Inkqubo yomthetho eUnited States, njengabanye abaninzi ehlabathini lonke, isebenza kwiindlela ezimbini ezingafaniyo kodwa ezidityanisiweyo: umthetho wamakhaya nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Kubafundi, abafundisi- ntsapho, nakobani na ofuna ukuqonda indlela okusetyenziswa ngayo okusesikweni, ukuqonda ukungavisisani phakathi kwamatyala asekuhlaleni nawolwaphulo-mthetho kusekelwe kwisiseko. Umthetho wasekuhlaleni usingatha iimpikiswano phakathi kwamaqela abantu abazimeleyo, amashishini, okanye imibutho. “xa iqhubana nemigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye imibutho apho ithe ijongeka ukuba iyingozi ngokwaneleyo ukuze iqinisekise ukunyanzeleka nokuze yohlwaywa. Nangona zombi zo zozibini ezi nkqubo zinemvelaphi efanayo kwimigaqo efanayo yomthetho, ziya kunyuke kakhulu kwiinjongo zazo, iinkqubo, iziphumo, iingxelo zezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, imilinganiselo yomthetho, kunye nemilinganiselo yehlabathi.

Ukuchaza Amatyala AngooNontlalo Nawabelele

Kulula ukuqulunqwa, kubakho ityala lamakhaya xa elinye iqela (ilungu elingummangalelwa) liqinisekisa ukuba elinye iqela (ummangalelwa) lisilele ukuzalisekisa umsebenzi osemthethweni obotshelelwe ityala lommangalelwa, libangela umonakalo okanye ukulahlekelwa. Umthetho wamakhaya ugqubuthela uludwe oluninzi lwempikiswano, kuquka iimbonakaliso zobuqu, iingozi zempahla, umonakalo wentsapho, imicimbi enjengemiqathango yoqhawulo kunye nokugcinwa kwabantwana, kunye nokungavisisani kweshishini. Umchasi-mthetho usoloko ufuna isicombululo esiqhelekileyo semali, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha umyalelo (umyalelo wenkundla wokwenza okanye wokuyeka ukwenza okuthile) okanye ukwenza okuthile (ukuqinisekisa iqela lenza isivumelwano sesivumelwano). Amatyala amakhaya alawulwa yimimiselo yomthetho eqhelekileyo, nemimiselo engokomthetho elungele ukulawulwa yimithetho eyahlukeneyo, kodwa ngaphezu kwenjongo yomthetho ebomthetheledwa, kodwa inguquququze yetyala, ityala elingongongongobongabonga, okanye ukusohlwaywa kweqela elibo.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liziswa ngurhulumente (ngokwahlukileyo, ngokuqhatha, kumgangatho weSebe leMithetho yaseUnited States; kumgangatho wephondo, igqwetha lesithili okanye igqwetha likarhulumente (ngokuchasene nomntu okanye iqumrhu elityholwayo ngokuwenzakalisa. Imithetho yezaphuli-mthetho ichaza ukuba akuvumelekanga ukuba ihambo yokubekwa ityala ibandakanya ukuvalelwa kwetyala, ukurhwaphiliselwa, ukuqhatha, okanye ukubulala) kwaye imisela izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ukuba ityala liyaqhubeka, ityala liqhubeka, ijaji (okanye ijaji kuphela) igqiba ukuba ngaba umangalelwa libonw ’ ityala libonw ’ ityala. Imiphumo yetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho iquka ukubanjwa, ukuhlawulwa, ukugwetywa, ukukhutshwa kwenkonzo yoluntu, ukuhlaziselwa kwetyala, ukukhuselwa kwetyala.

Ukwahluka Okuyintloko Phakathi Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Nangona amatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho egwetywa enkundleni, ayahluka phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zesithethe nezolwaphulo-mthetho. La macandelwana alandelayo aphula eyona mahluko ibalulekileyo.

Ukuma

Kwimeko yasekuhlaleni, amaqela ngamalungu azimeleyo: ummeli (umbutho oqalisa isuti) nommangalelwa (iqela liyamangalelwa). Nabani na onegunya elisemthethweni unokuba ngummangalelwa okanye ummangalelwa, kuquka abantu ngabanye, iinkampani, amaqumrhu, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente xa esebenza njengemibutho yangasese. Ummangalelwa umele abe [[FLT: 0] eme [[FLT]] ukunyuselwa ukunyuselwa okanye ukumangalelwa. Umthetho umele ukuba umele ukuba ubangele ingozi okanye umonakalo onokuthi inkundla ikwazi ukuyilungisa. Ngokwahlukileyo, ityala lisoloko liziswa ngumtshutshisi omela “abantu okanye“ imonga”. Ummangalelwa nguMmangali, nomtshutshisi kwimicimbi yabantu engabantu ngabanye.

Umthwalo Wokungqina

Mhlawumbi umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwamatyala angokwamakhaya nawolwaphulo-mthetho uxhomekeke kubungqina obunobunzima .. Lo mgaqo ubonakalisa ukuba ubungqina bubonakala kunokwenzeka kakhulu (kunokwenzeka kakhulu kumashumi amahlanu%) ukuba ummangalelwa unegunya. Ngamabinzana asebenzayo, ukuba isikali sobungqina sikhokelele kancinane kwinkoliseko, baphumelele. Kwimiba ethile yamakhaya, urhwaphilizo olufanayo, okanye ukurhoxisa amalungelo obuzayo abizwa ngokuba yi-FF:[2]

Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente kufuneka angqine ityala lommangalelwa lingaphaya kobunyani obusengqiqweni. Lo ngumgangatho ophezulu wobungqina kwinkqubo yomthetho. Ayifuni kuqiniseki, kodwa ifuna ukuba ubungqina buqiniseke kakhulu ukuba akukho mntu onengqondo onokuthi ade athabathe amanyathelo okuqukumbela kwisigqibo setyala. Ukuba abachopheli bejaji bathandabuza naliphi na ityala lommangalelwa, kufuneka bawakhulule. Lo khuseleko lusuka kumgaqo wokuba kuyingozi kakhulu ukubeka ityala kumntu omsulwa kunokuba akhululeke umntu onetyala. Ngaphandle koko, umntu onengqondo angathanda ukuthatha ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho waseMelika umele abekwe ityala.

Indima yokuzimisela (Amadoda uRea)

Kumthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala alimele nje kuphela libonise ukuba ummangalelwa uye wayenza into eyalelweyo (i-[FLT: 0] i-actus reus ) kodwa kwakhona ukuba wenza njalo ngemeko ethile yengqondo, ebizwa ngokuba [ amadoda] aphinde afumaneke [[[FLT:]]. Isimo sengqondo esifunekayo siyahluka-tshintsha ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho: ukubulala kufuna ucalucalucalulo ngaphambili; ubusela kufuna ukunyaza ngokusisigxilo; uninzi lwetyala lomthetho lungafuna ukungakhathalelwa kuphela. [[FGeneGene], apho imfuneko yokuzikhusela ingqeqesho engoko isohlwayo imele ingasebenzi iziphumo eziyingozi, ngaphandle kokuba ityala eliyingozi.

Ilayini esuka kwilayini ye Marcus

Omnye umahluko obalulekileyo lilungelo lokucebisa. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, uMgaqo-siseko weSithandathu ohambelana noMgaqo-siseko wase-U.Uqinisekisa wonke ummangalelwa ukuba unelungelo lokufumana igqwetha. Ukuba ummangalelwa akanalo ilungelo lokufumana imvume, inkundla kufuneka imisele umkhuseli kawonke-wonke okanye esinye isiluleko esifanelekileyo ngendleko karhulumente. Eli lungelo lisebenza kuwo onke amatyala etyala angenatyala nakumangalelwayo athwele isigwebo sokuvalelwa entolongweni. Kumatyala amakhaya, akukho lungelo lomgaqo-siseko wenkululeko yokumela imelo. Nangona amaqela esenokuqesha amagqwetha awo, urhulumente akanyanzelekanga kunikezeli omnye. Amaqela angenawo azimeleyo (amaqela azimeleyo) aqhelekileyo kwinkundla eenkundla eencwadi, iinkundla zemicimbi yezentengingqi, kunye nesentsasapho, kodwa asoloko ejamelene nemeko eninzi.

Izilingo ze Jury

Amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho nawomatyala oluntu nawolwaphulo-mthetho angaqulwa phambi kwenkundla, kodwa imithetho iyahluka. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iSihlalo seSithandathu soMmiselo-mthetho siqinisekisa ukuba ityala lejaji elinzulu (eligwetywa ngaphezu kweenyanga ezintandathu). Abachobi kufuneka badibane kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye imimandla emininzi ifuna ukungavumelani kwityala. Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, ukuHlunyuliswa kweSigqibo kulondoloza ilungelo lokugwetywa kwetyala kwityala lomthetho omnye apho isixa esiphakathi sibotshwayo singaphaya kwama-2020. Kodwa, amatyala amaninzi amakhaya avavanywa ngaphandle kwetyala (amatyala) ahlukeneyo, kwaye izigwebo ezima-mthetho ezimanyana ezi-6 zisenokungasoloko zifuneka ukuba ziphinde zifumane izigwebo ezigwebo ezithathu ezintathu okanye ezintlanu ezinesihlanu. Umlinganiselo wemi -6. Umlinganiselo wemi - gesabhini umlinganiselo wabezongameli; ngoxa ityala elina ityala lingena ngokweebhunga lamatyala elingu-66.

Imilinganiselo Esemthethweni Kwimiba Yabemi: Ukujongwa Ngokunzulu

Umthetho wamakhaya uquka iindidi ezininzi ezincinane, nganye inemithetho yayo kunye nonyango lwayo. Ukuqonda le milinganiselo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda umthetho okanye onenxaxheba kwimiba yezopolitiko.

Umgangatho Ophambili Ekuqheliseni

Uqwalaselo lomlinganiselo wobungqina lusoloko luchazwa kumaqumrhu ejaji “njengobunzima obukhulu bobungqina.” Akufuni ukuba ummangalelwa abonise ukuba imeko yawo ingqineka ilungile, kuphela ukuba inguqulelo yawo yeziganeko ikholeleka kakhulu kuneyommangalelwa. Umzekelo, kwimeko yengozi yemoto, ummangalelwa makabonise ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba ukungakhathali kommangalelwa kubangele ukungqubana. Ukuba ubungqina bulinganayo, ummangalelwa uyaphumelela. Lo mthwalo usezantsi ubonisa ukuba amatyala abandakanya amalungelo ayimfihlo kunye nemali, hayi inkululeko, kwaye uluntu lunyamezela ubungozi obuphezulu bempazamo kwimigwebo yamakhaya.

Iindidi Zomzekelo Wangaphakathi

Iindidi eziqhelekileyo zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali ziquka:

  • Inkcubeko edityanisiweyo: Isantya sokwenza isivumelwano sivela xa omnye umntu engaphumeleli ukwenza njengoko kuthenjisiwe. Unyango lungaquka ukonakaliswa kwengeniso elahlekileyo, ukwenziwa, okanye ukuphinda ulwenzeke kwesivumelwano.
  • Ityala letort: Ziingxaki zamakhaya ezibangela umonakalo okanye umonakalo. Imizekelo iquka ukungakhathali (ingozi zecar, ukungasetyenziswa kakuhle kwezamayeza), ii-torts ngemposiso (i-assult, ibhetri, ukunyenjiswa kwebhetri), kunye netyala elingqongqo (imveliso ezichaphazelekayo).
  • Imibandela yoMthetho woNtlalo-ntle: [ Uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, inkxaso yomntwana, kunye neenkqubo zokukhulisa umntwana zizinto zoluntu. Zisoloko zibandakanya imicimbi ephezulu yeemvakalelo kwaye zifuna ukuba abagwebi balungelelanise izilangazelelo ezingcono zabantwana namalungelo abazali.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Izichasi-zi: Ezi ziquka iingxabano zomda, ukungavisisani kwengingqi, ukuthomalalisa, kunye nezibhengezo zomxholo. IiNkundla zingakhupha imigwebo yokukhupha ityala okanye imiyalelo yesihloko esizolileyo.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Izenzo ezidityanisiweyo: Amaqela amakhulu abathathi-nxaxheba abathetha into efanayo asenokumangalelwa kunye, ngokufuthi ngenxa yokuqhatha kwabathengi, ukungqubana kwezakhono, okanye ukonakaliswa kwemekobume.

Enye Imilinganiselo Kumthetho Wamakhaya

Ngeli xesha ukuqwalasela kusisicwangciso sokungagqibeki, eminye imicimbi yabemi ifuna umgangatho ophezulu. Umzekelo, kwiimeko ezifuna isohlwayo somo wesohlwayo (esimiselwe ukusohlwaya ukuziphatha okubi), amazwe amaninzi afuna ubungqina obucacileyo nobeyiselayo. Ngokufanayo, kwiinjongo zombutho wabemi zokuzibophelela ngenxa yokugula ngengqondo, umgangatho usoloko ucacile kwaye weyisekisa ubungqina obubangelwa kukuncishwa kwenkululeko ebandakanyekileyo. Abanye abantu baqhatha nabo ngokufuna ubungqina obucacileyo nobuneyisekayo. Ukuqonda ukuba yintoni imo lwesiqhelo esebenzayo ingathintela iziphumo zetyala.

Imilinganiselo engokwasemthethweni kumatyala ezaphuli-mthetho: Ukhuseleko oluphangaleleyo

Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho umisela eyona miqathango inzima ibutho labantu elinokuyibeka, ngoko inkqubo yomthetho iquka imigaqo emininzi yokukhusela ummangalelwa. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwezi kukucingela ukuba umsulwa, okubeka wonke umthwalo wokuqinisekisa ukuba ukho.

Ngaphezu Kokuthandabuza Ngokusengqiqweni: Intsingiselo Nembali

Ngaphaya kwe-a-double-moner imigangatho i-winship-referenti ineengcambu ezinzulu kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, kodwa yavunywa ngokusemthethweni kumthetho womgaqo-siseko weNkundla ePhakamileyo e kwi-winship [1970]. INkundla yabambelela ekubeni inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ubungqina obungaphaya kobubungqina obusengqiqweni bento nganye efunekayo ukuvelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho olubekwa ityala. Umgangatho awungeniselwanga ekuqiniseki ngqo uqikelelo, kodwa abagwebi bafundisa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuba ukuthandabuza okusekelwe kwingqiqo nengqiqo, hayi ukuqikelelwa okanye ukuqiqa. Ukuba abagwebi abagwebi abaqiniseki kwityala, kufuneka bafumane umShuphiweyo engenatyala. Olu phawu luyilelwe ukunciphisa umngcipheko ophosakeleyo lwenkululeko olungafanelekanga, xa umntu engongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongongomnye.

Iintlobo Zezaphuli - mthetho

Umthetho wakwaphula umthetho ubala izaphuli - mthetho ezisekelwe kubunzulu bazo:

  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezinzulu ezisohlwaywa ngokuvalelwa ngaphezu konyaka omnye (okanye ukufa). Imizekelo iquka ukubulala, ukudlwengula, ukuphanga, ukurhwaphiliza nokurhweba ngeziyobisi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Imisdemers: Amacala anzima ancinci agwetywa unyaka omnye entolongweni, iifaso, okanye ityala. Iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ubusela obuncinane, ukuhlasela okulula, iDuI (ityala lokuqala), kunye nehambo engalungelelananga.
  • Ukwaphulwa (Ii-VIOlations): Amacala amancinane okulawula, adla ngokunikwa amatikiti emoto okanye ukwaphulwa kwekhowudi, agwetywa kuphela ngentengo. Ukwaphula umthetho akuphathi xesha lasentolongweni kwaye ngokufuthi akuyilenzi ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ezimhlophe-matyala angekho mgangathweni ezisetyenziselwa inzuzo yemali, njengenkohliso, ukurhwebelana, nokunyoba. Ezi zingabekwa njengetyala okanye izigwebi ezingekho mthethweni zixhomekeke kwimali ebandakanyekileyo nakwinjongo yommangalelwa.

Ukhuselo oluzinzileyo kunye nembono

Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa angaphakamisa ukhuseleko oluvumayo olufana nokuzikhusela ngokwakhe, ukuphambana, okanye ukuphembelela. Ngoxa ingtshutshiso kufuneka iphikise ezi ndlela zokuzikhusela ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni, ummangalelwa kufuneka aqale avelise ubungqina bokuxhasa ukhuseleko. Ngaphezu koko, ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho zithwala imbono ezisesikweni ze-/umzekelo, ukuba nenkitha yeziyobisi zingabangela ukuba ingcamango yokusasaza. Noko ke, ezo mbono azinakususa umthwalo opheleleyo wobungqina kumntu omangalelweyo.

Imiphumo Nendlela Yokuyicombulula: Izaphuli - mthetho

Iziphumo zamatyala angoorhulumente nawamatyala ahluke ngokupheleleyo kwiinjongo nakubungakanani. Iingcaciso zamakhaya zenzelwe ukuhlawulela ityala elenziwe kakubi okanye ukukhusela ingozi kwixesha elizayo, ngoxa izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho zijolise ekohlwayeni, ekuthinteleni, ekupheliseni, nasekulungiseni isiphene.

Iindlela zokwandiswa

  • Umonakalo ohlahlelayo: Imali ehlawulwa ukugquma ilahleko yokwenene yomxhasi, njengeendleko zonyango, ukuphulukana nengeniso, ukonakaliswa kwempahla, kunye neentlungu kunye nokubandezeleka.
  • Umonakalo odityanisiweyo: umonakalo owongeziweyo ohlawulwa kwiimeko zokungalungi kokuziphatha okufanelekileyo ukohlwaya ummangalelwa kwaye uthintela ukuziphatha okufanayo. Oku kunqabile kwaye kuphantsi kwemida yomgaqo-siseko.
  • Iinjuct: INkundla iyalela umbutho ukuba wenze okanye uphephe into ethile. Iqhelekile kwimo yezulu, kwimpahla yengqondo, kunye namatyala omthetho wentsapho.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imisebenzi ekhethekileyo: Isicombululo esifuna iqela ukwenza imbopheleleko yesivumelwano, esetyenziswayo xa umba wento ungaqhelekanga (umz., umhlaba wokwemvelo).
  • Imigwebo yokwalatha: Ukugqiba kwenkundla amalungelo amaqela, ngokufuthi yayifuna ukusombulula umba womthetho phambi kokuba kwenzeke umonakalo omkhulu.

Ukugwetywa Kwezaphuli - mthetho

  • Ukuvalela: Isigwebo sokuvalelwa entolongweni (umngxuma) okanye intolongo (umngxuma). Isigwebo setyala singasuka iintsuku ukuya kutsho kubomi. Isohlwayo sentloko sisona sohlwayo sinzima, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwaso kuyancipha e-U.S.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iziphoso ze-moneta ezihlawulwayo kurhulumente. Iintle zisoloko zibekwa ngaphaya kwezinye izivakalisi.
  • I-Project: 0] I- Ixesha lokukhululwa okujongweyo kuluntu, kunye neemeko ezifana nokuxilonga rhoqo, uvavanyo lweziyobisi, nemiqathango kwihambo okanye kunxulumano.
  • Inkonzo ye-community: Umsebenzi ongahlawulwayo kumaziko angeyonzuzo okanye karhulumente.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ityala:[ ityala eliyalelwe ummangalelwa kwixhoba ngelahleko enxulumene ngqo nolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokungafaniyo nezono zamakhaya, ilahleko iyinxalenye yesigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Iziphumo ezithe ngqo ze- Iziphumo ze-CPURCE: iinkolelo zingakhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwelayisensi yobuchule, ukugxothwa kwabantu abafudukayo, ukungavunyelwa kwezindlu zikawonke-wonke, nelungelo lokuvota okanye ukuphatha imipu.

Ingxaki ephindwe kabini kunye nenkqubela-phambili yangoku

Umgaqo omnye obalulekileyo ngowokuba ukuziphatha okubi okufanayo kusenokubangela ukumanyuswa kwezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, umntu ohlaselayo angagwetyelwa ibhetri kwinkundla yamakhaya aze agwetywe ibhetri kwinkundla yakwaphula umthetho. ityala eliphindwe kabini [ ityala leSimente sesihlanu soMphetho-mthetho lithintela ukugwetywa okulandelelanayo ngenxa yetyala elinye emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa, kodwa alibophini ulwaphulo-mthetho olufanelekileyo. Ngalo ndlela, uSimpson wakhululwa ekubulaweni kwinkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho kodwa kamva wafunyanwa efanelwe kukufa okuphosakeleyo kwisuthsu. Oku kungenxa yokuba imilinganiselo yobungqina iyahlukileyo kuphela ifuna ukufunyanwa kobungqina obunetyala obuqhelekileyo, ngoxa abagwebi abagwebi abangenatyala bebo abafanelekileyo.

Umahluko ongokwenkqubo noHlaziyo

Iinkqubo ezilawula amatyala asekuhlaleni nawamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho nazo zahlukile, nto leyo ephembelela yonke into ukusuka kwindlela amatyala aqaliswa ngayo kwindlela esingathwa ngayo izibheno.

Ukwenziwa kwamatyala

Amatyala amakhaya aqala xa umlomo ufakela isikhalazo kwinkundla kwaye usebenza kummangalelwa. Ummangalelwa ngoko unexesha elifutshane lokufaka impendulo okanye esinye isibongozo esiphendulayo. Ukuxilongwa/ukutshintshisana okusesikweni kobungqina kunye nolwazi(_ukusoloko kuphangalele kwaye kubandakanya ukubekwa, ukuncinwa kwetyala, kunye nezicelo zoxwebhu. Ukufunyaniswa kwamakhaya kuvumela amaqela ukuba afumane iziqinisekiso ezixhasa iimfuno zawo okanye izikhuselo. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo iqala ngokubanjwa okanye ukubekwa kwetyala okanye ukubekwa ityala yi-jaji enkulu. Urhulumente uneembopheleleko zokubhenca ubungqina obungafihliweyo ([[FLT:]] [FLGract1]] ulawulo) kodwa ayiphazameli ekufumaneni okubanzi njenge-omatilomGawulayo. Abagwebi banetyala abanawo ulawulo oluzingxengelwayo olungolu nxamnye nomthetho oluzinyongoluthiweyo.

Izibheno

Kunokubhenwa izigwebo zoburhulumente nezezaphuli-mthetho, kodwa imilinganiselo kunye neenkqubo zokwahluka. Kwimiba yabemi, nayiphi na imo yeqela ingabhenela kwisigwebo sokugqibela. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, inkundla ihlola ingxelo yamatyala etyala ngenxa yeempazamo ezisemthethweni, isebenzisa imilinganiselo enjenge de no no no no no no no no no no [ (kwimibuzo yomthetho) okanye ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwengqiqo (kuba nemithetho esemthethweni). Kwizigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ummangalelwa unelungelo lokubhenela ityala, kodwa urhulumente akakwazi ukubhenela umgwebo ngenxa yengozi ephindwe kabini. Noko ke, urhulumente unakho ukubhenela kwimimiselo ethile, njengonyanzelo lobungqina.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Umahluko Kubafundisi Nabafundi

Kubafundisisi abafundisa amaqumrhu, urhulumente, okanye izifundo ezinxulumene nomthetho, umahluko okhoyo wabemi, yingcamango ekhanyisa imigaqo ebanzi yokusesikweni, okusesikweni, kunye nomthetho. Xa abafundi beqonda isizathu sokuba umthwalo wobungqina uphakame kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, baqalisa ukuxabisa ixabiso lenkqubo yethu esemthethweni ekhululekileyo nenokuba msulwa. Ukuthelekisa iingcaciso ezikhoyo zemigaqo-nkqubo yezemali (ii-damages) zamaxhoba amelene nesohlwayo sabo-"ne nesohlwayo somthetho //ipromptttings ukucingela iinjongo zomthetho. Ngaphezu koko, ukujonga iimeko eziphezulu ezifana no-O. Sison. Simp okanye iim. Iim.impeta zolwaphulo-mthetho zolwaphulo-mthetho zinceda abafundi babone indlela yokusebenza nokuqonda iziphumo ezisemthethweni kodwa ziphumele kwiimigaqo ezichaneyo.

Ootitshala bangasebenzisa umahluko phakathi kwamatyala angokwamakhaya nawolwaphulo-mthetho ukufundisa ngokhuseleko olusemthethweni, indima yamajaji, nokwahlula amagunya phakathi koorhulumente noorhulumente borhulumente. Bangaphinda bahlole iingxwabangxwaba ezingalungiswanga: umzekelo, utyekelo olukhulayo “lokulahlekelwa yimfuno yemali,” apho ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuphangwa kwezinto ngokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-siseko efuna uxanduva oluphantsi lokuqinisekisa imicimbi yoluntu. Ngokufanayo, ukusetyenziswa kwentelekelelo yezaphuli-mthetho ekuboneleni intlukwano yoorhulumente kuye kwagxekwa ngokudala izisusa ezigqwetha ezigqwetha abantu. Ezi mpikiswano zanamhlanje zenza ufundo lomthetho wamakhaya lungalulekangafundi nje kuphela kodwa lubaluleke kubomi babantu.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yomthetho yaseMelika isekelwe kwiintsika ezimbini ._imeko nganye elungiselelwe ukulungiselela imisebenzi eyahlukileyo. Iimeko zabemi zinika iqhinga lokucombulula iimbambano zabucala nokufumana imbuyekezo yengozi, isebenza phantsi komgangatho ophambili wokuzinzisa ityala. Iimeko zetyala, ngokwahlukileyo, ukunyanzela imigaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke kunye nokukhusela ibutho labantu kwihambo eyingozi, ukunyanzelisa ubungqina obungaphaya kokuthandabuza okufanelekileyo ukukhusela ukumangalelwa ekuchaneni ngokuphosakeleyo. Umahluko unwebela kwicandelo ngalinye lokuchana: onokuthi azise ityala, okumele kuboniswe, oko amalungelo ekufuneka amaqela, oko kunokwenziwa okanye isigwebo, nokukhuselwa okukhoyo, nendlela eqhutywa ngayo. Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukulawula okufanelekileyo ukuphumelela kwempumelelo yeze kungenelele impumelelo esemthethweni kodwa kukwakho nangokweenkqubo ezilungeleneentlobo-demo-demokhtiki, ukuqwalasela, ukufaneleka komthetho ngamnye, nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo elungele ukusetyenziswayo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo elungelelaniswa komthetho, kunye nokusetyenziswayo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kwi [[FLT: 0] Isebe Lezolwazi Lephepha-mthetho iNtolongo yomthetho wasekuhlaleni kunye nokungenisa umthetho womthetho . Iwebhsayithi [[[FLT:]S.S. iSebe leJaji [[FLT]].S. leJaji yeJaji [ inika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha ezingomthetho, ngelixa ichaza i-Judicary[[FLT] [FLT]] ichaza imithetho yeproccoral elawula zombini iimeko zoluntu kunye nezolwaphulo-mthetho. Ezibonelelo zinokunyusa ukuqonda kwakho kwakho nokunika ulwano lokwenene lwemeko lwehlabathi apha apha kwimigaqo yenkqubo echaphane.