Isakhiwo sikarhulumente wase-United States sakhiwe kwinkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisela, okuyimfuneko ukuze kulondolozwe inkululeko yethu. Urhulumente wahlulwe waba ngamasebe amathathu: iSigunya, iSilawuli, kunye ne-Gawulayo. Isebe ngalinye linamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye neembopheleleko ezisebenza kunye ukukhusela amalungelo abemi kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba akukho lungu linamandla kakhulu. Le ndlela ayiyongozi . `ibonisa iinkulungwane zengcinga zobupolitika namava asebenzayo, kwaye lihlala lingumbombo wenkululeko yaseMelika.

Isiseko Samandla Embali

Ingcamango yokwahlula amandla karhulumente abe ngamasebe ahlukeneyo yayikukunduluka okugqithisileyo kwinkqubo ye-monarchy ye-18-century Europe. Isithandi sobulumko saseFransi [[FLT: 0] uMentesquieu, emsebenzini wakhe Umoya woMthetho [[ [1748], waphikisa ukuba inkululeko igcinwe kakuhle xa uwiso-mthetho, isigqeba, kunye namandla okugweba ebambelwe yimizimba eyahlukeneyo. Abaququququzeli baseMelika, ingakumbi uJames Magnes noAlexander Hamil, bafunde ngenyameko iMontesquieus. [FLD:] Firelist.[FFFM],[5], i-Madison, ibhalwe ngokudumile, “iAmele i-A.

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., wagunyaziswa ngo-1788, wahlulwa amandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo. Abaseki babesoyika ukuxinezeleka kwamandla ngaphezu kokuba babesoyika. Bayila inkqubo eya kucotha ekwenzeni izigqibo kwaye ifune ukuvumelana, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nxamnye nobuzwilakhe bolawulo oluninzi okanye umlawuli omnye. Namhlanje, esi sakhiwo siyaqhubeka sibumba iingxoxo zezobupolitika ezimalunga namandla obungabaphathi, abaphathi bemithetho elawulayo, amaqela ewerula umthetho, kunye ne-dictriv lowiso.

Isebe Lomthetho: Ilizwi Labantu

Isebe loMthetho, elikwabizwa ngokuba Ikhonkile, ingunoxanduva lokwenza imithetho. Liyilwe ngamagumbi amabini: Indlu yabameli neNdlu yeNdlu. Esi sakhiwo se-bimedral siqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uqwalaselwe ngocoselelo kwaye uxutyushwe phambi kokuba ube ngumthetho. Indlu, namalungu ayo angama-435 ahlulwe ngabantu, yenzelwe ukubonakalisa ukuthanda kwabantu okukhawulezileyo. Indlu, enamalungu amabini asuka kwilizwe ngalinye, inika uvavanyo kwiminqweno ethandwayo kwaye ikhusela izilangazelelo zamazwe amancinane.

Amagunya Neembopheleleko Zengqungquthela

IBhunga linegunya lesingxobo semali, okuthetha ukuba lilawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali nerhafu karhulumente. Lingaboleka imali, lilawule urhwebo oluphakathi kwesizwe, liqalise imfazwe, liphakamise imikhosi. Ngomsebenzi walo wokukhokela, iBhunga lihlola izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo, liphulaphule, linyanzelise ubungqina. Amandla okungagunyazi amagosa asekuhlaleni, kuquka uMongameli, ahlala eNdlu, ngoxa iNdlu yeNdlu. La mandla abalulekile ekubekeni amasebe anecala.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yenzelwe ukuba ibe ngabom. Umthetho kufuneka udlulise omagumbi omabini afanayo kwaye utyikitywe nguMongameli (okanye ungenawo umvoti obini wesithathu) ukuze ube ngumthetho. Olu hambo / ukusuka kwiikomiti ukuya kwiingxoxo zomgangatho ukuya kwiikomiti zengqungquthela/imvisiswano zokuba iimbono ezininzi zikhutshwa kwaye umthetho ongenziwa kakuhle uvalwe rhoqo. Ukuze ulwazi olungakumbi ngomthetho wangoku, tyelela Canfornv.

Ukukhusela Inkululeko Ngokumela

ISebe loMthetho linetyala elithe ngqo kubantu. Amalungu eNdlu anyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, kunye nabaququzeleli rhoqo emva kweminyaka emithandathu. Lo mjikelo uthe rhoqo wabenzi bemikhosi yonyulo ozinzileyo abaphulaphulayo oorhulumente bokhetho baze baphendule kwiimfuno ezitshintshayo. IBhunga lidlulise imithetho yengqalelo eyandisa inkululeko eMelika: uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965, uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965, namaMelika oMthetho weNqamshobelo oNxilileyo ka-1990. Ngokumela izilangazelelo neemfuno ezihlukeneyo zomphicotho, iBhunga likhusela umgaqo wenkululeko yobuqu.

Isebe elinolawulo oluphezulu: Isenzo negosa

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu linembopheleleko yokuqinisekisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Likhokelwa nguMongameli, osebenza njengentloko yomthetheli worhulumente kunye noMthetheli-mthetheli-mthetheli wemikhosi. UMongameli unyulwa ngokungangqalanga ngeKholeji ye-Electoral ukwenzela ixesha elineminyaka emine. Ukongeza kuMongameli, isebe eliphetheyo liquka uMongameli ophetheyo, iKhabhinethi (edibene neentloko zamasebe karhulumente afana noRhulumente, iNdawo, iMasi, neJaji) kunye nequmrhu elikhulu lamasebe elisebenza kwisiseko semihla ngemihla.

Amagunya Obuongameli Neembopheleleko

UMongameli unegunya lokulawula umthetho we-veto, kodwa iKhomishini ingawukhupha loo mbandela ngevoti ezimbini-3 emagumbini omabini. UMongameli umisela abagwebi borhulumente, kuquka iiJaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, phantsi koqinisekiso lweNkundla ePhakamileyo. Kwinkqubo yamanye amazwe, uMongameli uququzelela izivumelwano (ofuna iBhunga loMphathi) kwaye usebenza njengesixhobo esisemthethweni solawulo lohlanga. NjengoMthetheli-iNkulumbuso-i-Chiefe, uMongameli angamisa amajoni, nangona iNgqungquthela ekuphela kwayo iyakwazi ukukhupha imfazwe. UMongameli unegunya lokukhupha imiyalelo yemithetho yesebe elilawulayo, elalanisa imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente. Ngoxa imiyalelo yabalawuli ingumatshini abasemthethweni begunyaziwe, ngamanye amaxesha baye baqalisa ingxoxo malunga nemiqatha yemiqatha yamandla olawulo.

IKhabhinethi neZiko loManyano

IKhabhinethi kaMongameli iquka amasebe olawulo oluphezulu ali-15, ngalinye likhokelwa nguNobhala (ngaphandle koSosiba Jikelele, okhokela iSebe lezeMithetho). La masebe, kunye namasebe azimeleyo njengendawo yokusingqongileyo kunye neFederal Reserve, aphumeza umsebenzi wemini-mini karhulumente. Anyanzelisa imithetho, alawula amashishini, anikezela iinkonzo, kwaye akhusela abemi. Umgangatho wesebe eliphetheyo ukhule kakhulu ukususela ekusungulweni, kodwa umsebenzi walo ongundoqo uhlala unjalo: ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yelizwe iphumele ngokuthembeka. Bona isebe eliphetheyo, bona [[FLT:] iWebh Home Home [[FLD]].

Indlela Isebe Elilawulayo Eliyikhusela Ngayo Inkululeko

Isebe elilawulayo likhusela inkululeko ngokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokulinganayo kwaye iinkonzo zikarhulumente zisebenza kakuhle. ISebe Lezobulungisa ligweba ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu lize likhusele umGaqo-siseko. ISebe Lokhuseleko Lomzinzo Wendawo Isebenza ukukhusela uhlanga kwiingozi zangaphandle. Xa kufikelelwa iintlekele zemvelo, i-Federal Emergency Managency Agency (FEMA) inikela uncedo. Ubuchule bukaMongameli bokuthatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza kwiimeko zongxamiseko .

Isebe Lezejaji: Igadi lomGaqo-siseko

ISebe lezeeJaji liyawuchaza lize liwusebenzise umthetho. Liquka inkqubo yeenkundla, neNkundla Ephakamileyo yaseUnited States njengenkundla ephakamileyo. Ijaji iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye amalungelo omntu akhuselwe kwiiqhawe zikarhulumente. Abagwebi bamaPhondo bamiselwa ubomi, besebenza ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, okuzikhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye kuvumela ukuba zenze izigqibo ezisekelwe kumGaqo-siseko nakwimizekelo engokomthetho.

Isakhiwo SeeNkundla Zomanyano

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo inemigangatho emithathu: iinkundla zesithili (iinkundla zetyala), iinkundla zesiphaluka zezobheno (ienkundla zenkundla zesebe eliphethe isebe), kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Kukho iinkundla zesithili ezingama- 94 kunye neziphaluka ezili-13. Iityala ziqala kwinkundla yesithili, apho kunikelwa ubungqina nezigwebo. Izibheno ziviwa yinkundla yesiphalukathi, ehlaziya isicelo senkundla esezantsi somthetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ikhetha ukuba ngawaphi amatyala afanele aviwe (i-i-i-8* i-i-atriaris) kuphela kwityala elibhenele kulo nyaka ngamnye. Izigwebo zeNkundla zimisela izigwebo ezisebenza kulo lonke elo lizwe.

IReagement Review kunye neMarbury v. Madison

Amandla amakhulu eSebe lezeejaji linegunya lokuvakalisa imithetho kunye nezenzo ezilawulayo ezingekho sigqeba. Eli gunya, elaziwa ngokuba [[FLT: 0]] luhlolo lweziko lesizwe , lasekwa kwimo ye-18803] kwityala letyala [] uMarbury v. Madison[. IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall wabhala ukuba “kugxininiswa kakhulu kwephondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe lejaji ukuchaza oko umthetho. Ukususela ngoko, iNkungamela ephakamileyo ibethelele phantsi amalungu orhulumente nombuso wemithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko, kuquka imiqathango yesizwe, imiqathango yokuthetha ngokukhululekile, nemiqathango ekufuneka ilungiswe kwamanye amasebe. Uphengululo luhlalulo olufanelekileyo.

Izigqibo zeNkundla zinokuba neziphumo ezinzulu kwinkululeko. Umzekelo, Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), iNkundla yaphelisa ukwahlukana okusemthethweni kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. [ Roe v. [[FLT][FLT]][3] [197]] ne [[FLT:] Dobs v. Jackson'Akãi's Health Organization [[FLT:] [2022], amalungelo eNkuqhathamo. [[FLT] [FLT]] [FLT] .[59]

Indima Yeenkundla Ezisezantsi

Iinkundla ezininzi zephondo eziphantsi zisingatha amatyala amaninzi abandakanya umthetho karhulumente. Ziva iimpikiswano ngamalungelo abantu, ukugunyaziswa kwamalungelo, ukuwiswa kwamalungelo emali, ulwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni, kunye norhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo. Iinkundla zezorhulumente zisingatha imicimbi emininzi yemihla ngemihla engomthetho, kodwa iinkundla zephondo zinikela imvume yokuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu ufumana ityala elifanelekileyo kwaye imithetho isetyenziswa rhoqo, izenzo zeSebe lezeJaji njengenkuselo elibalulekileyo kwisenzo sorhulumente esisesikweni.

Inkqubo yeepeksi nolungelelwano olusemngciphekweni

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ibalulekile ekusebenzeni korhulumente wase-U.Isebe ngalinye liyakwazi ukulinganisela amandla amanye amasebe, lithintele naliphi na isebe ukuba libe namandla kakhulu. Le nkqubo ayicingwanga ngokuphindiweyo ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika.

Ingqwalasela yoMthetho kwiSebe eliphetheyo neSikolo

IBhunga lingayisusa i-veto engomongameli kunye noninzi oluzii-3 ezimbini kumagumbi omabini. Ilawula uqingqo-mali, okuthetha ukuba lungaphelisa iinkqubo ezingathandwayo okanye amaqumrhu. Indlu yeNdlu mayiqinisekise ukumiswa komongameli, kuquka amalungu eKhabhinethi, iijaji ze-orhulumente, kunye nee-arhente. IBhunga lingamjikela uMongameli lize lisuse uMongameli, uMongameli, kunye namanye amagosa orhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga lingacebisa ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko ukubhukuqanda izigqibo zeNkukhosi Ephakamileyo, nangona oku kufuna ii-imithathu zevoti ezimbini kwimivoti yomibini namagumbi amathathu alo.

Icandelo elilawulayo lihlola iMithetho neSikolo

UMongameli angawumisela umthetho odluliselwe yiNgqungquthela. UMongameli ukwanamandla okukhupha imiyalelo kunye nokuxolelwa (ngaphandle kwamatyala angagunyaziswanga). Njengomphathi wesebe elilawulayo, uMongameli angaphembelela ukugcinwa komthetho okuphambili aze amisele inkqubo yokumiswa kolawulo lweziko. UMongameli umisela abagwebi bephondo, kuquka nabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, ababumba ijaji yejaji kangangamashumi eminyaka. NgeSebe leJaji, uMongameli angagqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala okumangalelwa nokukhusela imithetho yesizwe enkundleni.

Ukuhlolisisa Umthetho Nolawulo

INkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa zombini imithetho yequmrhu kunye nezenzo zegunya ezingavumelaniyo nemithetho. Ngokwenjenjalo, iyayitshitshisa ize imisele umzekelo ofaka isiqinisekiso soburhulumente bexesha elizayo. INkundla ikwacombulula iimpikiswano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente kunye namazwe. Eli gunya lokuhlola ityala liyiqhinga elinamandla, kodwa lilinganiselwe ngenxa yesibakala sokuba iNkundla ayinakukwazi ukunyanzelisa izigqibo zayo, yaye ixhomekeke kwisebe eliphetheyo ukuwathwala.

Imizekelo Yokuhlola Nokulungelelana

Ngo-1997, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yayalela uMongameli Nixon ukuba akhuphe iikhasethi zeWatergate, nto leyo eyamkhokelela ekurhoxisweni kwakhe. Ngo-1998, uMongameli uBill Clinton wanyanzelwa yiNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlu yaseShulumente yaza wakhululwa yiNdlu. Ngo-2020, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yaxhasa uMthetho weNkundla Ephakamileyo weNtonela Izenzo Zokulwano eMkhosi kaRhulumente (DACA), kodwa kamva yayalela ukuba amasebe angayi kunyanzeliswanga ngokomthetho. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba akukho komiti isebenza ngedemonidi ephakamileyo isebenza ngokuchasene nomkhosi. Ngo-20202020, iNkuphembelelo lomthetho weCandelo lweCandelo loLawulo lweNtlalo (DACA), igqibe inkqubo yokuhlawula i-Avens).

Indlela Isebe Ngalinye Eliyikhusela Ngalinye Inkululeko

Ukuqonda indima yesebe ngalinye likarhulumente kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela inkululeko yethu ekhuselwa ngayo. Isebe ngalinye lifak ’ isandla kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba umelo lusebenza, ngokumisela imithetho nokuyitolika kakuhle loo mithetho.

Ukhuseleko loMthetho: umelo neNkqubo elindelekileyo

IGazethi yeSebe linika abantu ilizwi. Ngonyulo, ngonyulo, iziko linokwenza ukuba abamisi-mthetho baphendule ngezenzo zabo. IBhunga linamandla okuchaza nokukhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye ngomthetho. Imithetho enxamnye nocalucalulo, ukhuseleko lwemekobume, kunye nezokhuselo lwabathengi zonke zivela kwiBhunga. Inkqubo yemithetho-mthetho ifuna ingxoxo, inguquko, kunye nokulalanisa, nto leyo enceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ayiyinyathisi inkululeko esisiseko. Imfuneko yokuba zonke iindleko zemali zivele kwiNdluvo zabemi abaqhelekileyo inika amagosa erhafunweni. Indima yeNtsimbi yezo yokuqinisekisa ukuba abo bachaza umthetho imigaqo iqinisekisa ukuba abaqhuba ubuchule nokungakhethi.

Ukhuseleko olunolawulo oluPhezulu: Ukuthobela imithetho noKhuseleko lweSizwe

ISebe eliLawulayo likhusela inkululeko ngokuthembeka ekwenzeni imithetho edlulayo. Ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga lisebenza ngokuthembeka. Ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa, amalungelo abhalwe ephepheni akasebenzi. ISebe leJaji lihlola lize litshutshise ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthiyileyo, kunye nobuqhetseba. UMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya ekwandiseni ukhuseleko, njengoko uMongameli Truman wenza ukuphelisa umkhosi noMongameli Obama, ukwenza ukhuseleko lwabaphambukeli abangabhalwanga phantsi kwe-DACA. Isebe eliphetheyo likwakhusela uhlanga kwizisongelo zamanye amazwe, nto leyo ekufuneka lukhululwe. Noko ke, amandla olawulo kufuneka ahlale kwimidali yomthetho; yiloo nto izenzo zikaMongameli ziphantsi koluvoluko lobungameli ziphantsi koluvo lwama.

Ukukhusela Ijaji: IGuardian Ngokunxamnye Nobutshinga

ISebe lezeeJaji likhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngokucaciswa ngokufanelekileyo nangamandla okuhlola ngokusesikweni. Xa umthetho okanye isenzo esiphezulu siphula umGaqo-siseko, iinkundla zingawubetha. IBhili yamaLungelo, kuquka inkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, ushicilelo, indibano, nokukhusela ukuphengululwa okungekho ngqiqweni, inyanzeliswa ngokuyintloko kwiinkundla. Ijaji iqinisekisa ukuba kwanabona bantu babuthathaka kakhulu banendawo yokufuna okusesikweni. Imigaqo efanelekileyo yeMiqathango yeSihlanu neSindululo seWane, njengoko ichazwa ziinkundla, ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele imigaqo esesikweni phambi kokuba ahlube nabani na ophilayo, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Ngokusebenza njengomziphathisi-mikhosi ozimeleyo, i-judicariary ikhusela kwii-morentiast.

Isiphelo: Indima Yommi Ekulondolozeni Inkululeko

Isebe ngalinye likarhulumente linendima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni inkululeko esiyinandiphayo njengabemi. Amasebe eMithetho, abaphathi, kunye namaJaji asebenza kunye ukuqinisekisa ukuba igunya lilungelelanisiwe kwaye amalungelo omntu ngamnye ayakhuselwa. Ukuqonda esi sakhiwo kubalulekile kubo bonke abemi, ngenxa yokuba inkululeko ayinakuxhaswa ngamaziko kuphela, kufuneka ukuba abantu babe nenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo.

Abami kufuneka basebenzise ilungelo labo lokuvota kukhetho ngalunye, ukusuka kwiibhodi zesikolo zasekuhlaleni ukuya kutsho kumongameli. Kufuneka bahlale bezazi ngezenzo zabameli babo baze baphendule ityala labo. Banokuba nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu ngokubandakanyeka kwiijaji, ngokuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke wonke, ngokuqhagamshelana namalungu abo eBhunga, bade baququzelele isikhundla. Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela isebenza kakuhle xa abantu bebophelelekile yaye bephaphile.

Ukufunda okungakumbi ngendlela urhulumente wakho asebenza ngayo nendlela onokubandakanyeka ngayo, tyelela USUSA.gov. Ugcino lwenkululeko yethu luxanduva olwahlulweyo --engangolwamasebe amathathu karhulumente, kodwa nakumntu wonke waseMelika.