Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela kukwahlula ulawulo lomgaqo-siseko, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye likarhulumente eliqokelela amandla angathintelwayo. Ukusuka kwintanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yokukhanyiselwa nokukhuselwa kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ezi nkqubo zigcine ukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Ngokusasaza igunya phakathi komthetho, ulawulo, namasebe omthetho, nokunika amandla okunqanda abanye, uvavanyo nolungelelwaniso olukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, ukukhuthaza, nokukhusela ukutyhafakelwa kwedemo-mthetho-mthetho, iindlela zobuchule bokusebenza, uphakamiso, uphakamiso, uphando olukhoyo, uvavanyo lwexeshana, kunye noxandukuhlala luhleli kule nkqubo ibalulekileyo.

Isiseko Sophando Nolungelelwano

Iimvelaphi zohlolo nolungelelwano lwengcamango zibuyela emva kwinkcuba - buchopho zakudala njengoAristotle, owalumkisa ngeengozi zamandla oxinzelelo kuMgaqo-siseko wakhe. Noko ke, yayisisithandi sobulumko soluNqalo lwamaFrentshi uBaron de Montesquieu owanika amagunya anamandla anamandla kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka elinamakhulu asixhenxe anesine, uMoya woMthetho . UMontesquieu waphikisa ukuba inkululeko iqinisekiswe kuphela xa umlawuli wesigqeba, kunye nemisebenzi yolawulo lukarhulumente yahlulwa ngokwahlukeneyo ukuze ahlole amanye amagunya. Iingcamango zakhe zibunjwe ngokuthe ngqo ukulungiselela i-U.S., njengoko kuphawulwe nguJamesse-Fedians[Geneclation, "ocean, kwaye ichazwa ngokusesikweni, kunye nengcaciso yezandla, kunye nengcaciso yemithetho e-mo yobulungisa."

UJohn Locke, omnye umqulu wokukhanyiselwa, wanikela ngengcamango yesivumelwano soluntu apho urhulumente exhomekeke ekuvumeni nokuhlonelwa kwamalungelo emvelo. Abaseki baseMerika badibanisa ezi ngcamango namava abo okulawulwa kwelizwe ukuze balwe nephulo apho amabhongo ayeza kulwa nephulo. Njengoko uMadison ngokudumileyo kuFederali No. 51, "Ukuba abantu bebezizithunywa zezulu, akukho rhulumente ebeya kuba yimfuneko. Ukuba iingelosi bezingalawula abantu, hayi ukulawulwa ngaphandle okanye ngaphakathi korhulumente bekungayi kuba yimfuneko. Inkqubo yee-chemetriki kunye nolungelelwano yayizakuba yimvume yokulawula indalo engabantu."indlela eyaziwa kakhulu enokwenza amasebe ahlukeneyo abe netyala, kwanaxa isidima sithe buthathaka.

Indlela Osebenza Ngayo Nolungelelwano Kurhulumente waseUnited States

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela amasebe amathathu alinganayo, ngalinye elinamagunya adwelisweyo kunye nemiqathango ecacileyo. Ukusetyenziswa kwala magunya kudala ulungelelwaniso olunamandla olufuna intsebenziswano, ingxoxo, kunye nokulalanisa. Ngapha koko kukho uvavanyo olungundoqo isebe ngalinye elinokuqhelisela phezu kwamanye.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

IBhunga linegunya lesipaji namandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, liyinika impembelelo enkulu kwisenzo sokulawula. Ingawulawula umgangatho womongameli kunye namaqumrhu amabini anesixa esinesithathu ezindlwini zombini, ivumile okanye ingawufuni umbutho womongameli kunye nezivumelwano (iSenate), kwaye iqalise uhlolo ngokuchasene nomongameli, umongameli, umphathi-gosa-mikhosi, namagosa angoorhulumente. Ngokuva nokuphengulula, iBhunga lolawulo oluphezulu kwaye lifuna ukuphendula. Ngaphezu koko, isebe lowiso-mthetho lingakhupha imithetho elinganisela imigaqo yempatho elawulayo, kunye nesiluleko seBhangebhele elinika ingcebiso nendima ekwabelana namalungu equluntlungwini.

Iingxelo Zomthetho Kwindlu Yomkhosi

IBhunga limisela isakhiwo kunye negunya leenkundla zephondo, ngaphandle kweNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokwayo. Lingacebisa ukuba kulungiswe iinkcazelo zomgaqo-siseko eziza kubhukuqa iinkcazelo zomthetho, kwaye linamandla okukhupha abagwebi bephondo "Owona Matyala Aphezulu kunye nama-Misdeares". IBhunga likwaqinisekisa ukuba oomongameli bakwijaji, limisela icebo lokucoca umntu otolika umthetho. Ngaphezu koko, iBhunga lingaguqula ubungakanani beNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo, ukuxilonga ukuba imbali isetyenziswe ngokuqhelekileyo kodwa isoloko iyisongelo esinamandla kwigunya lokulawula.

Isebe elilawulayo lihlola isebe elinomthetho

Umongameli angawumisela umthetho omiswe yiNgqungquthela, enyanzela abenzi bomthetho ukuba baququzelele umthetho omkhulu kakhulu. Umongameli ukwanamandla okuhlanganisa iKhomishini ukwenzela iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo kunye neKhomishini ukuba la magumbi mabini angakwazi ukuvumelana ngomhla. Ngomyalelo kunye nezibhengezo, umongameli angalathisa amaqumrhu alawulayo ukuba asebenzise inkqubo yomthetho okhoyo /a isixhobo maxa wambi esinwebela imida yenjongo yowiso-mthetho. Okokugqibela, umongameli uneziko lomthetho uyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba umlawuli uyakwazi ukukhusela ukuphamba okanye ukubonelela.

Isebe Eliphetheyo Likhangela Kwijelo

Umongameli ubeka imvume kuzo zonke iijaji zenkundla yesizwe, kuquka nabagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo, ukuba baqinisekiswe ngeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Oku kunika impembelelo enkulu kwisebe eliphetheyo kumsebenzi wokwenziwa nolwalathiso lwezigwebo. Kwakhona umongameli unamandla okunyanzelisa (okanye ukungavumi ukunyanzeliswa) kwemithetho yenkundla, nangona ukungavumi rhoqo ukuphula umthetho. NgeSebe leSigwebo, umphathi angachaza amatyala ngokufutshane ngokusemthethweni aze aphikisane neenkundla, aguqulele iinkcazelo zezomthetho.

Ukuhlolisisa Amasebe Asemthethweni Nanemigaqo

Inkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nenkundla esezantsi yesizwe inamandla okuhlola isigwebo, ``igunya lokuvakalisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezingekho mgaqweni. Eli gunya lamiselwa kwityala lento ephawulayo (1803] uMarbury v. Ngohlalutyo lwezomthetho. Ngomqathango, iinkundla zingayehlisa imimiselo edluliselwe yiBhunga, inyanzelo yegunya eliphetheyo, kwaye zibethelele imimiselo yolawulo. Ijudicary isebenza njengomquzeleli wokugqibela wentsingiselo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko, nangona izigqibo zayo zinokutshintshwa ngomGaqo-siseko okanye zitshintshwe ngokwenziwa okutsha.

Abagwebi abamanyeneyo basebenza kwimiqathango yobomi bonke, beyikhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika ngexesha lokusebenza kwayo. Le nkululeko ibavumela ukuba bachaze umthetho ngaphandle koloyiko lwempindezelo, kodwa ikwathetha ukuba iinguqu kwintanda-bulumko yokugweba zenzeka kancinane. Le nkqubo yokuqinisekisa isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola ukuzimela, iqinisekisa ukuba abatyunjwa bachanekile ngenxa yokusebenza nokuthembeka.

Ukudibanisa kunye namandla e Veto

Umongameli iveto ungomnye wemivotelo ebonakalayo. Xa iKhomishini igqithisa ityala, umongameli angalityobela, okanye alivumele ukuba libe ngumthetho ngaphandle kokutyikitya emva kweentsuku ezilishumi (ukususa umhla weCawa). Iveto ingangatshati ngemivote emibini-mitha ephindwe kane kuzo zombini izindlu. Xa i-Roseba ephezulu edibanisa incoko yababini. Ukuba iKhomishini idibanisa ii-Pronsers ngexesha lemini ezilishumi, i "pocket" isebenza, kwaye ityala lifa lingabuyiselwanga. Lo msebenzi usetyenziswa ngumongameli ngamnye, noFrank Franklin D. Roose i-velt ityala 635 (iiiiiii) kwaye iqhezu elincinci. I-Avetotomags Congresssions Cong, iqwalasela ukukhuthaza ukukhuthaza ukulwanisa kwe-Geneglaneant, kwaye ichaza ukulawula kwe-Melikan.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Lwembali: Ukuhlolisisa Nokulungelelana Okusempilweni

Imbali yaseMerika inika imizekelo emininzi yokuxilonga nokuzinza okusebenzayo njengoko kuyilwe, maxa wambi phantsi koxinzelelo olugqithisileyo. Ezi meko zibonisa ukumelana kwale nkqubo kunye nokungasebenzi kwayo.

Marbury v. Madison (103)

Eli tyala laseka umgaqo wokuhlola okulawulayo. UWilliam Marbury wamiselwa ukuba agwebe umlawuli woxolo nguMongameli John Adams kwiiyure zokugqibela zolawulo lwakhe. Xa umongameli omtsha, uThomas Jefferson, wala ukudlulisela ugunyaziso, uMarbury sud. UJaji omkhulu uJohn Marshall, ebhalela iNkundla ePhakamileyo, wavakalisa ukuba umthetho apho uMarbury wafaka umthetho awuzange uququzelwe ngumthetho, ngaloo ndlela uqinisekisa igunya leNkundla lokuphelisa izenzo zombutho. UMarshall wakuphepha ngobuqhetseba ukungquzulana nomphathi-mthetho ngokulawula iNkundla ukuba ingenagunya, kodwa ngokwenza oko kwabangela ukuba iNkundla yephondo ibe liqulethwe lilo lomthetho wokwanelo lwesebe elilinganayo ngentsingiselo epheleleyo. Esi sigqibo sihlala sisithi eso solawulo oluqinileyo kwinkqubo yokuhlola iMelikan.

Iphulo likaAndrew Johnson (1868)

Emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, uMongameli Johnson wangqubana noRadical Republicans kwiBhunga elikwinkqubo yokuqululisa inkqubo. Ngonyaka we-1867, uKhomishini wagqithisa uMthetho we-Tenure of Office ukuze athintele ukukwazi kukaJohnson ukususa amalungu ekhathemati ngaphandle kwemvume yeBhunga. UJohnson wawuchasa umthetho ngokudubula unobhala weWar Edwin Stanton, ebangela ukungathobeli kwakhe yiNd House of Admistrations. IBhunga lenza ivoti enye incinci, kodwa ingqine ukuvuma kweBhunga ukuba uVumba-mthetho usebenzise ukuqinisekisa ingqwala intloko-ntloko. UJohnson wakwayivalela ukuba ukususwa kwakhe kufune ukususwa kwendlu yoomphathi-matshitshisi, ithinte ukuxhatshazwa kokuxhatshazwa kwegunya elingekho mthethweni.

IScangate yamanzi (1972-1974)

Watergate ingumzekelo ophawulekayo wezi nkonzo zovavanyo nolungelelwano. Emva kophulo kwikomkhulu leKomiti yesizwe yeDemocratic, uMongameli Richard Nixon wazama ukufihla inxaxheba yeNdlu emhlophe. IKhomishini yasungula uphengululo, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela uNixon ukuba akhulule iikhasethi zeOval Office kwi United States v. Nixon[FLT][FLT] [1] [17777]). Ukusondela kufuphi noontanga-okanye abangasayi kurhoxiyo nokususwa, umongameli wokuqala ukwenza njalo. Imeko efuna ukugxininisa indlela umatshini ozimeleyo, umgcini-jikelo we-jinijini, nowongameli ozimeleyobucala angadibana ngayo ukuba abe nomlawuli we-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi ye-ofisi yelizwe.

Inkcitho kaMongameli Clinton (1998-1999)

UMongameli uBill Clinton wacetyiswa yiNdlu ngenxa yokungalungisi nokuthintela okungokwasemthethweni okunxulumene nemeko yakhe noMonica Lewinsky. IBhunga, emva kwetyala, lasilela ukuvalela, lisilela kakuhle kwinani eliziisithathu ezifunekayo. Oku kwabonisa ukuba ukungagunyazi sisixhobo sezobupolitika, hayi esisemthethweni, kwaye iBhunga lendlu lisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola iinjongo eziphambili zendlu. Isehlo kwakhona labalaselisa indima ebalulekileyo yoluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye nesixhobo sokubala isikhutha sokuziphatha okubi kwendlu.

Impikiswano yokungavumelani kweNkundla entsha

UMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt, okhutshiwe zisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ewisa umthetho weNew Declare, wacebisa ukuba kubekho icebo lokudibanisa amatyala amatsha amathandathu kwiNkundla, kwaye iqhinga ngalinye lokulawula elineminyaka engaphezu kwama-70 ubudala eliye lasebenza ubuncinane iminyaka elishumi. Eli cebo labonwa ngokubanzi njengokuhlaselwa kwenkululeko yezomthetho. IBhunga lakwala, kwanoRoosevelt lisilele. Noko ke, isisongelo nje sisenokuba siye saphembelela ukutshintsha kweNkuquluko ngokuphakamisa imithetho entsha ye-Diare. Esi siganeko sisebenza njengentsolo ngendlela imigudu yokuthoba okanye ukuthoba imigaqo yokulawula imigaqo yokuzimela ngokwasemthethweni ephazamisa umgangatho wegunya, kwana nosukelo lwamcimbini womthetho.

Ukubaluleka Kokuxilonga Nokulungelelana

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ayingomgaqo nje ongekho ngqiqweni womgaqo - siseko; inemiphumo ecacileyo ekulawuleni nakwinkululeko.

Ukuthintela Ukucinezelwa

Eyona njongo isisiseko yokuhlola nokulinganisela kukukhusela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni elinye. Ngokuxhobisa isebe ngalinye ngezihlomelo kunye nezixhobo zokuxhathisa abaphangi, le nkqubo yenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuba umlawuli onegunya abamba ulawulo. Akukho mongameli onokuthi angade avakalise imfazwe, akukho nkundla enokunyanzelisa imithetho yalo ngaphandle kwentsebenziswano yegunya, kwaye akukho Komiti elawula ngaphandle kotyikityolo lukamongameli okanye ubuchule obukhulu bokulawula iveto. Oku kusetyenziswa kwegunya kungunobangela oyintloko weUnited States enokuthi iphephe ukulawulwa kwegunya kulawulo lobuzwilakhe obubonwa kwamanye amazwe amaninzi.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano oluthe ngqo lukhusela abemi ngokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yenziwe, inyanzeliswe, kwaye itolikwa kakuhle. Imfuneko yokuvunywa komthetho nge-bidameral, i-veto, kunye nokucaciswa kwayo yonke imiqobo isebenza njengemiqobo yokungxama okanye ukucinezela imithetho. Umzekelo, ijaji ingayibetha imithetho echasene nokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo okanye inkululeko yonqulo, ngelinye ixesha umphathi wesebe angakwamkeli ukunyanzelisa imithetho engekho mthethweni. Inkqubo ikwakhuthaza ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo amancinane ngokunyanzela amaqela amaninzi ukuba alungelelanise iimfuno zawo ukuze afumane imvume evela kwamanye amasebe.

Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Isebe ngalinye lingaba netyala kwabanye ngobuveleli, ukunyanzelisa, uhlolo lomthetho, kunye nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa. Ukuchotshelwa kweendlebe, iingxelo ngokubanzi zabagxeli-mphini, kunye nabatshutshisi abazimeleyo (njengamacebiso akhethekileyo) kudala uludwe lokuziphendulela olubhenca ukuziphatha okubi. Le nkqubo ikwafuna unxibelelwano phakathi kwedilesi yeSizwe se-Union, njengedilesi yoqingqo-mali, kunye nezicelo ezisemthethweni zolwazi oluphakanyiswayo.

Ukhuthazo Lwenkululeko Nokulalanisa

Ngenxa yokuba kungekho sebe linokusebenza lodwa kwimicimbi emininzi, le nkqubo inyanzela ukuxoxa, ukuthelekisa, kunye nokulalanisa. Umthetho kufuneka udlule omabini amagumbi eBhunga, uphumelele ekuhlolweni komongameli, kwaye umelane nocelomngeni lomgaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo yokuzimela, ngelinye ixesha ithe xhathisa kwaye inxunguphalisa, imikhosi eguquguqukayo emele ivalwe. Iziphumo zisoloko zisima ngakumbi kwaye zamkeleka ngokuphandle kunokuba bekuya kubakho kwinkqubo yomgaqo-mthetho omninzi ongathintelwanga.

Ucelomngeni Lwenkqubo

Nangona isebenza ngokulula, inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ijamelana neengcinezelo ezinzulu kule mihla.

Iqhina le-Grid elidityanisiweyo kunye nokuncipha kwemilo

Ngokuya kukhula, amasebe alawulwa ngamaqela aphikisanayo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni i-vetoes iphinde ifumaneke, isiqinisekiso, nokungaphindiswa kwemithetho. ICanten filbuster, yakha yasetyenziswa kakhulu, iye yaba ngumqobo oqhelekileyo, eyenza kube nzima ukudlulisa umthetho osisiseko. Okwangoku, imigaqo engabhalwanga efana “nee-glueplue" yenkqubo yendlu yeBhunga ye-Anglatene'sting" yokugweba okanye isithethe soomongameli ngokuphathelele ukuxilonga intlanganiso-mkhosi siye saphelelwa. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeMerrick Garland yaving'e phantse ngonyaka wonke ivinjwe yiBhunga yeBhunga lika-Alhebean-Intene, ngoxa i-202020 nonogoney Conley Barretts yabaleka kwiiveki ezininzi ngaphambi kokuba unyusoluvo lwalo olunobalwayo.

Ukufikelela okungaphezulu kunye nesenzo esingasetyenziswayo

Abalawuli bobabini baye bandisa ukusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yabalawuli, izivumelwano zolawulo kunye nokubekwa kwemithetho yezolawulo ukudlula kwiBhunga. Umzekelo, uMongameli Barack Obama’s Defered Action for Childhood Avels (DACA) inkqubo, uMongameli Donald Trump's Trump ukuvalwa kohambo, kunye noMongameli uJoe Biden obolekisa imali yokuxolela ngabafundi ngamnye eceba ukumelana neengxaki ezisemthethweni kunye nemithetho yenkundla eyavavanyanisa imida yamandla olawulo oluphezulu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo [FTLT:0]Trump v. United States) ugunyaziso olubanzi lwezenzo ezisemthethweni, uxanduva olubheke phambili.

Ukugweba Nokuphikisana Kwantlandlolo

Ijudicary shorts ubuso obungamangalelwanga. Abahlalutyi bathi ezinye iinkundla, ingakumbi iNkundla Ephakamileyo kwiimeko ezifana ne ```````.'iIqumrhu Lobufama'' )) zibhukuqa [[FLT]] ityala. Intetho ebhaliweyo [ ithenjiwe [[FLT]], ifake iinkcazelo zomgaqo-siseko eziphazamisa imizekelo emide. Abanye baphikisa ukuba abagwebi bafanele basebenzise ukuzibamba nokunyulela amasebe. Ingxoxo engokwantlandlolo. Ingxoxo ekhoyo i-mthetho-siseko ayilungiswangagqibekanga, kwaye ukumiswa kwezomthetho-mthetho ngenkqubo ye-plolitive. Xa iqondala iNkunakaliswa njengenkundla yezopolitiki, iguqula amandla amaqela ayo, ajonge amanye amasebe.

Izisongelo Zenkululeko Yogwebo

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amanye amanani ezobupolitika aye acebisa ukwandisa iNkundla Ephakamileyo, imida enika imiyalelo, okanye ukususa iinkundla zolawulo lweziko lorhulumente kwimibandela ethile. Nangona ezi ziintsomi zomgaqo-siseko ngokwengcamango, zisemngciphekweni wokusetyenziswa ukohlwaya okanye ukoyikisa abagwebi ngemithetho engathandwayo. Uloyiko lokuxhobisa inkundla, nangona ingakaqondwa, luye lwaba ngumxholo osoloko usibakho kumadabi okuqinisekisa ukuqululwa kwetyala. Kumgangatho wesizwe, ezinye iindlu zowiso-mthetho ziye zasongela ukurhoxa izigwebo zenkundla eziphakamileyo zilandela izigqibo zenkundla ezilandela ukurhoxiswa okanye ukuqhomfa. Ukugcina ukuzimela komthetho kubalulekile ekulondolozeni umlinganiselo wegunya.

Ukuqinisa Umlinganiselo Wekamva

Akukho nkqubo yomgaqo-siseko ifezekileyo, kwaye isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sisebenzele ukugcina amaziko akhusela inkululeko. Iziguquli eziliqela zingaqinisa uvavanyo nolungelelwano ngaphandle kokulahla isakhiwo sokuseka.

Ukubuyisela Ulungelelwano Lomthetho

IBhunga lamkele igunya lalo ngokuqinisa iinkqubo zobuveleli, ukumisela amalungiselelo okutshona kwelanga kwimiyalelo yabalawuli, kunye nokumisela ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ongxamiseko. IConation inika iBhunga amandla engxowa-mali; abenzi bomthetho banyanzelise ukuba amandla ngokuchaza ngokunenkcukacha kunye nokulinganisela amagunya aphezulu kumphathi-mikhosi. Imfuneko engokomthetho yeBhunga ukugunya lokugunyazisa nayiphi na inyathelo lomkhosi elihlala likho iintsuku ezingama-60, ngaphaya kweSigqibo semfazwe esikhoyo, iyakuqinisa ukwahlulwa kwamandla emfazwe.

Ukutyunjwa kokungathobeli izindululo zejaji

Izindululo ezisithengisiweyo zamatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo, iminyaka yokuhlala umhlala phantsi enyanzelekileyo, okanye ikhomishini yokuqinisekisa engokwabezwayo iye yaxutyushwa. Ngoxa nganye iza norhwebo, injongo kukuhlisa iintambo eziphezulu zomkhethe, ezithi ngoku zilawule zonke iinketho. Ingqungquthela ye-Judicial ye-United States ixhase ugcino lwenkululeko yemijikelo ye-jajini yezobupolitika. Naluphi utshintsho kufuneka lwenziwe ukuze kulondolozwe ukuzimela kobomi ngelixa lungaboni ziphumo zayo ezichaphaze kakhulu.

Ukukhuthaza Ukubonakala Kwabantu Nemithetho Esesikweni

IBhunga kufuneka liqinise imithetho yokubhenela, inkxaso-mali yephulo, neemfazwe zomongameli zomdla. Iiqumrhu zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, njenge-Ofisi ye-Congregational Ethics, kufuneka zikhuselwe ekuncitshisweni. Ngokufanayo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo mayisebenzise imithetho engqongqo yokulawula ukutyhilwa kobulungisa ngokusemthethweni nangemali. La manyathelo aya kwandisa ukuthenjwa kwabantu kwaye ayenze inkqubo ibekwe ityala.

Ukukhusela Umthetho

Abalawuli neenkokeli zombutho-siseko kufuneka bahlonele izigqibo zenkundla naxa bengavumelani. Ukulandela i- Consitution kuthetha ukubambelela kwiinkqubo zomgaqo-siseko, kuquka igalelo lokungaqeshwa, amandla, kunye nemfundiso yokuhlola ikomiti. Iinkokeli kufuneka zikhusele ezi ziko zizonke ezi migaqo-mthetho nxamnye nezisongelo okanye ukuphamba kwenkundla. Imfundo, kuquka ukufundisa iPapers ye-edia amaqela, inceda abemi baqonde ixabiso lokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso kwaye babagunyazise ukuba bathobele iimfuno eziko zamagosa onyuliweyo.

Ekugqibeleni, Umhlaba osemthethweni karhulumente wase . unika ushwankathelo olucacileyo lwendlela isebe ngalinye elihlola ngayo elinye. Ukuqonda ezi nkqubo linyathelo lokuqala ekuzigcineni.

Isiphelo

Iingxilongo kunye nolwahlulo alusiyo into ekhoyo yenkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo. Zihlala zibalulekile, ziphila, zilungelelanisa ukusebenza korhulumente wale mihla. Ngokuhambisa amandla nokufuna intsebenziswano ye-interbranch, inkqubo ikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, ithintela ukuxinezeleka kwegunya, kwaye inyanzelisa ukuphakama kwemeko. Imizekelo engokwembali .(85) ukusuka kuMarbury v. Madison ukuya kuMadison detatel kumhla wangoku. Ukusebenza kwale mihla. Ukusebenza kwenkqubo, kodwa kuphela ukuba iinkokeli nabemi bayazihlonela imigaqo yayo. Njengo-Rhoversalday, ukubekwa kwe-opera, nokuzimela ulawulo lwezongasayinwa, nokungalawulwa kwemithetho ebhaliweyo, kodwa imele ukukhula. Urhulumente olungileyo uxhomekeke kurhulumente olungele ukulingana nolungele ukulawulwa, nokungangenelwa komthetho womthetho olawulayo, kodwa uyaqhubeka, kodwa umgaqo osemthethweni obhaliweyo.