Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States asiyonto nje yokusungula umGaqo-siseko wesithethe; sintetho edityanisiweyo yenjongo yesizwe eqinisekisile ukuma koluntu lwaseMerika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Ngamagama angamashumi amahlanu anesibini, abaqali bamisela ingxubeko yentanda-bulumko yeli phondo: okusesikweni, ukuthoba, ukukhusela, intlalo-ntle-ntle, kunye nenkululeko. Kodwa iPregatoring asiyonto i-ojijijini. Ulwimi lwayo — ingakumbi ibinzana lokuqala elithi “Thina bantu" — liye lasetyenziswa kuyo yonke imilo engundoqo yokubalabala “abantu” kwaye kuthethwa ntoni ukwakha“ i-Oklomo yomanyano olugqibeleleyo. Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba iPregatoring siqhubekele ukubunjwa kwemeko lwaseMelika, izihloko zayo, iziqumvo zayo, iindima zayo eziphambili, imfundo zomthetho, kunye nobomi babantu.

Intsingiselo Yesiqalo Sembali

IGatya lokuDala labhaliswa ekupheleni kwehlobo lonyaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asixhenxe anesixhenxe, likhokelwa yiKomiti yeNdlela, nguGouverneur Morris, owayenoxanduva lokubhalwa kwentetho yokugqibela. Yayingeyonxalenye yeengxoxo zoqobo kwiConvention yezomGaqo-siseko; endaweni yoko, yavela njengendlela eya [ku- i-extlatein[ igunya lomGaqo-siseko nenjongo kuluntu oluthandabuzayo. Imithetho yeConfederation yasilela ngenxa yokuba ingenagunya elisembindini. UPregqulus wasolulela oku ngokufumana urhulumente omtsha kumthombo omnye womthetho: abantu ngokwabo.

Abaseki basebenzisa kakhulu ingcamango yezopolitiko ze-Profection, ingakumbi ingcamango kaJohn Locke yolawulo oludumileyo kunye nemontesquieu iingcamango zakhe ngokwahlukana kwamagunya. UJames Madison wabhala kuFederali No. 45 ukuba urhulumente omtsha wafumana amagunya akhe “kubantu” kwaye“ waye exhaswa ngabantu abaphethe ii-ofisi zabo ngexesha lolonwabo, ixesha elilinganiselweyo, okanye ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle.” UPregitorio wakwenza oku: uMgaqo-siseko wawungeyonto edibene phakathi kwamazwe kodwa isenzo“ sabantu baseUnited States. Oku kwakukukurhoxa oku enkulu kwiMiba, eyayiqale ngo- “Tyethuthuba ababekileyo abangaphantsi komsebenzi waseUnited States.”

Uluhlu lweenjongo ezintandathu — “ukuyila umanyano olugqibeleleyo ngakumbi, ukuseka uBume obusemgangathweni, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwasekhaya, ukulungiselela ukukhusela okuqhelekileyo, nokukhusela iNkululeko yeNkululeko” — lwalungaxhomekekanga. Ibinzana ngalinye lalithetha ukungaphumeleli okukhethekileyo kwamanqaku omanyano: ukunqongophala kwesizwe esimanyeneyo, ukungakwazi ukusombulula iingxabano zangaphakathi, isisongelo esizingisileyo sobugrogrisi (njengeNxasonganiso kaShays), kunye nokungabikho komkhosi okanye inkqubo yemali yesizwe. Babophelele, bonke bebophelele, bebophelele intetho kurhulumente entsha.

Kubalulekile, iNgcaso yenziwe ngobuchule ukunqanda udweliso lwamandla athile. Esikhundleni salo, isalathisi sinika isilanga esisetyenziswayo ekumele sichazwe. Njengoko iSigqeba esiyintloko uJohn Marshall kamva sibhale kwi [[FLT: 0]] McCulloch v. Maryland [1819], iPregagedge “ingundoqo oluncedo kwiinjongo zabakhiqi." Lo msebenzi wokutolika ubengumbindi womsebenzi osebenzayo kumsebenzi ohlala uhleli.

“ Thina bantu base-United States, ngokokulandelelana siseka iManyano egqibeleleyo, uJaji, ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwasekhaya, ukulungiselela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza iNtlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zeNtshuluko kuthi ngokwethu kunye neNdlela yethu, simisela lo mGaqo-siseko we-United States of America.” ( Ugcino-mali lwesizwe )]

Ibinzana Eliyintloko Nempembelelo Yalo Yale Mihla

“ Thina Bantu”

Akukho binzana kubomi bezobupolitika baseMerika linentsingiselo engaphezulu kunethi “Thina bantu.” Lisisiqinisekiso esisisiseko solawulo oluqhelekileyo: ukuba onke amagunya karhulumente asuka kubemi, kungekhona kukumkani okanye kwilungu eliphezulu elikude. Kodwa obala "Abantu” baye bancinwa kakhulu kuyo yonke imbali yamaMelika. UmGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo wawungaquki amabhinqa, ama-Afrika angeniswe ebukhobokini, okanye amaMelika amaIndiya ngeli xesha — ukanti ulwimi lwamafashoni lwakha umgangatho wokuziphatha nowokuphendula ozakuba imigaqo kamva isebenzisela ukubiza i-mente.

Abaphelisi, ababhaliswa, nabaxhasi bamalungelo abantu bonke babhenela ku- “Thina bantu” njengesithembiso esiza kuzaliseka. UFrederick Douglas, kwintetho yakhe yowe-1852 ethi:“Yiyiphi ikhoboka lesine?” wadanduluka esithi uMgaqo-siseko wawuluxwebhu“ oluzukileyo” ngokucacileyo kuba iSihlomelo sawo asizange sikhankanye uhlanga — kwaye ngenxa yoko sinokuthi siphinde sichazwe kwakhona siquke bonke abantu. Unyaka we-14, oqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko nobumi obulinganayo, unokuthi ekugqibeleni ulungelelanise isigungu somGaqo-siseko nesithembiso esiqulukileyo soPrega. Namhlanje, “Abantu bayakwazi ukukhupha isikhalo sokukhuthaza amalungelo orhwaphiselwa kwelinye ilizwe, ukrwelo, ulawulo lwezizwe.

“ Ukwakha iManyano egqibeleleyo”

Ibinzana elithi “imanyano egqibeleleyo kakhulu” liyavuma ukuba i-Union eyakhiwa ngowe-1787 yayingafezekanga — kwaye ayizange ibe yeyona nto igqibeleleyo. Abaseki basebenzisa “egqibeleleyo” njengothelekiso, hayi identi epheleleyo. Eli gama linye ladala iprojekthi eqhubekayo yohlanga: ukusoloko luzabalazela uhlobo olungcono lwalo. Imfazwe ye-Civil, i-Reconstanton, i-New Deal, kunye namalungelo abantu zizahluko zonke kumzamo oqhubekayo wokwenza i-Union igqibeke.

Kwintetho yanamhlanje, “i-Union egqibeleleyo kakhulu” isoloko ikhankanywa ngoomongameli kunye nabagwebi. Intetho ka-Barack Obama yowama-2008 yohlanga yayinalo elo lungelo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yawabhekisa amabinzana kwiimeko ezibandakanya uburhulumente, njenge iUnited States v. Lopez [19595] kunye [FLT] ne-Monational Federation of Independent Business v. Selius[FLT] , ukutolika umlinganiselo wamandla orhulumente. Uqhutlo olugqibeleleyo lwe-Roselgo .

“ Zigcineni Iintsikelelo Zenkululeko”

Inkululeko kwiSihloko asiyonkululeko epheleleyo kodwa inkululeko eyayalelwa ngumthetho kwaye ikhuselwe “wena kunye noPosi yethu.” Olu lwimi lujongwa phambili lusebenzisa isizukulwana ngasinye ukugcina nokwandisa inkululeko kumaMelika exesha elizayo. Inkululeko kaPregail iye yasetyenziswa kwiimeko zenkululeko yasekuhlaleni, kuquka [[FLT: 0] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo [1954] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] kunye bergeb v. Hodges (20).20) (20).

Ngaphezu koko, “ukukhusela iintsikelelo zeNkululeko” kusisixhobo esiphikisana namalungiselelo okhuseleko lwesizwe. Uxinzeleleko phakathi kwenkululeko nokhuseleko belusoloko lungomxholo ophindwayo kwimbali yaseMerika, ukusuka kwiAlien neSedition Acts ukuya kuMthetho wePatriot. IPregary ayisombululi eso sidimanisayo; inika isiseko sokuxoxa ngayo.

Ukubuyiselwa

Namhlanje, isiqalo sisasetyenziswa ekuchazeni phantse yonke impikiswano engundoqo yomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. Ngenxa yokuba ichaza iinjongo zikarhulumente — okusesikweni, ukuzola, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle, inkululeko — inika umgangatho wokugweba ngawo imithetho nemigaqo-siseko. Xa ingxubusho yemithetho yezempilo, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, okanye ukufuduka, ngokusisiseko ibuza: ngaba oku kukhuthaza intlalo-ntle jikelele? Ingaba ikhusela inkululeko? Ingaba imisela okusesikweni?

Isiqalo sikwafezwe nakumthetho weNkundla Ephakamileyo yakutshanje. kwiSebe loKhuseleko lwasekhaya ku- v. Regents zeYunivesithi yaseCalifornia[[FLT:] [20], iNkundla yaqwalasela ukuququzelelwa kolawulo lweTrump lwe-DACA. Nangona isigqibo sasisekelwe kwi-Administrative Procedure Act, inkcacaza imbono ezibhekiselele kwimbopheleleko kaPregnigarty yokuzibopha inkululeko." kunye “intlalo-ntle." Okwangoku, amatyala eGgerryderman, ukuvota, kunye netyala yezemali i-mali iphakamisa imibuzo yokuba urhulumente uqhuba ngenene kusini na kuMdlalo ka-“Twethu.

Impembelelo yePregagedge idlulela ngaphaya kweenkundla. Yingongoma eqhelekileyo kwintetho zobupolitika, imeko yeedilesi zomanyano, kwanemiqondiso yokuqhankqalaza. Ibinzana elithi “Thina bantu” sivela kwizakhiwo zorhulumente nakwimibhiyozo yendalo. ISiko somGaqo-siseko sesizwe sesixhobo sokwazisa ngegalelo esinentsebenziswano ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bahlolisise ibinzana ngalinye ngobunzulu, libonise indlela iPregegnow efundiswa ngayo neqondwa ngayo njengoxwebhu oluphilayo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwemfundo Neziko

Isiqalo sesinye sezibhalo zokuqala ezifundiswa kumagumbi okufundela asekuhlaleni eMelika. Abafundi bayazimba ngentloko, bahlalutya intsingiselo yayo, baze bayinxulumanise neziganeko zangoku. [[FLT: 0] Inxulumaniswe neCUVIC Education iquka isiqalo sesiqalo kwizifundo zayo ezithi “Thina bantu” eziye zasetyenziswa zizigidi zabafundi. Ukucaphula isihlo phambi kodidi okanye indibano yesikolo kuqinisa ukuzinikela kunye kwinjongo yokumiselwa kwesizwe.

Imisitho yokuzimela izinto zemvelo ikwanendawo ephambili. Abahlali abatsha badla ngokucelwa ukuba bayifunde ngokuvakalayo, okanye ifundwe yijaji. Le nkqubo igxininisa ukuba ukuba ngumMelika kuthetha ukungangeni amalungelo kodwa kwaneembopheleleko eziboniswa ziinjongo zokuqala. ISebe loLawulo loluntu nelokuHlalisa i-Immigration liquka isiqalo kwizinto zalo zokuvavanya indalo.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni nemibutho yasekuhlaleni maxa wambi bagcina “ukufunda isaziso” ngomhla woMgaqo-siseko (September 17). Ezi ziganeko zidibanisa amalungu oluntu azo zonke iiminyaka ukuze aqinisekise iinjongo zesiseko sohlanga. Kwixesha lengingqi, iDaggethi inika izizathu ezinqabileyo: abantu abakhululekileyo nabatyebileyo bangafumana ulwimi oluqinisekisa umbono wabo weMelika.

Ukucaciswa Kwezigwebo Negunya Lentshayelelo

Nangona isiqalo singaniki gunya okanye amalungelo akhethekileyo, iinkundla zikudala ziyisebenzisa njengesikhokelo esichazayo. Kwimeko yokuqala, shishom v. Georgia (1793), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yacaphula iSihloko sokuxhasa imbono yokuba umGaqo-siseko wawusisenzo sobukhosi sabantu, hayi umanyano lwamazwe. IJaji James Wilson yabhala: “Ukuqala kumisela ukuba umGaqo-siseko wamiselwa kwaye wasekwa ngabantu baseUnited States. Abantu, ngoko, bangabaphathi bokwenyaniso belizwe.

Amatyala alandelayo acoca indima yePregail. Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905), iNkundla yaxhasa imithetho yokugoma enyanzelisayo, iphawula ukuba “intlalo-ntle” kwiPregagegery ivumela amajelo okulawula izinto ukuze zilunge. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. [196], Justice Sutherland wacaphula iPreaget njengobungqina bokuba urhulumente urhulumente unegunya kwimicimbi yasemzini. Abanye asemthethweni baphikisa ukuba iPregquageargeotive inikeza inkqubo yemintya yokugqiba le mbono yomgaqo we-global, nangona le mbono iphikisa.

Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwayo ngamathuba athile, igalelo alinyanzeliswanga ngokwalo. Njengoko iNkundla Ephakamileyo yathetha ku uJacobson, “isiqalo asinakusetyenziswa, ukwenza amandla anganikwanga.” Kodwa amandla ayo okuphendula angenakuphikwa. Xa umgwebi okanye ummisi-mthetho ebongoza usithi “Thina bantu” okanye“Mbutho ogqibeleleyo,” basebenzisa imiqathango enzulu yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika.

Ukuqalisa Njengomkhosi Omanyanisayo Kwixesha Elahluleleneyo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ibutho labantu baseMerika liye lakhula ngokuya liqhekeka. Ukuthembana kwamaziko kuye kwancipha, kwaye iimpikiswano ngentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko ziye zakhula. Kodwa isiqalo sihlala siyindawo enqabileyo yokuvumelana. NgokweZiko lophando lwe-Pew[[FLT: 1] lifunda ngolwazi lomgaqo-siseko, uninzi lwamaMelika lungachaza “Thina bantu” njengamagama okuqala omGaqo-siseko, kwaye inkoliso ibonakalisa ukuvunywa okunamandla kwemigaqo echazwe kwiPregnig.

Amandla ePregedge amanyeneyo axhomekeke kwimisebenzi yawo eqhelekileyo. Ayilawuli iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo; imisela usukelo phantse bonke abantu baseMerika abaluxhasayo: okusesikweni, uxolo, ukuzikhusela, intlalo-ntle, inkululeko. Kakade ke, abantu abavumelani ngendlela yokufikelela ezo njongo, kodwa iPregedge ikhumbuza abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwishishini elinye. Yiyo le nto idla ngokufundwa kwiziganeko ezingokwezipharti, ezifana nokunikezelwa komongameli kunye nezithethe zendalo. Isebenza njengesivumelwano sesizwe — isifutshayelelo esifutshane, intetho engenakulibalekiweyo yoko uhlanga lukunqwenelayo.

Ngaphezu koko, ulwimi lwesihlomelo sezahluko (“kuthi ngokwethu kunye nexesha lethu”) lukhuthaza uluvo olude. Kwisithethe esijoliswe kwiziphumo ezikhawulezileyo, iPregedge icela amaMerika ukuba aqwalasele ilifa aza kulishiyela izizukulwana ezizayo. Olu xanduva lwesizukulwana sexeshana lungundoqo ekuxambuliseni ngemeko yezulu, ityala lesizwe, kunye notshintsho lwemfundo.

Isiphelo

Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. asiyonto nje engokwembali; yintetho ephilayo yenjongo yesizwe. Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo yokuzama ukutshintsha iManqaku oMbutho wokusebenza kwale mihla kwiinkundla, kumagumbi okufundela, nakwizitrato zikawonke-wonke, iPregegedge inike ulwimi olwahlukileyo ukuze kuxoxwe ukuba iMelika inokuba yiyiphi. Amagama ayo angundoqo — “Thina bantu,” imanyano egqibeleleyo ngakumbi,”“ ukukhusela iintsikelelo zeLindla” — iye yabhexwa ngabaGqinisi beNku, iinkokeli zamalungelo abantu, iinkokeli zasekuhlaleni, kunye nabemi abanyanzelela ukuba uhlanga luphile ngokweenjongo zalo.

Njengokuba amaMerika eqhubeka ezamana nemibuzo echaza ukuba ngubani, okusesikweni, kunye nokuba ngamalungu, iNgcaso inika isiseko esihlala ixesha elide. Ayinikezi mpendulo ezilula, kodwa inika imilinganiselo yencoko. Kwixesha lecandelo, iPreggy isikhumbuza ukuba sisengu “Abantu” — kwaye umsebenzi wethu kukuzabalazela umanyano olugqibeleleyo ngakumbi. Yiyo loo nto, ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini emva kokuyila kwayo, iPregeggent iqhubeka ibumba loluntu lwaseMelika namhlanje.