka ngazo iinjongo zobhengezo kumongo wale mihla:

Ukukhuthaza Ukulingana Kwizinto Eziqhubekayo

ISindululo sokwahlula abantu abalinganayo ngokusisiseko sithetha ukuphatha bonke abantu ngesidima nangentlonelo, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi, isikhundla okanye iimeko zabo. Oku kuthetha ukuvavanya isimo sengqondo nezenzo zokukhetha abantu xa bedibana, enoba kukwiimeko zobugcisa, zentlalo, okanye zezentlalo. Kubandakanya ukuqonda ukuba wonke umntu ufanele aqwalaselwe kwaye ufanelwe yintlonelo.

Oku kusenokuquka ukuthetha ngokuphandle xa kunikelwa ubungqina ngocalucalulo, ukuxhasa imigaqo ekhuthaza ithuba elilinganayo, ukucebisa abantu abasuka kumaqela angaphantsi, okanye ukuphatha abasebenzi benkonzo, abo usebenza nabo, nabasemzini ngembeko nentlonelo efanayo kumntu oya kubonakalisa kuye nabani na. Umgaqo wokulingana awuyonto nje engenakubonwa kodwa ukhuthaza ukuba umntu asebenze kubomi bemihla ngemihla.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kwisenzo

Ukugxininisa kweSindululo kurhulumente ngokuvuma ukuba abalawulwa babangele amalungelo neembopheleleko zabemi. Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle ngokuvota / ngokuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli, ngokusebenza kwinkundla yejaji, okanye ngokubhatala , okanye ngokuhlonela umgaqo wokuba urhulumente osemthethweni uxhomekeke ekuthembisenina ngokusemthethweni nasemvumeni.

Oku kuthabatha inxaxheba akufuneki kupheleliselwe kwiinkqubo ezisesikweni zezobupolitika. Imibutho yoluntu encedisayo, ukuvuma ngesisa izinto ezikhuthaza okusesikweni nokulinganayo, ukuba nenxaxheba kwimibhiyozo yoxolo okanye kumaphulo okuqhayisa ngobulungisa, nokuhlala usazi ngemicimbi kawonke-wonke konke kumela iindlela zokubonakalisa iimbopheleleko zoluntu eziqukuqela kwimigaqo yeSindululo. Isiqinisekiso soluxwebhu sokuba abantu banelungelo lokuguqula urhulumente wabo sithetha ukuba babandakanyeke ngokukhutheleyo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Nenkululeko

Ingqiqo yesibhengezo yamalungelo angenakususwa icebisa ukuba ukukhusela la malungelo kufuna ukuphaphazela nokuzikhusela okusebenzayo. Oku akuthethi nje ukuqinisekisa amalungelo omntu kuphela xa esongelwa kodwa kwakhona kuthetha ukumela amalungelo abanye, kwanaxa ukwenjenjalo kusenokuba yinto engathandeki okanye okubiza imali eninzi. Inkxaso yeentlangano ezikhusela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni, zithetha ngokuchasene namalungelo, kwaye zifundisa abanye ngamalungelo azo yonke imigaqo yeZindululo.

Oku kusenokuquka ukuxhasa imibutho yoncedo esemthethweni, ukukhuthaza utshintsho lobulungisa, ukukhusela inkululeko yokuthetha kwanokuba ziimbono ezidume kakubi, okanye ukuqhatha kukarhulumente okucelw'iimbambano. Isindululo sikarhulumente esilumkisa ngokutshabalalisa amalungelo sisikhumbuza ukuba ukuhlala siphaphile kusekho ixabiso lenkululeko.

Ukusukela Okusesikweni Nobulungisa

Imigaqo yesindululo ifuna ukuba kuvezwe iinkqubo ezisesikweni nezifanelekileyo kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi. Kwiziko lobugcisa, oku kungathetha ukukhuthaza ukuqeshwa ngokufanelekileyo, imbuyiselo elinganayo, kunye nezithethe zemisebenzi equka imfundo ephezulu. Kwimimiselo yemfundo, ibandakanya ukuxhasa ukufikelela kwimfundo elinganayo kunye nezenzo ezicel' umngeni ezikhuthaza ukungalingani.

Ukubandakanyeka koluntu ekuphunyezweni kokusesikweni kungaquka ukuxhasa amanyathelo afanelekileyo okufumana izindlu, ukukhuthaza ukufikelela ngokulinganayo kwezonyango, okanye ukusebenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuba onke amalungu oluntu anelizwi kunye nomelo kwizigqibo ezichaphazela wona. Umbono weSindululo wokulingana namalungelo angenakususwa unika isiseko sokuvavanya enoba iinkqubo nezenzo zilungile kusini na nokusebenzela ukuguqula abo babuthathaka.

Imigaqo Yokufundisa Ngezizukulwana Zexesha Elizayo

Ukuqonda ukuba imigaqo yeSindululo iyaqhubeka ibumba ubomi bamaMerika kufuneka idlulisele kwiinzala ezintsha. Oku kubandakanya okungaphezulu kunokufundisa nje izibakala zembali; kufuna ukunceda ulutsha luqonde indlela ezi migaqo ezisebenza ngayo kwiingxaki zanamhlanje kwaye lulunike amandla okuba abemi abakhutheleyo abanokukwazi ukuqhubela phambili ezi njongo.

Abazali, abafundisi, neenkokeli zebutho labantu banokukhuthaza ukuqondwa kwemigaqo yeSindululo ngokukhuthaza ukucingela ngokugxeka ukulingana namalungelo, ngokunika amathuba okumisela imvume yokudibana kwabantu, ukubonakalisa intlonelo kubo bonke abantu, nokuxubusha iziganeko zangoku ngemigaqo yokusungula. Xa abantu abaselula beqonda ukuba imigaqo yesindululo iyaqhubeka isebenza kubomi nakwikamva labo, banokuba ngabemi abazimisele ukufikelela loo migaqo.

Ukuziphakamisa Okuhlala Kukho

Amanye amabinzana esibhengezo aye aphembelela ngokuthe ngcembe eUnited States, ingakumbi isibhengezo esithi, "Sikholelwa ukuba ezi nyaniso zibonakala, ukuba bonke abantu badalwa belingana, ukuba banikwe nguMdali wabo amalungelo athile angenakuthathwa, ukuba phakathi kwala amanqaku bubomi, inkululeko kunye nokusukela ulonwabo." Nangona iintsingiselo zala mabinzana, kunye neziphelo ezithathwe kuwo, ziye zadityaniswa ngokungapheliyo, esi sibhengezo siye sanceda ukuthethelela ukukhula kwedemokhrasi yezobupolitika nedemokhrasi yaseMelika.

Iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngentsingiselo yesibhengezo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwaso zibonisa amandla aso aqhubekekayo. Kunokuba ibe luxwebhu oluzinzisiweyo lwembali, ihlala ingumbhalo ophilayo isizukulwana ngasinye esimele siwutolike kwaye siwusebenzise kwiimeko ezintsha. Olu phawu lunamandla lunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba esi Sindululo siqhubeke sikhuthaza intsebenziswano yokusesikweni nokulingana ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini emva kokubhalwa kwaso.

Idemokhrasi yomGaqo-siseko ifuna ukuqwalaselwa ngamandla nokuphikisana kwabemi kunye nabameli babo. Ngoko ke, akumele kumangalise ukuba iintsingiselo neentsingiselo zeSibhengezo senkululeko nemigaqo yaso ziye zancinwa zaza zaphikiswa ukutyhubela imbali. Ezi ngxoxo aziyomiqondiso yobuthathaka besibhengezo kodwa zibubungqina bamandla ahlalayo okubumba ubomi bezobupolitika nezentlalo yamaMelika.

Isiphelo: Ukuphila ngeMithetho yeSibhengezo

Isibhengezo semicimbi yenkululeko kubomi bemihla ngemihla ngenxa yokuba imigaqo yaso iyaqhubeka ichaphazela indlela amaMerika awaqonda ngayo amalungelo, ukulingana, okusesikweni, kunye nolwalamano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwabantu norhulumente. Ukusuka emsebenzini ukuya kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu, ukusuka kumathuba okufundisa ukuya kulungelelaniso loluntu, impembelelo yesiSindululo ichaphazela ibutho lamaMerika ngeendlela ezininzi.

Kanti ubuchule boMndululo budlulela ngaphaya kwempembelelo yalo engokwembali. Bunika isiseko sokuvavanya iingxaki zale mihla kunye nesigama sokufuna okusesikweni nokulingana. Xa abantu becela imigaqo yesindululo ekulweni amalungelo nesidima, babonisa ukuba olu xwebhu lwenkulungwane ye-18 lusesona sixhobo esinamandla sotshintsho lwama-21 enkulungwane.

Umahluko phakathi kwenjongo yesibhengezo kunye nenyaniso yaseMelika uye waba ngumthombo wezigqibo zobuhlanga kunye nefuthelo kwimbali yonke. Kunokuba uthobe intsingiselo yoxwebhu, lo msantsa ukhuthaze izizukulwana zamaMelika ukuba zisebenzele ekwenzeni izithembiso zawo zibe zezokwenene kubo bonke abantu. Umgudu oqhubekayo wokufumana umbono weSindululo wokulingana namalungelo angenakususwa uyaqhubeka uqhubela phambili inkqubela yoluntu notshintsho.

Ekugqibeleni, iSindululo seMigaqo yeNkqutyana yeNkqutyana yobomi bemihla ngemihla ngenxa yokuba sichaza iinyaniso ezisisiseko ngesidima somntu, ukulingana, namalungelo ahlala efanelekile namhlanje njengaxa avakaliswa kuqala. Ngokuyiqonda le migaqo kwaye ngokusebenza ngenkuthalo ukuyisebenzisa ebomini bemihla ngemihla, abantu banokuhlonela ilifa leSindululo ngexa benceda ekudaleni ibutho labantu elinobulungisa nelilinganayo. Uxwebhu oluhlala lunentsingiselo engokwembali lungaphelelangaphelelanga nje kwintsingiselo yalo kodwa kumandla alo aqhubekayo okukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwekamva elingcono.

Abathathi nxaxheba

  • Yamkela ukulingana okungokwemvelo: Baphathe bonke abantu ngesidima nangentlonelo, uvuma ukuba wonke umntu unexabiso elisisiseko nakanjani na imeko okanye imvelaphi yakhe.
  • Comment=Umsebenzi woluntu:[ Uthatha inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi ngokuvota, ukubandakanyeka koluntu, nokuhlala wazi ngemicimbi kawonke-wonke echaphazela uluntu nohlanga lwakho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Amalungelo enkonzo athe ngqwabalala: Ukumela amalungelo akho kunye namalungelo abanye, uqonda ukuba ukukhusela inkululeko kufuna ingqalelo eqhubekayo nokhuseleko olusebenzayo ekungeneni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Bhekisa okusesikweni nokusesikweni: Ukusebenza ukwenza iinkqubo zokulingana emsebenzini, kwizikolo, kuluntu nakwezinye izicwangciso, uqheliselo olucel'ucinezelayo olukhuthaza ukungalingani okanye okungekho sikweni.
  • ukuthatha inxaxheba kwingxoxo yolwazi: Ukuthatha inxaxheba ekucingisiseni ngedemokhrasi ngentsingiselo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yokuseka, uqonda ukuba ulawulo-melo olusempilweni lufuna ingxubusho enzima nengxoxo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ithuba elilinganayo: Umxhasi wemigaqo kunye nezenzo ezinika bonke abantu amathuba alungileyo okuphumelela nokuphumelela, kungakhathaliseki ukuba baqala phi ebomini.
  • Ifundisa izizukulwana zexesha elizayo: ukunceda abantu abaselula baqonde imigaqo yeSindululo kunye nokubaluleka kwaso kwangaxeshanye, ukubanika amandla okuba abemi abathembisiweyo abathwala ezi njongo phambili.
  • urhulumente umele aphendule: Ukufuna ukuba mhlophe, ukusabela, kunye nokuhlonela amalungelo avela kumaqumrhu karhulumente, ekhumbula ukuba igunya elisemthethweni lifumaneka ngokuvuma kwabalawulwa.

Oovimba Bokufunda Okungakumbi

Abo banomdla wokuphanda ubhengezo lwenkululeko kunye nolwakhe ulwando olunzulu, kukho oovimba abaninzi. Abalawuli bobuzwe banika unikezelo kuxwebhu lwantlandlolo kunye nomongo wembali kunye nezinto zokufundisa. [ uMgaqo-siseko wohlanga [ unika iinkqubo kunye nezibonelelo ezibucala unxulumano phakathi koMgaqo-siseko kunye nolawulo.

Amaziko afundisayo afana ne Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History anikela ubuncwane bobugcisa obuhlola umongo wembali weSindululo kunye nempembelelo eqhubekayo. Abo banomdla kwindlela imigaqo yeSindululo exonxiweyo exonxiweyo ngayo imibutho yamalungelo abantu, i- iLibrary yeBhunga leBhunga-ngqungquthela [ igcina uqokelelo oluphezulu lwemithombo ephambili kunye neemveliso zembali.

Ukusebenzisa la maxwebhu asekelwe kumaxwebhu akhoyo kunye nokubaluleka kwawo. Ukusebenzisa ezi zinto kunokusenza siyiqonde ngakumbi indlela imigaqo yeSindululo eqhubeka ibutshintsha ngayo ubomi bamaMerika yaye kusinika izixhobo zokusebenzisa le migaqo yonke imihla.

ISibhengezo senkululeko sisasele siluxwebhu oluphilayo olunemigaqo eqhubeka icel ’ umngeni, ikhuthaza, yaye ikhokela amaMerika ekuphuthumeni kwawo umbutho ofezekileyo. Ngokuqonda ukubaluleka kwawo okuhlala kuhleli nokusebenza kwawo ngenkuthalo ukuze asebenzise iinjongo zawo kubomi bemihla ngemihla, abantu banokuba negalelo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba idinga lawo lokulingana, inkululeko nokusesikweni liyinto engenakuthelekiswa nanto kubantu bonke.