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Ukuqonda Isiseko Solawulo - melo LwaseMerika

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umi njengenye yezona zixwebhu zomthetho ezinempembelelo nezihlala zihleli kwimbali yoluntu. Ngonyaka we-1788, esi sakhiwo siphawulekayo siye sakhokela iriphabliki yaseMerika ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ukusinda kwemfazwe yamakhaya, isiphithiphithi sezoqoqosho, iinguqulelo zezobugcisa, kunye neenguqu ezinkulu zezentlalo. Kummi ngamnye, ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko akuyonto nje imfundo kuphela esisiseko enika abantu amandla okuthabatha inxaxheba kubomi bedemokhrasi, ukukhusela amalungelo abo, nokubeka urhulumente etyala.

UmGaqo-siseko umisela ukwakhiwa okusisiseko okuchaza indlela urhulumente wase-United States asebenza ngayo, achaze amagunya kunye nemiqathango yegunya likarhulumente, kwaye anike izindululo amalungelo asisiseko nenkululeko amaMerika ayithandayo. Limela isivumelwano soluntu phakathi korhulumente nabalawulwa, uxwebhu oluphilayo olulungelelanisa ukuzinza nokuguquka, kunye nesivumelwano sengcamango yeenguqu yokuba urhulumente osemthethweni ufumana amandla akhe ngokuvumelana nabantu.

Kwixesha lokwahlukana kwezobupolitika, inkohliso, kunye nokutshintsha kwentlalo-ntle, ukufunda nokubhala okukhawulezayo, akukhange kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Abahlali abawuqondayo umGaqo-siseko baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuze bavavanye iingcamango zezobupolitika, baqonde xa amalungelo abo esongelwa, babandakanyeka kwintetho yoluntu enolwazi olunzulu, kwaye babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi. Olu khokelo lunentsingiselo ebanzi yemiGaqo-siseko wonke umntu waseMerika afanele azi, ukusuka kwimvelaphi yakhe engokwembali ukuya kumsebenzi wakhe oqhubekayo kwibutho labantu lanamhlanje.

Imeko yembali nokudalwa komGaqo-siseko

Ukusuka Kwimvukelo Ukuya Kwisivumelwano Somgaqo - siseko

UmGaqo-siseko awuzange uvele ungenanto. Wazalwa ekuvukeleni kweenguqu kunye nocelomngeni olusebenzisekayo lokulawula uhlanga olutsha. Emva kokuvakalisa inkululeko eBritani ngo1776, amathanga alishumi elinesithathu aseMerika amanyaniswe ekuqaleni phantsi kweMigaqo yeNkqutyana, isivumelwano esingeyonyaniso esadala urhulumente obuthathaka onamandla alinganiselweyo. Urhulumente ngamnye wahlala enegunya elibalulekileyo, kwaye urhulumente wesizwe wayengenalo igunya lokulawula irhafu, ukulawula intengiso, okanye ukunyanzelisa izigqibo zakhe ngokunempumelelo.

Phakathi konyaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi asibhozo anesibhozo, ukungasebenzi kakuhle kweManqaku eNkqutyana kwacaca kakhulu. Urhulumente wesizwe wazama ukuxakeka ngetyala elinyusiweyo, iimbambano zorhwebo phakathi kwelizwe, imingeni yemithetho yangaphandle, kunye nesiphithiphithi samakhaya esiboniswa nguShays's Regimplies eMassachusetts. Ezi ngxaki zaqinisekisa iinkokeli ezininzi zaseMerika ukuba ulungiselelo lorhulumente elinamandla kakhulu laliyimfuneko ukugcina umanyano nokuqinisekisa ukusinda kovavanyo lweriphabliki.

NgoMeyi 1787, abathunywa abavela kumaphondo alishumi elinesibini bahlanganisana ePhiladelphia ngenxa yoko kwabizwa ngokuba yiConvention yezomGaqo-siseko. Ekuqaleni babesebenza ngokuphinda basetyenziswe iMigaqo yoMgaqo-siseko, abathunywa endaweni yabo baqalisa umsebenzi onamabhongo wokwenza ulwakhiwo olutsha ngokupheleleyo lwesakhiwo sikarhulumente. Ngexesha lehlobo eligqugqisayo, iindwendwe ezingamashumi amahlanu anesihlanu ezibandakanyeke kwingxoxo enzulu, incoko, kunye nokulalanisa, ekugqibeleni zivelisa uxwebhu oluzakuba ngumGaqo-siseko weUnited States.

Imbono neempembelelo zezikhephe

Amadoda awabhalisa umGaqo-siseko asebenzisa izithethe ezahlukeneyo zobulumko namava asebenzisekayo. Ayephenjelelwa zizithandi zobulumko zoluHluno njengoJohn Locke, owachaza iingcamango zamalungelo emvelo kunye nesivumelwano soluntu; uMontesquieu, owayexhasa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya karhulumente; kunye neenkcuba - buchopho zobugcisa berepublic ezazigxininisa isidima soluntu kunye norhulumente oxubeneyo. Abaxhasi bafunda kumava abo ngokwabo ukulawulwa ngamathanga, izithethe zomgaqo-siseko waseBritane, kunye nokuphumelela nokusilela kweMigaqo-nkqubo yeNxaso.

Abasebenzi befreyim bafuna ukwakha urhulumente onamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuba asebenze ngokunempumelelo kodwa onyanzelwa ngokwaneleyo ukuthintela ubundlobongela. Baqonda ukuba amandla aphakamileyo ayeziingozi kwinkululeko, kodwa kwakhona baqonda ukuba ukwahlukana okugqithisileyo kwakunokukhokelela kwisiphithiphithi nokungasebenzi. Isisombululo sabo sasiyinkqubo entsonkothileyo yamagunya ahlukeneyo, amagunya angenazintlupheko, kunye novavanyo lwamaqumrhu oluzanyanzelisa intsebenziswano ngoxa kuthintelwa ukulawulwa yiyo nayiphi na into okanye isebe.

Injongo Esisiseko Neenjongo zomGaqo-siseko

Isiqalo: Ukubala Umsebenzi

Lo mGaqo-siseko uqala ngamazwi anamandla abizwa ngokuba yiNtloko: "Thina bantu baseUnited States, ngokweMiqathango yokwakha iManyano egqibeleleyo, ukuseka iJaji, ukuqinisekisa ukuba intlawulo yasekhaya, ukulungiselela ukukhusela okuqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza iNtlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko kuthi ngokwethu kunye neSithuthi sethu, simisela kwaye simisele lo mGaqo-siseko weUnited States of America.

La mazwi okuvula angaphezulu kunokuchuma kwesithethe, qha achaza iinjongo ezisisiseko ezaziyilelwe ngumGaqo-siseko. Ibinzana elithi "Thina bantu" simisela ulawulo oluqhelekileyo njengesiseko sogunya likarhulumente, siqinisekisa ukuba igunya elipheleleyo alihlali kookumkani, amaqonga, okanye ilungelo lobuthixo, kodwa nakubemi ngokwabo. Le yayiyingcamango yenguquko kwisizukulwana esilawulwa ngukumkani kunye nelungelo elizuzwa njengelifa.

Injongo nganye echazwe kwiSihloko ibonisa inkxalabo neenjongo ezikhethekileyo zesizukulwana esisisiseko. Ukulungiselela "umanyano olugqibeleleyo kakhulu" kwathetha ngokwahlukana nobuthathaka benkqubo yokuhlanganisa. Ukuseka okusesikweni nokuqinisekisa ukuba kubekho uxolo lwasekhaya kusabela kwinkxalabo yokuchas' umthetho neengxaki zangaphakathi. Ukulungiselela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo kwayichaza imfuneko yokhuseleko lohlanga kwihlabathi eliyingozi. Ukukhuthaza intlalo-ntle jikelele evunyiweyo ukwenzela uluntu olulungileyo. Kwaye ukukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko kwabonisa eyona njongo yokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwisizukulwana esikhoyo nesizayo.

Ukuyila Isakhelo sokulawula

Ngaphaya kwesiseko sayo sentanda-bulumko, umGaqo-siseko ufeza injongo esebenzayo yokuseka isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Idala amasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo /legislative, i-compative, kunye ne-justial (ichaza amagunya awo, iimbopheleleko, kunye nolwalamano. Imisela iinkqubo zokwenza imithetho, ukuqhuba unyulo, ukumisela amagosa, nokuthethelela umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Ichaza ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente wesizwe, kunye namazwe, ichaza ukuba ngawaphi amagunya akwinqanaba ngalinye likarhulumente kunye nalawo ahlukeneyo.

Esi sakhiwo silungiselela ukuxelwa kwangaphambili, ukuzinza, nokufaneleka kwemisebenzi karhulumente. Abahlali namagosa ngokufanayo bayazi ukuba ziziphi iinkqubo ezimele zilandelwe, ngawaphi amandla anokusetyenziswa, kwaye kusikelwe imida engakanani. Oku kucacisa kunceda ekuthinteleni ulawulo oluzikhetheleyo kwaye kuqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zixhomekeke kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko kunokuba zixhomekeke kumandla okanye kwiminqweno yobuqu.

Imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko wekhorali Elawula Urhulumente waseMerika

Ulongamo Lwaziwayo: Luvela Kubantu

Ulawulo oluqhelekileyo ngumgaqo osisiseko omiswe kuwo yonke inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko. Ithi igunya elisemthethweni likarhulumente lisuka kubantu, abavumayo ukulawulwa, abahlala benegunya elipheleleyo lokuguqula okanye lokuphelisa urhulumente wabo. Lo mgaqo ubonakala kumalungiselelo ahlukeneyo omgaqo-siseko, kuquka unyulo oluthe rhoqo, amaziko abameli, kunye nendlela yokulungisa evumela abantu ukuba baguqule umthetho wabo osisiseko.

Ingcamango yolongamo oludumileyo iyayahlula inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMerika kulawulo lwezilawuli zedentiliki apho amandla enyuka khona ukusuka phezulu ezantsi. EUnited States, amagosa karhulumente angabakhonzi babantu bonke, kungekhona abalawuli bawo. Basebenzisa igunya elinokususwa ngeenkqubo zokukhetha. Lo mgaqo unika abemi amandla kwaye umisela iimbopheleleko zokuhlala benolwazi, ukuba nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu, kwaye ugcina abameli benoxanduva.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya: Igunya Elitshabalalisayo

UmGaqo-siseko wahlula urhulumente wamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, ngalinye linamagunya nembopheleleko yalo. Isebe lowiso-mthetho, eliyiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, lenza imithetho. Isebe eliphetheyo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli, linyanzelisa imithetho nemigaqo yezomthetho yamanye amazwe. Isebe lezomthetho, elikhokelwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo, lichaza imithetho kunye nokucombulula iimpikiswano ngentsingiselo nokusebenza kwalo.

Oku kwahlula amagunya kufeza iinjongo ezininzi. Kuthintela ukuxinezeleka kwegunya elinokukhokelela kwingcinezelo. Kudala ubuchule obukhethekileyo, kuvumela isebe ngalinye ukuba lihlakulele ubuchule kummandla walo othile. Kukhuthaza intsebenziswano ngokufuna intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaziko ahlukeneyo aneembono ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. Kunika namathuba amaninzi okufikelela abemi ekuphembeleni izigqibo zikarhulumente.

Abasebenzi baqonda ukuba ukuvakalisa amasebe ngokwahlukeneyo kwakunganele. Intsingiselo yomntu kunye namabhongo ezobupolitika ngokungenakuphepheka zaziya kukhokelela amagosa ekufuneni igunya elingaphezulu. Ngoko ke, umGaqo-siseko awuwahlulanga amandla kuphela kodwa udala iindlela zokugcina loo mahluko ngexesha elithile ngenkqubo yokuhlola nokulungelelana.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano: Ukukhusela iTyranny Ngokhuphiswano lweziko

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano lubhekisele kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko avumela isebe ngalinye lorhulumente ukuba lisike umda amagunya amanye amasebe. Le nkqubo idala umlinganiselo onamandla apho amabhongo alwa namabhongo, athintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni amanye. Njengoko uJames Madison wachaza kuMlawuli woBukhosi No. 51, "Umdla mawuwe ukuze kulwiswe amabhongo."

UMgaqo-siseko umisa iingqikelelo ezininzi nezilungelelaniso. IBhunga lingayidlulisa imithetho, kodwa uMongameli angayikhupha, kwaye iNgqungquthela ingayilawula ngekota ezimbini ezizii-3. UMongameli umisa abagwebi besizwe namagosa aphezulu, kodwa iNdlu yeNkulumbuso mayiyiqinisekise. Le yimizekelo embalwa nje entsonkothileyo yemimiselo okanye izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ezingavumelaniyo nemithetho-siseko, kodwa iBhunga linokumisela umGaqo-siseko ukupheliswa nokulawulwa kolawulo noqingqo-mali. UMongameli uyayalela umkhosi, kodwa iBhunga livakalisa imfazwe kunye nemali efanelekileyo. Le yimizekelo embalwa nje entlungelanayo yemiqathango yemiqathango yemithetho ephakathi yemithetho elawula umthetho womthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho, kodwa ichaza umGcimbini.

Le nkqubo ngamanye amaxesha ivelisa unxunguphalo kunye neqhina lentambo, njengoko amasebe ahlukeneyo elawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo okanye amaqela ezama ukuqhubekisela phambili iingxube. Noko ke, olu khuhlano luphawu, hayi isiphene. Abakhi benkqubo bayila inkqubo yokwenza umsebenzi karhulumente ube nzima, ifuna uvumelwano olubanzi kunye nokucinga phambi kokuba iinguqu ezinkulu zivele. Oku kukhusela ekujameleneni nongxamiseko, okanye ukunyathela ngonyazamiseko, okanye ukunyanzelisa ngexa kusekho uvumelo olufanelekileyo xa kukho ulwano olwaneleyo.

Umanyano: Ukulungelelanisa Amandla Esizwe NawasebuRhulumente

Umanyano lubhekisela kulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente besizwe. UmGaqo-siseko unika amagunya athile adweliswe kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente, agcine amanye amagunya kumazwe, kwaye amise iindawo zolawulo lwangoku apho omabini amanqanaba karhulumente anokuthatha inyathelo. Oku kwahlulwa okuthe nkqo kwanelisa ukwahlulwa okuthe tyaba phakathi kwamasebe amathathu.

Urhulumente wesizwe unamandla afunekayo kwimicimbi yesizwe: ukulawula urhwebo phakathi kwelizwe nakwamanye amazwe, ukuqhuba ulwalamano lwamanye amazwe, ukulungiselela ukukhusela ilizwe, ukuseka imali, nokuseka imithetho efanayo yokuhlalisa nokuwa. IsiHlanzi seshumi elinamashumi amahlanu sicacisa ukuba amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente ugcinelwe imimandla okanye abantu. Urhulumente ugcina imbopheleleko ephambili kwimimandla enjengemfundo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wesizwe, umthetho weentsapho, umthetho wempahla, kunye noninzi lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Umanyano lusebenzisa imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo. Luvumela uvavanyo lwenkqubo, njengoko amatyala enokuzama iindlela ezahlukeneyo kwiingxaki eziqhelekileyo, ukwenza "ubuchule bedemokhrasi" obuvavanya izinto ezintsha phambi kokuba zisasaze imimandla. Luhlalisa iinguqu zengingqi, luvumela uluntu olwahlukeneyo ukuba lusebenzise imigaqo ebonakalisa amaxabiso akhethekileyo kunye neemeko. Lunika imigangatho emininzi yokufikelela kubami ukuze bathathe inxaxheba kunye namaziko amaninzi amandla anokuvavanya ukuqhatha kwengiswa ngurhulumente. Yaye lunceda ekuthinteleni ulawulo lwedemo-demokhrasi ngokuqinisekisa ukuba akukho rhulumente ulawulo lweminye.

Ulungelelwano phakathi kwamandla karhulumente norhulumente luye lwatshintsha kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, jikelele kutyekele kwigunya elingaphezulu kwelombuso, ingakumbi emva kweMfazwe yoNontlalo-ntle kunye nangexesha leNew Dec. Iingxoxo ezi-Contemporary malunga nokunyanyekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, imiqathango yemekobume, kunye nokugweba kolwaphulo-mthetho zidla ngokugxininisa kwimibuzo yoburhulumente .

Urhulumente Olinganiselweyo: Ukulawula Amandla Ngokwanda

UMgaqo-siseko udala urhulumente wamagunya alinganiselweyo, adwelisweyo. Ngokungafaniyo nePalamente yaseBritani, enegunya elipheleleyo lokulawula nakuwuphi na umbandela, urhulumente wengingqi angasebenzisa kuphela amandla agunya anikwe ngokukhethekileyo ngumGaqo-siseko. Lo mgaqo-siseko odwelisweyo uthetha ukuba isenzo sikarhulumente kufuneka sigwetyelwe ngokubhekiselele kwilungiselelo elikhethekileyo lomGaqo-siseko eligunyazisa eso senzo.

Ingcamango karhulumente olinganiselweyo ibonisa inkxalabo yabalawuli ngorhulumente ophathwe kakubi kunye nokuzimisela kwabo ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ngokunyanzela oko urhulumente anokukwenza, umGaqo-siseko ugcina isangqa senkululeko yobuqu apho abantu banokuzenzela ukhetho lwabo ngaphandle kokungenelela korhulumente. Lo mgaqo ufumana intetho kungekuphela nje kuludwe lwamagunya orhulumente kodwa kwanakuBhili yamaLungelo namanye amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko athintela izenzo ezithile zikarhulumente.

Ingqwalaselo yezeejaji: IiNkundla njengeziPhathi-mGaqo-siseko

Nangona ingachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko, umgaqo wokuhlola kwetyala, ``amandla eenkundla okuphelisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezichasene nomGaqo-siseko'.) iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa ukuba eli gunya likwimeko yomqondiso (1803 kuMarbury v. Madison, iqiqa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ngumthetho ophakamileyo kwaye iinkundla kufuneka ziwusebenzise xa kugqityelwa amatyala, nto leyo efuna ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba eminye imithetho ehambelana neemfuno zomgaqo-siseko.

Uhlolo lwezeejaji lusebenza njengovavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla amakhulu olawulo, ukukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye namalungiselelo okwakha kwanaxa engqubana nokhetho oluthandwayo okanye ukukhutshwa kwezopolitiko. Luqinisekisa ukuba izinto ezinkulu zexeshana azinakulwaphula imigaqo esisiseko okanye zinyathele amalungelo amancinane. Kwangaxeshanye, uhlolo lomthetho luphakamisa imibuzo enzima ngokusemthethweni wedemokhrasi.

Ukwakhiwa Korhulumente Womanyano

Isebe Elinomthetho:

IGatya I lomGaqo-siseko imisa iBhunga njengesebe lowiso-mthetho, eliqulethwe ngamagumbi amabini: Indlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Esi sakhiwo se-bimeral sibonisa ukuThoba Okukhulu koGunyaziso loMgaqo-siseko, olungelelanisa izilangazelelo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane ngokunika umelo olulungelelanisiweyo kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso.

Indlu yabameli inamalungu angama-455 ahlulwe phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubemi, ilungu ngalinye elimele isithili sombutho kwiphondo labo. Abameli basebenzisa amabinzana eminyaka emibini, besenza iNdlu ibe yeyona isabela ngqo kwimvakalelo ethandwayo. UmGaqo-siseko unika iNdlu igunya elikhethekileyo, kuquka igunya lokukhupha iindleko zemali nokuqalisa izindululo zokulwa nemithetho karhulumente.

ICathenate inamalungu ali-100, kunye nesebe ngalinye elinyulwayo nangayiphi na iminyaka emibini. Ekuqaleni, izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zakhetha abaququzeleli bolawulo lweSenteenth Amendment, kodwa ivunywa ngo1913, isungulwe ngokungqalileyo, isungulwe lunyulo oluqhelekileyo. Abaququzeleli basebenzisa amagunya akwiminyaka emithandathu, nesinye sesithathu seBhunga elinyulwayo qho qho qho qho. Le nkqubo ishukuma inika inkqubela kwaye ikhusela izintlukwano ezithile kwiingcinezelo zezobupolitika. Indlu yeNtsinjana ifumana amandla akhethekileyo, kuquka ukumiswa komongameli, ukuquququzelwa kwezivumelwano, ukuquququzelelwa kwetyala, nokungaququququzelelwa kwetyala.

Ingqungquthela isebenzisa igunya lowiso-mthetho .ICandelo lesi-8 libala amandla akhethekileyo equluntsa irhafu kunye nokuchitha intlalo-ntle yabanye, ukulawula urhwebo lwelizwe kunye nolwasemzini, ukuseka imali, ukuseka ii-ofisi zeposi, ukunikezela ngemvume kunye nokukhutshwa kwamalungelo, ukubhengeza imfazwe, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, kwaye kwenza yonke imithetho "eyimfuneko nefanelekileyo" yokuphumeza amagunya ayo adwelisiweyo. Oku kuyimfuneko kunye nokufanelekileyo uClausleeas kutolikiwe ngokubanziswa, kuvumela ingxubeko enkulu ekukhetheni iinjongo zayo zomgaqo-siseko.

Isebe Elilawulayo: IKhosi

IGatya II limisa isebe elilawulayo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States. UMongameli usebenza njengentloko karhulumente, njengentloko karhulumente, kunye nentloko-ntloko yemikhosi exhobileyo. UmGaqo-siseko ufaka "Igunya elilawulayo" kuMongameli, imvume etolikwayo eguqulelwe ukuquka omabini amagunya okunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhungane kunye namandla emfuzaliso afunekayo kwimisebenzi yegunya elilawulayo.

UMongameli unyulwa ngenkqubo yeKoleji ye-Electoral, apho urhulumente ngamnye afumana amavoti alingana nomelo lwakhe olupheleleyo lobukhomfama. Le ndlela yonyulo engangqalanga ibonisa umnqweno wabanyuli-mali wokulungelelanisa igalelo eliqhelekileyo nomgwebo owenziwe ngeliqumrhu nokuqinisekisa ukuba amazwe angenazintlu-ninzi agcine impembelelo enentsingiselo eninzi kukhetho lomongameli. Oomongameli basebenza ngokweeminyaka emine kwaye, ukulandela uHlaliso oluMandla lwamashumi amabini e-Sigqibo egunyaziswa ngo-1959, balinganiselwe kumagama amabini.

Amandla obuongameli aquka ukuphunyezwa nokugcinwa kwemithetho karhulumente, ukumisela abagwebi kunye namagosa aphezulu (ngokuqinisekiswa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso), ukucebisana (ngokulawulwa yiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso), ukusebenza njengenkomfa yomkhosi, ukuxolela amatyala karhulumente, nokukhupha umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga. Kwakhona uMongameli unendima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni imimiselo yemithetho-mthetho, ekufakeni imithetho ebhaliweyo nasekusebenziseni ukubonakala kwesikhundla ukuphembelela uluvo nolawulo lukawonke-wonke.

Isebe elilawulayo liye lakhula kakhulu ukususela ngexesha lokusekwa. Ngoku uMongameli ujonge iqumrhu elikhulu lamasebe, amasebe, neeofisi eziqesha izigidi zabantu kwaye zisebenzisa iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo zolawulo. Eli gunya lolawulo lisebenzisa amandla abalulekileyo ngokumisela ulawulo, ukubhalisa, nokuqinisekisa ukuba izinto ziya kuze zilandelwe, liphakamise imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngokuphathelele ukuphendula, ubuchule, kunye nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wegunya elilawulayo.

Isebe Lezahlulelo: IiNkundla Zomanyano

Inqaku III limisa isebe eligwebayo, eliququzelelwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo kunye neenkundla eziphantsi njengeeBhunga. Abagwebi boMbutho bamiselwa nguMongameli ngesiqinisekiso seNdlu yeeNtsimi ePhakamileyo kwaye basebenze ngexesha "Isimilo Esilungileyo," nto leyo ethetha ukungaziceli nokususwa kobomi ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga. Le nkululeko ikhusela abagwebi kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye ibavumela ukuba benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kumthetho kunokuba bacingele okanye baxolele kwezobupolitika.

Amandla okugweba anwenwela kumatyala avela phantsi komGaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente, kunye nezivumelwano, kwakunye namatyala athile asekelwe kumatheko abandakanyekileyo (njengokungavisisani phakathi kwamaphondo okanye amatyala abandakanya oothunywa belinye ilizwe). Iinkundla zoMasipala zicombulula iimbambano ngokusebenzisa umthetho kwiinkcukacha, ukutolika imimiselo kunye namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, nokuphuhlisa imigaqo yomthetho eqhelekileyo kwiindawo zolawulo lorhulumente.

INkundla ePhakamileyo ihleli phezu kwequmrhu lezomthetho lesizwe, liphethe zombini igunya lantlalo kumatyala athile kunye negunya lokuhlola izigqibo zeenkundla zephondo kunye neenkundla zikarhulumente kwimibuzo karhulumente. Amandla eNkundla okuchaza ngokuqinisekiyo umGaqo-siseko ayenza ibe nempembelelo egqithisileyo, njengoko izigqibo zayo zibopha bonke abadlali bakarhulumente kwaye zinokungathotyelwa kuphela kukutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko okanye yiNkundla ngokwayo ikhulula imizekelo yayo.

Ijaji yesizwe idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, ekucombululeni iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqumrhu karhulumente, ekuqinisekiseni ukucaciswa okufanayo komthetho wesizwe, nokuvavanywa kwezenzo ezingamiselwanga ngamasebe ezobupolitika. Noko ke, iinkundla zijongene nemiqathango: zinokugqiba kuphela ngeemeko ezikhoyo neempikiswano, ziswele amandla okunyanzelisa, zimele zixhomekeke kwintsebenziswano yegunya elilawulayo, kwaye ukufaneleka kwazo kuxhomekeke ekulamkeni kwabantu ngokubanzi kwegunya lazo.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Abantu Nenkululeko Yabo Ngabodwa

Imvelaphi Nokwenziwa Kwazo Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo

UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala wawunezinto ezimbalwa zokukhusela amalungelo abantu, ukushiya okuye kwabangela inkcaso ephawulekayo ebudeni beengxoxo zokudityaniswa kwemida. Abachasi-Fedalist baphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle kwerejista yamalungelo, urhulumente omtsha wesebe ungayisongela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Abathathi-nxaxheba baphendula ngokuthi ukudwelisa amalungelo akuyomfuneko kuba urhulumente worhulumente onamandla alinganiselweyo kuphela, nokuba ukudwelisa amalungelo athile athe athe angabikho.

Ukukhusela, amaqela akwaMasipala athembisa ukongeza irekhodi yamalungelo ngokulungisa inkqubo. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni owayengakukholelwa ukutshintshwa okunjalo, wakhokela kwizicelo zokuyila izicelo ezithathwe kwimithetho-siseko yephondo kunye nezincomela zendibano yokuhlahlela. IBhunga elivunyiweyo ngo1789, kunye neshumi lagunyaziswa ngamaphondo ngo1791, laba yiBhili yamaLungelo.

IBhili yamaLungelo ekuqaleni yasebenza kurhulumente karhulumente wesizwe kuphela, hayi koorhulumente belizwe. Noko ke, emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, uMgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine woMphengululo ka-Agastie watolikwa ku "ukhuseleko loMsebenzi wamaLungelo" uninzi lweBhili yamaLungelo, isenza ukuba isebenze kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Le mfundiso ibandakanya iye yaba yenye yeziphuhliso ezibalulekileyo kumthetho-mGaqo-siseko waseMelika, inika ukhuseleko lwemithetho-siseko karhulumente ukukhusela urhulumente ngokuchasene norhulumente kunye nokuchasana kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

Ukulungiswa Kokuqala: Ukukhusela Intetho Nesazela

ISindululo Sokuqala sikhusela inkululeko esisiseko eninzi: unqulo, ukuthetha, ushicilelo, indibano nesicelo.Unqulo uClaus aluluvumeli uLungress ukumisela unqulo olusemthethweni (ukumiselwa kukaClaus) nokungaluvumeli ukuba lusetyenziswe (iFree Expression Claus).

Inkululeko yokuthetha ikhusela ilungelo lokuvakalisa iingcamango neembono ngaphandle kohlalutyo okanye isohlwayo sorhulumente. Olu khuselo lunwebela kwintetho yezopolitiko, intetho yobugcisa, ihambo yokomfuziselo, kwaneembono ezicaphukisayo okanye ezingathandwayo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaqonda ukuba ingxubusho kawonke-wonke, kuquka ukugxekwa kukarhulumente namagosa, ibalulekile ekuzivuseleleni ngokwedemokhrasi. Noko ke, iindidi ezithile zentetho `ezisisisongelo sokwenyaniso, ukuphembelela kwisenzo sokuchas', kunye nedemocki--accio-as-akssss' zamkela ukhuseleko oluncinci okanye ukungakhuseli konke.

Inkululeko yamajelo eendaba ikhusela amajelo eendaba ekucushweni kwe-othodoki kwaye yenza ukuba iintatheli zikwazi ukuphanda nokunikela ingxelo ngemicimbi exhalabisa abantu. Olu khuseleko lusebenza njengovavanyo kwigunya likarhulumente kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba abemi bafumana ulwazi olufunekayo ukuze bazilawule ngolwazi. I-ofisi ephambili ishicilela inkululeko iquka ukukhuselwa kwemiqathango yangaphambili kwimpapasho kwaye ibangela isohlwayo ngokupapasha inkcazelo eyinyaniso ngemicimbi kawonke-wonke wonke.

Amalungelo okuhlanganisana ngoxolo nokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo akhusela izenzo zeqela kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. La malungelo anceda abemi ukuba balungelelanise, babonise, bakhuthaze iinguqulelo, bamisele iindlela eziyimfuneko zokuphembelela inkqubo yorhulumente.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Ilungelo Lokuthwala Izixhobo

ISiphendu sesibini sithi: "INkundla ePhakamileyo elawulwa kakuhle yeColumbia, ekubeni iyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente okhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo, aliyi kuphazanyiswa. Ukucaciswa kwale ngxaki kuye kwancitshiswa kakhulu. Ngowama 2008, iNkundla ePhakamileyo egcinwe kwiSithili saseColumbia v. Heller ikhusela ilungelo lesibini loMbeko lomntu ngamnye lokuba abe nemipu ngeenjongo ezisemthethweni ezifana nezobugqeba, hayi nje igorha elinxulumene nenkonzo yemikhosi. Kodwa, iNkundla yaqonda ukuba eli lungelo aligwetyelwanga limiliyo kwaye imimiselo esengqiqweni kwimipu ihleli ivumelekile.

Uhlaziyo Lwesine: Ukukhusela Kuphando Olungekho ngqiqweni

UHlomelo lwesine lukhusela ukuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, kufuneka ukuba imvume ixhaswe ngokunokwenzeka kwaye ichaze ngokukhethekileyo iindawo ezifanele ukuphendwa kunye nabantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjiwe. Oku kukhusela ukuzikhusela nokukhusela ekungeneleni ngokwee-mfama koorhulumente. Kufuna ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufumane imvume yokugweba phambi kokukhangela iindawo zangasese okanye ukuphanga abantu okanye impahla, kuqinisekisa ukuba umantyiswano uvavanya ukuba ukho na ugwebo olwaneleyo.

Umthetho wesine woHlaziyo uye waba ntsokothe ngakumbi njengoko ubugcisa budala amandla amatsha okuhlola kunye nolindelo olutsha lobumfiliba. Iinkundla ziye zaxakeka ngemibuzo emalunga nokhangelo lwe-elektroniki, i-GPS, ukukhangela icell phone kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, ukuzama ukusebenzisa imigaqo yeshumi elinesibhozo lenkulungwane kwizinto ezikhoyo zamashumi amabini anesihlanu.

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu: Inkqubo elindelekileyo nokhuseleko ekuzichaseni

IsiHlanziso sesihlanu siqulethe izikhuselo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo kubantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho nangabanini-mpahla. Sifuna ukumangalelwa okukhulu ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu lwamaqumrhu alawulayo, siyayithintela ingozi ephindwe kabini (ukuvavanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo), sikhusela ekunyanzelweni kokuzinyanzelela, siqinisekisa inkqubo efunekayo yomthetho phambi kokuphucwa kobomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, kwaye sifuna imbuyekezo nje xa urhulumente ethatha impahla yangasese ukuze asebenzisele abantu bonke.

Ilungelo elinxamnye nokuzithethelela, elidla ngokubizwa njenge "ukuthabatha owesihlanu," likhusela abantu ekunyanzelweni ukuba bangqine ngokuchasene nabo kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Olu khuselo lubonisa ukuba urhulumente makangqine ityala lakhe ngaphandle kokunyanzela ummangalelwa ukuba ancedise kwityala lakhe. Izilumkiso ezidumileyo ezithi amapolisa amele azinike phambi kokuncinwa kokhuseleko lweNkqubela-mda yesihlanu.

I-System Claus yeNkqutyana ka-Claus ifuna ukuba urhulumente alandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba ahluthe abantu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Itolikelwe ukuquka inkoliso yeBhili yamaLungelo okukhuselwa nxamnye nesenzo sikarhulumente nokukhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko angakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, njengamalungelo okuba wedwa.

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Amalungelo Abamangalelwayo

ISithandathu SoHlaziyo siqinisekisa amalungelo aliqela kubantu abatyholwa ngezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho: ilungelo letyala elikhawulezileyo nelingokwaselubala, ilungelo lokunikwa ityala elingakhethi-cala, ilungelo lokumangalelwa ngamangqina, ilungelo lokunyanzeleka ukuba kungenelwe amangqina alungileyo, nelungelo lokufumana icebiso. Ezi zikhuseli ziqinisekisa ukuba ityala lifanelekile kwaye zinceda ekuthinteleni iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo.

Ilungelo lokucebisa libaluleke ngokukhethekileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba abamangalelwa abamangalelwa kufuneka banikwe amagqwetha ngendleko karhulumente kwiimeko apho ukuvalelwa kunokwenzeka. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokugweba ayibi yinkqubo yezobulungisa enezibonelelo ezimbini apho izityebi kuphela zifumana umelo olufanelekileyo olusemthethweni.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibhozo: Ukugwetywa Kwesohlwayo Esinenkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

ISihlaziyo sesibhozo sikwalela ukusetyenziswa kwebheyile eninzi, ukuhlawuliswa ngokugqithiseleyo, nesohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesingaqhelekanga. Izigwebo ezikhohlakeleyo nezingaqhelekanga zichazwa njengokungakuvumeli ukuthuthunjiswa, isohlwayo sobundlobongela, kunye nezohlwayo ezingenakuthelekiswa naso. Kwakhona iye yaba sisiseko sokuphikisana ngesohlwayo sentambo, neNkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwisigwebo sokufa asikokungamelangagunyaziswanga siso siso siSicakampu kodwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kumele kuhlangabezane nemigaqo ethile esisiseko ekhuselayo, isohlwayo okanye amaqela athile eejaji.

IziHlanziso Zesi - 1000 Nezeshumi: Amalungelo Agciniweyo Namandla Agciniweyo

ISindululo seNinth sithetha ngoMgaqo-nkqubo weNkxaso-mali inkxalabo yokuba ukuchaza amalungelo anokutolikwa ukukhanyela okanye ukwahlula amanye amalungelo agcinwe ngabantu. Icacisa ukuba ukudweliswa kwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko akuthethi ukuba amanye amalungelo akakho. Le nkxaso ikhankanyiwe njengenkxaso yokumkela amalungelo angenazintlukwano zomgaqo-siseko afana nokungawasebenzisi.

ISihlaziyo seshumi elinamashumi amahlanu siqinisa umgaqo wegunya elilinganiselweyo lesizwe ngokuthi amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente anikwe imimandla okanye abantu kuphela. Oku kulungisa kusebenza njengesiseko sombhalo soburhulumente nolawulo lukarhulumente, nangona iziphumo zakho ezisebenzayo ziye zahluka ukutyhubela imbali kuxhomekeke ekubeni amagunya orhulumente athe achazwa ngokuphangalele kangakanani.

Uhlaziyo olulandelayo: Ukwandisa amalungelo nokubuyisela ulwakhiwo

IsiHlanziso soQonda: Ukuguqula Ubumi BaseMerika

ISihlaziyi seshumi elinesithathu, seshumi elinesine neseshumi elinesihlanu, savunywa emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, ngokusisiseko kwaguqulelwa umthetho we-Griphatiki yaseMerika. IsiHlaliso seshumi elinesithathu sabuphelisa ubukhoboka nokungabonzi ukubotshwa kulo lonke elaseUnited States, ekugqibeleni saphelisa ulungiselelo olwaluphikisa imigaqo yokusekwa kwesizwe lwaza lwabangela imfazwe ephalazwa igazi kakhulu kwimbali yamaMelika.

ISichibiyelo seshumi elinesine, esamkelwa ngo-1868, silelinye lamalungiselelo abalulekileyo nasoloko ephicothwa ngomGaqo-siseko. Sichaza ubumi, siphazamisa isigqibo esinetyala sikaDred Scott esasithi ama-Afrika akazukuba ngabemi. Sithintela ukuba singawaniki amalungelo okanye ukugonyelwa kwabemi, ekunqandeni nabani na ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho, kwaye singaphiki na umntu olinganayo ukukhusela imithetho.

I-Acticome Protection Claus isisiseko sombhalo ocelw'ucelomngeni lwemithetho kunye nezenzo zokwahlula-hlula. Yayisemgangathweni kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiBrown v. Ibhodi yemfundo, eyathi ukuhlukaniswa kwesikolo akuyiyo inkqubo yoburhulumente, kwaye iye yasetyenziselwa ukuphelisa ucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, isini, imvelaphi yobuzwe, nezinye iimpawu. I-ST Procesment Claus ekwakuguqulelwe ukuquka uninzi lwezikhuseli zamalungelo ngokuchasene nezenzo zikarhulumente nokukhusela amalungelo angundoqo kuquka ukhuseleko, umtshato, kunye ne-Ingcukalbest.

UMthetho-nkqubo weshumi elinesihlanu woLawulo ohlaziyiweyo walela ukukhanyelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngenxa yobuhlanga, ibala, okanye imeko yobukhoboka ngaphambili. Phezu kwalo nje olu khuseleko, amaMerika aseAfrika ajamelana nokudityaniswa okucwangcisiweyo ngeemvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, iirhafu, iirejista, iirejista zootato, nogonyamelo phantse iminyaka elishumi elinamashumi amabini de umbutho wamalungelo abantu kunye neSivumelo samaLungelo sonyaka ka-6565 ekugqibeleni senze esi sithembiso solungiso siyinyaniso.

Ukwandisa Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi

Izilungiso eziliqela ziye zandisa amalungelo okuvota kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi. IsiHlaliso seSevententh sokuHlaziya iSindululo saBameli abaGqibeleneyo, sagunyaziswa ngowe-1920 emva kwamashumi eminyaka esenzo sobubhishophu sobubhishophu, salela ukungavumi ukuvota ilungelo lokuvota ngokusekelwe kwisondo, ekugqibeleni sandisa ukhupho lwamabhinqa ezweni lonke. Uhlaziyo olungamashumi amabini anesithathu lwezihlaziyo lwanika abemi baseSithi beLuthela yaseColuvie ilungelo lokuvota kunyulo lobumongameli. Unyulo lwamashumi amabini anesibini-Fourth lwaphelisa irhafunxa yonyulo lonyulo. Kwaye i-Sinyulo se-Sxth Remplete, sagunyazisa ukuvota ngo-18, sahlisa ukuvota de kwafikelela kwiminyaka eli-18, siqonda ukuba abo badala ngokwaneleyo ukuba bangeniswe kwinkonzo yasemkhosini kufuneka bavotiswe ekuvolweni.

IMithetho yoLawulo

Ezinye izilungiso ziphucule ulwakhiwo kunye neenkqubo zikarhulumente. UHlaliso lweMpanzi-Mdangaliso lwalungisa inkqubo ye-Electoral College ukukhusela iingxaki ezavela kunyulo lwango1800. Uguqulo lweminyaka ye-1970 lwatshintsha imihla yokuqala yolawulo lombutho kunye nolawulo lomongameli, ukususa i-"lambetted de kube ngu-199, ukunyusa uhlahlo-mali lweNkcitho lweSindululo soMgqibo oluPhakathi lubekelwe umda kwiinkqubo zobumongameli kunye nokukhubazeka. Kwaye kuqaliswe ekuqaleni kwe-2079 kodwa kungagunyaziswanga de kube ngu-188, kuthintelwa unyuko lweNkquluko-Sigqibo-Mngeniselo olupheleleyo ukusuka ekuthatheni isiphumo de kube emva konyusonyulo.

Ukucaciswa komGaqo-siseko: Indlela Okumele Kugqitywe Ngayo Ukuba Nentsingiselo

Ukuyila NobuGaqo-siseko Obuphilayo

Enye yeengxoxo ezisisiseko kumthetho-siseko inxulumene nendlela omele utolikwe ngayo umGaqo-siseko. Izazi zoqobo ziphikisa ngelithi amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko kufuneka aqondwe ngokwentsingiselo yawo yantlandlolo .Njengandlela yenjongo yabafaki-mfono-mfono-mfono-siseko okanye yokuqonda okusesidlangalaleni okubhaliweyo ngexesha lokudityaniswa komGaqo-siseko obhaliweyo kunye nokulawula kwedemokhrasi, ziphikisa ngelithi abagwebi abangamiselwanga mabanganyanzeli iimfuno zabo kodwa mabasebenzise umthetho njengoko kwakuqondwa ekuqaleni.

Iingcali zomgaqo-siseko ophilayo ziphikisa ngelithi umGaqo-siseko kufuneka uchazwe ngokuqwalasela iimeko zale mihla, amaxabiso, kunye nokuqonda. Baphikisa ngelithi abafaki-freyim babhala ngokuphangaleleyo, amagama jikelele ngokuchanekileyo ukuvumela utshintsho ngexesha elithile kwaye ukubambelela ngokungqongqo kulwazi lweshumi elinesibhozo lenkulungwane kuzakuvelisa iziphumo ezingenangqiqo okanye ezingekho bulungisa kwibutho labantu lanamhlanje. Le ndlela igxininisa amandla omGaqo-siseko okuguqula nokuhlala elungelelanisa iimeko ezitshintshayo.

Ngokwendlela esetyenziswayo, abagwebi nabaphengululi abaninzi basebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zokuchaza, kuquka ukuqondwa kombhalo, imizekelo, indlela, injongo, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzayo. Ubunzima obunikwa mbandela ngamnye buyahluka kuxhomekeka kwintanda-bulumko yogwebo yetoliki kunye nombuzo ongqalileyo womgaqo-siseko ochaziwe.

Indima Yesiqalo

Imfundiso yokujongwa kwe-sleyidis − isiLatin ithetha "ukuma ngokwezinto ezigqitywe"" iwilimgathi ukuba iinkundla zifanele zilandele izigqibo zazo ezingaphambili. Udidi lukhuthaza uzinzo, ukuqikelelwa, kunye nokulingana ngokuphatha amatyala afanayo ngokufanayo. Ikwakukwakuhlonela ubulumko obuqokeleliweyo babagwebi bexesha elidluleyo kwaye iphepha ukudumba okungabakho ukuba yonke imibuzo yesiseko somthetho-siseko ibisoloko ivulekile ukuba iqwalaselwe ngokutsha.

Noko ke, umzekelo awugqibekanga. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iwise umthetho kwizigqibo zayo zangaphambili xa iyisekile ukuba zagqityelwa ngokuphosakeleyo okanye zangasetyenzwa. Imizekelo engaqhelekanga iquka Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo ngaphezulu Plessy v. Ferguson imvume yokufumana uhlanga, kunye ne-Obergefell v. Hodges arruling Baker v. Ukugxothwa komtshato omnye wobugxwayi be-xhulumani. Uxanduva phakathi kokuhlonipha imizekelo nokulungisa iimpazamo luhlala lungucelomngeni olungundoqo kwi-mfantamfa.

UmGaqo-siseko Kubomi baseMerika Bexesha Elizayo

Ucelomngeni LomGaqo-siseko Kwiminyaka Yamanani

UmGaqo-siseko ujongene nocelomngeni olutsha kwixesha lotshintsho lobugcisa olukhawulezileyo. Unxibelelwano lwamanani, ugcino-lwazi lwezentlalo, ubuchule bokuyila, kunye nokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi olusasazekileyo kuphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngokuphathelele ukuzifihla, ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, kunye namandla karhulumente. Umgaqo-siseko wokuLamla usebenza njani ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni okusebenza kwii-cellphone, ukugcina amafu, kunye nokukhangela imbali ye-intanethi ye-Internet yezobugcisa? Imigaqo yoMthethweno-Profectionation ifanele ilawule njani imigangatho yezentlalo-luvo yasekuhlaleni esebenza njengeeburhulumente kodwa isebenza kwiinkampani zabucala? Imigaqo-graptic Republic ingathetha njani kwiimeko ezingamashumi amabini-a-ath-entliter?

Iinkundla kunye nabenzi bemithetho bazama ukusebenzisa imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko kule meko intsha. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi imigaqo jikelele yomGaqo-siseko ithambile ngokwaneleyo ukuhlangabezana notshintsho lobugcisa. Abanye baphikisa kwelokuba ukuhlaziywa komGaqo-siseko okusisiseko kuyimfuneko. Ezi mpikiswano ziza kubumba ikamva lomthetho womgaqo-siseko kunye nebutho labantu baseMerika.

Impikiswano Eqhubekayo Ngentsingiselo YomGaqo-siseko

Iingxoxo zomgaqo-siseko zale mihla ziquka umgangatho wegunya lolawulo oluphezulu. Imibuzo emalunga namandla olawulo oluphezulu. Qhakathisela umgangatho wegunya lomongameli kukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukufuduka, kunye neemeko zongxamiseko . "Iimpikiswano zomanyano" ziyaqhubeka njengoko urhulumente exanduva olunxulumene nolawulo lwempilo, ulawulo lwemeko-bume, ulawulo lwezimilo, nezinye iindawo zemigaqo-nkqubo. Umlinganiselo wamalungelo omntu ngamnye, kuquka amalungelo empumlo, amalungelo okuzala, kunye namalungelo eLGBTQ, zivelisa impikiswano enzulu. Yaye imibuzo ephathelele amalungelo okuvota, i-gerrymantin, i-mali yephondo, kunye ne-Elctoral Collegeryling iphakamisa imicimbi engundoqo malunga nomelo lwedemokhrasi kunye nokulingana kwezobupolitika.

Ezi mpikiswano zibonisa ukungavisisani okunyanisekileyo ngentsingiselo yomgaqo - siseko, imilinganiselo ephikisanayo, nemibono eyahlukileyo yebutho labantu baseMerika.

UmGaqo-siseko Nokuguqulelwa Kwezobupolitika

Kwixesha lokwenziwa kwentlupheko enzulu kwezobupolitika, umGaqo-siseko usebenza njengendawo efanayo kwaye njengendawo ekhuphisanayo. EMelika kwiingingqi zezobupolitika ikhuthaza imigaqo-siseko ukuxhasa izikhundla zabo, ibonakalisa ukuzinikela komGaqo-siseko ekulawuleni kwanaphakathi kokungavumelani okunzulu ngokomGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, ukuthamba kukwasongela imigaqo-siseko kunye namaqumrhu xa abadlali bezopolitiko bebeka phambili kwimigaqo-siseko okanye xa ukungavisisani komgaqo-siseko kusiba nzulu kangangokuba bade bajongene ngqongqo kwii-ofisi zikarhulumente.

Ukugcina umgaqo-siseko wedemokhrasi akufuni nje kuphela ukumiswa ngokusemthethweni kodwa kukwafuneka izithethe ezicwangcisiweyo, ukunyamezelana, nokukulungela ukwamkela ukoyiswa konyulo kunye nezigqibo ezingobulungisa. Xa ezi nkqubo ziphela, umGaqo-siseko uba sengozini yokuguquka kwedemokhrasi. Ukuqinisa inkcubeko yenkcubeko yenkcubeko qha, ukunyanzeleka kwemigaqo-siseko neenkqubo ezisetyenziswayo.

Isizathu Sokuba Kubalulekile Ukuba Abemi Bafumane Ukufunda Nokubhala

Ukunika Isabelo Ngobuchule

Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kubomi bedemokhrasi. Ukufunda nokubhala emgaqo-siseko kwenza abantu bakwazi ukuhlolisisa iingcamango zezobupolitika, baqonde xa amalungelo abo esongelwa, babandakanyeke kwingxoxo yolwazi ngomgaqo-siseko, baze baphendule amagosa anyuliweyo. Izakhono eziqonda imigaqo-siseko zingabona ukuba imigaqo-siseko karhulumente ifanelekile kusini na, nokuba imigaqo ecetyisiweyo yezopolitiko inxulumene nomgaqo-siseko, nokuba ngaba ubuchule bezopolitiko buvumelana na nemilinganiselo yezomgaqo-siseko.

Kwakhona ulwazi lomGaqo-siseko lunceda abemi baqonde iindima ezifanelekileyo zamaziko ahlukeneyo karhulumente nezizathu zemibutho esenokubonakala idimaza okanye ingasebenzi kakuhle. Ukuqonda isizathu sokuba abakhi bezixhobo bekwenziwe kovavanyo nolungelelwano, uburhulumente, nezinye izinto zokwakha kunceda abemi baziqonde ezi nkqubo njengezinto zokukhusela inkululeko kunokuba baziqonde nje njengemiqobo yemigaqo enqwenelekayo.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Nenkululeko

Abemi abanakuwakhusela ngokunempumelelo amalungelo abo ukuba abawazi loo malungelo. Ukukwazi ukufunda nokubhala emgaqo-siseko kwenza abantu bakwazi ukuyiqonda xa inkululeko yabo ichatshazelwa kwaye bathathe amanyathelo afanelekileyo (nokuba kungenxa yezopolitiko, ukuphehlwa, okanye ezinye iindlela.

Ngaphezu koko, ukukhusela amalungelo omgaqo - siseko akuthethi nje ukuba abantu bamele amalungelo abo kodwa kufuneka baxhase amalungelo abanye, kuquka nabo bangavumelaniyo nabo.

Ukukhuthaza Imbopheleleko Yeqela

Urhulumente womGaqo-siseko uxhomekeke kumsebenzi, kubumi obunolwazi. UmGaqo-siseko udala inkqubo yokuzilawula, kodwa loo nkqubo isebenza kuphela xa abemi bephumeza iimbopheleleko zabo zezentlalo-ntle: ukuhlala benolwazi ngemicimbi kawonke-wonke, ukuba nenxaxheba kunyulo, ukusebenza kwiijaji, ukuhlonela amalungelo abanye, nokuxhasa imibutho yemiGaqo-siseko nemigaqo-siseko.

Ukubhala okusemthethweni kukhuthaza uxanduva lwabemi ngokunceda baqonde indima yabo kwinkqubo yomGaqo-siseko. Kucacisa ukuba idemokhrasi yezomgaqo-siseko asiyomidlalo ejongwayo kodwa ifuna ukuba abantu baqhubeke bethabatha inxaxheba kwaye bephaphile. Igxininisa ukuba amalungelo anokuthanani neembopheleleko kwaye inkululeko ixhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kwabemi ukubandakanyeka kumsebenzi onzima wokuzilawula.

Ukupheliswa komanyano lwesizwe

Kuhlanga olwahlukeneyo olunezahluka-hlukeneyo zezobupolitika, izithethe, kunye neengcamango, umGaqo-siseko unika isiseko esifanayo. Umisela imigaqo kunye neenkqubo ezahluleleneyo ezinokuphelisa iimpikiswano ezithile zenkqubo. Ukungakwazi ukufunda nokubhala kunceda ukukhulisa umanyano lwesizwe ngokugxininisa oko amaMerika asabelana kuko ngorhulumente womGaqo-siseko, ulawulo lomthetho, amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kunye nokuzilawula ngokwedemokhrasi.

Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko kukhuthaza uxabiso ngesithethe somGaqo-siseko waseMerika kunye nokuzama ukufikelela iinjongo zomGaqo-siseko. Kudibanisa abemi nembali yabo kunye nomsebenzi oqhubekayo wokwakha "umanyano olugqibeleleyo ngakumbi". Le ngcinga yembali ingenza imigudu eqhubekayo yokulungisa iimpazamo zomGaqo-siseko nokudlulisela ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kubo bonke abantu.

Imithombo yokufunda okungakumbi ngomGaqo-siseko

Kubemi abafuna ukuqinisa ulwazi lwabo lomgaqo-siseko, oovimba abaninzi bakhona. Abalawuli belizwe banika ukufikelela kumGaqo-siseko wokuqala kunye nezinto ezibanzi zemfundo. UmGaqo-siseko wesizwe [ ePhiladelphia] unika imiboniso enika imiboniso ebhaliweyo, iinkqubo zokufundisa, kunye nezixhobo zengingqi ze-intanethi eziphengulula imbali kunye neengxelo zangoku. Iiyunivesithi ezininzi nemibutho yemfundo yezemfundo ye-intanethi inikela iizifundo zezifundo ze-intanethi zomthetho nezorhulumente we-Melika.

Ukufunda imithombo esisiseko ngezantsi kubandakanya umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo, amaPhepha oMgaqo-siseko, iimbono zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye namaxwebhu embali . "Izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo ngemibuzo yomgaqo-siseko, ukusuka kwiintanda-bulumko ezahlukeneyo zomGaqo-siseko ukuya kwiinkcazelo zophakamiso zolwazi, kunceda ukuphuhlisa ukuqondwa kobuntsonkothileyo bomgaqo-siseko. kwaye ukuba nenxaxheba kubomi bentlalo-ntle. /ukungenelela kwiintlanganiso zezopolitili, ukuvota, nokuhlala usazi ngeziganeko zangoku.

Isiphumo: UmGaqo-siseko njengeprojekthi eqhubekayo

UmGaqo-siseko asiloxwebhu nje olungokwembali okanye umbhalo ongqinelanayo. Luyinkqubo ephilayo eqhubeka ibumba urhulumente waseMelika kunye nebutho labantu ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini emva kokudalwa kwalo. Ukunyamezela kwawo kubonisa ubulumko bokuyila kwawo .-ukumanyana kwawo ngononophelo, ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo asisiseko, ubuchule bokutshintsha ngoxolo (*) kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yezizukulwana ezilandelayo yokutolika, ukusebenzisa, yaye maxa wambi kulungisa amalungiselelo awo ukucombulula iingxaki ezintsha nokuzizalisekisa ngokupheleleyo izithembiso zawo.

UMgaqo-siseko uye wangqineka uvumelana nemeko, uvumela iinguqu ezinkulu kwibutho lamaMelika, ngokwezoqoqosho, kwezobugcisa, nakubemi bawo, ngoxa ulondoloza isiseko sawo esiyimfuneko nemigaqo yawo. Uphunyelo luye lwasinda kwimfazwe yamakhaya, udandatheko lwezoqoqosho, iimfazwe zehlabathi, kunye neenguqu ezinzulu zoluntu. Kodwa uhlala engafezekanga kwaye uphikiswa, ngeenjwal-mpikiswano eziqhubekayo ngentsingiselo yayo nokusetyenziswa kokwenza ukungavumelani ngemilinganiselo esisiseko kunye nolungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo lobomi bezobupolitika.

Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko kubalulekile kummi ngamnye waseMerika. Kunika abantu amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kubomi bedemokhrasi, ukukhusela amalungelo abo nawabanye, ukuphendula kurhulumente, nokufak' isandla kwiphulo eliqhubekayo lobugosa. Ukufunda umGaqo-siseko akululo ulwazi nje lwemfundo kodwa bubulumko obusebenzisekayo obufunekayo ukuze kugcinwe urhulumente okhululekileyo nokukhusela inkululeko yabantu ngabanye.

Abaqulunqi besakhiwo somGaqo-siseko bazenzele "wethu kunye noMgaqo-siseko wethu," beqonda ukuba isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka sibe nobunikazi borhulumente womgaqo-siseko size sivisisane neemeko zazo ngoxa zihlala zithembekile kwimigaqo yaso esisiseko. Lo mthwalo uxhomekeke kuthi ngoku. Ngokufunda ngomGaqo-siseko, ngokubandakanya imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko, ukuba nenxaxheba kubomi bentlalo-ntle, nokuxhasa amaziko omgaqo-siseko kunye nemigaqo-siseko, siyalihlonela ilifa lemiqathango yomthetho-siseko size sizalisekise imbopheleleko yethu yokulondoloza urhulumente wesiseko wezizukulwana ezizayo.

UmGaqo-siseko umbandela kuba umisela isiseko sobomi bethu obufanayo njengabemi belifa leriphabliki elikhululekileyo. Ikhusela amalungelo ethu, izakhiwo zikarhulumente wethu, kwaye ibandakanya umnqweno wethu ophakamileyo wokufuna okusesikweni, inkululeko, nokuzilawula. Kwixesha lolwahlulo lwezobupolitika kunye neenguqu ezikhawulezileyo, umGaqo-siseko uhlala uhleli kunye nathi kwaye uxanduvanisa amandla ahlala edemokhrasi kunye nesikhumbuzo sokuba umsebenzi wokwakha "umanyano olugqibeleleyo kakhulu" awusoze ugqitywe.