Isiseko Senkululeko YaseMerika

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States umisa isakhiwo sikarhulumente wezwe lonke, kodwa kukulungisa okuchaza ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente nomntu ngamnye. Ukususela ekuhlaziyweni kweBhili yamaLungelo ngo1791, umGaqo-siseko uguqulwe kamashumi amabini anesixhenxe, kunye nolwandiso ngalunye olubonisa uhlomelo olubalulekileyo kwindaleko yentlalo-ntle yaseMelika nezobupolitika. Kumntu nabani na ofuna ukuqonda umgangatho wenkululeko yakhe yoluntu, ukuqikelelwa ngokucokisekileyo kwezi ziphene akuyomfundo kuphela yemfundo . [1] Eli nqaku linika uvavanyo oluphezulu lobugcisa-mGaqo-siseko olukhusela amalungelo akho, oluhlola umongo wembali, ukucaciswa kwawo, nokuhlala komthetho, nokuhlala kuhlala eMelika yanamhlanje.

IBhili Yamalungelo: Ishumi Lokuqala

Ngo-1789 kwaza kwavunywa ngo-1791, iBhili yamaLungelo yaqulunqwa ngenxa yenkxalabo yoMgaqo-siseko omtsha othe wanyanzelisa amandla amaninzi kurhulumente wesizwe. Ezi zindululo zokuqala zilishumi zibala imiqathango ekhethekileyo kwigunya likarhulumente, ziqinisekisa inkululeko esisiseko eye yaba lithambeka ledemokhrasi yaseMerika.

Ukulungiswa Kokuqala: Ingcamango Engenakuchazwa

UHlaliso Lokuqala lukhusela inkululeko emihlanu ebalulekileyo: unqulo, ukuthetha, ukucofa, indibano, nelungelo lokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo. Izigwebo zonqulo lwalo ``Ukumiselwa kuka-Claus' kunye ne-Free Execs Claus(forbid Congress' ekumiseleni unqulo olusemthethweni kwaye ikhusele ilungelo lokuqhelisela naluphi na ukholo ngaphandle kokuphazamisa. Intetho kunye nokucofa iintetho zezopolitiki zisisiseko sentetho yezopolitiki, zivumela abemi ukuba bagxeke urhulumente ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezela. Inkundla ephakamileyo iye yazitolikela ezi zikhuselwa ngokubanzisa izikhuseli, intlawulo ezilungela ukubhiyo, intlawulo, intshumayelo yemiciso, kunye nonxibelelwano lwamanani. Imeko zelizwe oluqhubekayo. [FLD.[5] i-1964] i-196]

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Ilungelo Lokugcina Nokuthwala Izixhobo

ISindululo Sesibini sichaza: "I-Militia elawulwa kakuhle, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Iizixhobo, alizukumonyuswa. Kwimbali enkulu yaseMelika, eli lungiselelo lachazwa njengeqela elihlangeneyo elinelungelo lokubotshelelwa kwinkonzo yama-application. Noko ke, iGalilayo yaseColumbia v. [[FLT] [FLT] [2001]] [2008], iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yayisithi ukukhusela umntu ngamnye ilungelo lokuzikhusela kwimipu ukuze azifumanele ngokwakhenkceshe phakathi kwekhaya. [[FLT] [FLD] [FLD2] [FLT] v [FLT] [2010]]) imeko ekwandiswayo kulawulo lwasekunene kunye nolawulo lwesibini lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-mthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko somthetho-siseko soluntu soluntu soluntu] ihlala. [inke] I-Genega

Uhlaziyo Lwesine: Ukuzimela Nokuzikhusela

UHlaziyo lwesine lukhusela abantu ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni okubangelwa ngurhulumente. Lufuna ukuba abanyanzeli bomthetho bafumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka phambi kokuqhuba ukuphendla okanye ukubopha, ngaphandle kwezinye izinto. Oku kuphengululwa kuye kwangundoqo ekuchazeni amalungelo obuqu ngexesha lamanani. I-Carterter v. United States[FLT] [2018] [iNkunye], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba urhulumente makafumane isiqinisekiso sokufumana indawo ekuyo kwicell phone, eqonda ukuba ubugcisa bunceda ukuqwalaselwa kolwazi olunzulu lobomi bomntu. Uhlanu uMbetho-Applitemplity uxilonga , ngokukodwa njengoko ubugcisa bokuhlola luqhubeka ukuguqula i-enjiko.

UHlaliso lweNtloko: Inkqubo efanelekileyo nokuzithethelela

IsiHlanziso sesihlanu sinikela ukhuseleko oluninzi olubalulekileyo kubantu abajongene netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Siqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu oza kubanjwa ukuba aphendule kwikomkhulu okanye kwisenzo solwaphulo-mthetho esinetyala esinetyala elibini, ayayithintela ingozi ephindwe kabini, kwaye akhusele ekunyanzelweni kwesinyanzelo sobuqu (inkqubo ze-fair) kunye nenkqubo encinci efunekayo (ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo angundoqo angenaludwe). [5] [4] I-Marinda.[FFF:] [196] Isigqibo esithenjiweyo saqukwa yinkqubo efunekayo ye-procedmical elungeleyo (igno) kunye ne-ethentifix projective syst syst provicestionstionstions propertial proces progreptions) kunye ne-ogning) eselectivesss projectivess proving). [12]

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

Uhlaziyo lwesibhozo lwalela urhulumente wezwelonke ekubekeni ibheyile eninzi, ekuhlawuleni intlawulo egqithisileyo, okanye kwisohlwayo esigqithisileyo nesingaqhelekanga. Oku kulungiswa kuye kwaba sisiseko socelomngeni kwisohlwayo sokufa, ingakumbi malunga neendlela zokubulala kunye nokubulawa kweentsana nabantu abaneziphene. Furman v. Georgia [772]], iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo ngokunempumelelo inquma isohlwayo ngenxa yokusebenza ngokungekho semthethweni, nangona kamva yabuyiselwa ngenkqubo ehlaziyisiweyo . [[FLT] v][FLT]] .[5:3][9][9] Imidathi ye-Gejiyoli].

Uhlaziyo: Ukunciphisa ukulingana

Emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya, iinguqu ezintathu zavunyelwa ukuthetha ngokusemthethweni ngemeko yabantu ababengamakhoboka nokuseka ilungiselelo elitsha lobumi besizwe. Ezi zindululo ngokusisiseko zabuguqula ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente wesizwe namazwe, zandisa ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye.

IsiHlanzi seshumi elinesithathu (1865)

IsiHlanziso seshumi elinesithathu saphelisa ubukhoboka nobukhoboka obungavumelekanga kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Saye sisokuqala seMithetho yokuHlaziya ngokutshayelelwa kwezeNkqutyana zeSinyuso kwaye samela ukutshintshwa okukhulu kwebutho lamaMelika. Utshintsho luquka ukuphambuka okungamkeleki: ukubotshwa ngenkani kuhlala kuvumelekile "njengoko isohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho apho iqela lalo liza kuba ligwetywe ngokufanelekileyo." Eli binzana liye lasetyenziswa kwiingxoxo zale mihla zokusebenza kwentolongo kunye nenkqubo yoHlamkelo-mthetho yeshumi elinesithathu eqhubekayo. Isivumelwano sikwanika nemithetho egunya lokunyanzelisa imigaqo yalo "umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni," esetyenzisiweyo ukuphelisa ukugwetywa kocalucalucalucalucalu phantsi koMthetho wamaLugwegwegwegwegwe-mthetho ka-O-19666.

ISindululo Seshumi Elinane (1868)

Mhlawumbi ulungiso olubalulekileyo lomgaqo-siseko emva kweBhili yamaLungelo, uMphengululo weshumi elinesine waseka ubumi bobuzibulo, waqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo, waqinisekisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho. UBumi bawo uClaus benziwa i-Scott v. Sandford[[FL:1] [1857] isigqibo ngokuvakalisa ukuba bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo eUnited States ngabemi besizwe kunye nelizwe abahlala kulo. I-'AUMsebenzi we-CIClausle'e'sce' iye yasetyenziswa ukudibanisa uninzi lweBYSylogs nxamnye namazwe, intsingiselo ye-omatikame: [Fodrome], i-Fodrouble. [4]

UMthetho - ngqangi We - 15 (1870)

UHlomelo lweshumi elinesihlanu loMphetho-mthetho lukwalela oorhulumente bakarhulumente noorhulumente ukuba bangamvumeli ummi ukuba akhethe ilungelo elisekelwe "kwibala, ibala, okanye kwimeko yangaphambili yobukhoboka". Nangona yayililizwi elinamandla, isithembiso salo sazalisekiswa phantse inkulungwane ngenxa yeemvavanyo zokufunda nokubhala, iirhafu, kunye nesoyikiso logonyamelo. Ekugqibeleni iBhunga lanyanzelisa ukupheliswa kwemithetho yamaLungelo e-Voting Rights Act ka-1965, eyaphelisa imigaqo emininzi ye-rediscrist. I-Deleteth Amendment isasebenza namhlanje, njengengxoxo yemithetho echaza ukuvota, i-gerryderman, kunye ne-fenfantingerinting.

Ukuhlaziywa Kweminyaka Yamashumi Amathandathu: Ukwandisa Imilinganiselo

Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini kwaphinda kwanezelwa utshintsho olusixhenxe, uninzi lwalo olwandisa amalungelo okuvota lwaza lwathetha ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi.

UMthetho - ngqangi We - 19 (1920)

Emva kwamashumi eminyaka ezenzo zobuGawulayo obubandakanya amaphulo omthetho kunye nokungathobeli kwamabhinqa. Ukusetyenziswa kwawo ngokulinganayo aqinisekisa ukuba amabhinqa afumana imibala engafaniyo, uElizabeth Cady Stanton, noAlicean Paul, uMphengululi weshumi elinesithoba wanika amabhinqa ilungelo lokuvota. Intengiselwano yaba yincopho yemfazwe ende eyayibandakanya amaphulo omthetho kunye nokungathobeli kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni. Ukusetyenziswa kwawo ngokunempumelelo amabhinqa amibalabala ebanzi.

UMthetho-nkqubo wama-24 (1964)

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesine lwaphelisa iirhafu zonyulo kunyulo lwamagunya asekuhlaleni. Iirhafu ezingqukuva zasetyenziswa kakhulu kumaphondo aseMazantsi emva kokuvuselelwa kwakhona ukuze kususwe i-America kunye neevoti eziphantsi. Ngokususa lo mqobo, inguquko yasusa umqobo wokuvota amalungelo okuvota aqhubeka kangangamashumi eminyaka. Kamva iNkundla ePhakamileyo yandisa ummiselo kurhulumente nakunyulo lwasekuhlaleni Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolutions[ [1966], igatya irhafuthelo yokuvola irhafu yokukhusela irhafuthela njengeyokuvukela umgangatho olinganayo.

UHlahlo-Mphetho-zincwadi wama-2010 (1971)

Uhlaziyo lwamashumi amabini anesithandathu lwehla iminyaka yokuvota ukusuka kwi 21 ukuya kwi 18. Imfazwe yaseVietnam, ngexesha apho abafana babebizelwa khona ngeminyaka eli-18 kodwa bengenakuvota iinkokeli ezazibathumele emfazweni. Intengiselwano yavunywa ngexesha elibhaliweyo. Ngaphaya kweenyanga ezine emva kokudluliswa kwengxelo yiKhomishini . Yandisa inkxaso kawonke-wonke-wonke ngezigidi zaza yanika abemi abaselula ilizwi elisemthethweni kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ezinye Izicombululo Ezibalulekileyo

Ngoxa ukulungisa okungasentla kukhusela amalungelo omntu okanye ukuvota, abanye abaninzi baye batshintsha indlela esemthethweni.

UMthetho weSigqibo we-10: Amalungelo ka-Rhulumente

Amagunya okuLandlwa kweSigqibo seshumi lokuHlaziya awanikwanga urhulumente wesizwe kumaphondo okanye kubantu. Nangona engaqinisekisi ilungelo lomntu ngamnye, lisebenza njengommiselo wegunya lesizwe. UMthetho wokuHlaziya we-10 uye wasetyenziswa kwiingxoxo zolawulo lukarhulumente, ulawulo lwemipu, kunye nenkqubo yolawulo lwezempilo. Pretz v. United States [1997], iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yawusebenzisa ukubetha umthetho karhulumente ofuna ulawulo lwesizwe nomthetho wasekuhlaleni ofuna ukuthengwa kwemipu.

IsiHlaziyo se-11: Umanyano Olulawulayo

Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho we-11 kukhusela ukumangalelwa kwabantu abazimeleyo abavela kwelinye ilizwe okanye kwelinye ilizwe. Nangona kungawakhuseli ngokuthe ngqo amalungelo abantu, kuqinisa ulawulo loorhulumente belizwe. Utshintsho luye lwancitshiswa ngokuhamba kwexesha; amazwe anokumangalelwa kwiimeko ezithile, njengaphantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko we-149 okanye xa ethintelwa.

UMthetho wama - 22 Ohlaziyiweyo: Imida Yemithetho Yobuongameli

ISichibiyelo sama-22, esagunyaziswa ngowe-1951, sagunyazisa oomongameli kwimida emibini eseofisini. Le migaqo yayiyimpendulo engqalileyo kuFranklin D. Roosevelt's's sexesha lesine sobungangamsha. Nangona ingawakhuseli amalungelo omntu ngamnye ngokwesithethe, ikhusela ekuxinzelelekeni kwamandla kumntu omnye, umgaqo osekelwe kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika.

Indlela Imilinganiselo Ehlaziyiweyo Enyanzelwa Ngayo Yaye Ivavanywa Ngayo

Utshintsho loMgaqo-siseko asikuko ukuzinqumla; ukhuseleko lwawo luxhomekeke kutoliko lomthetho nakwisenzo sowiso-mthetho. INkundla Ephakamileyo inendima enkulu ekuchazeni umlinganiselo wokubuyiselwa kwetyala ngalinye ngomthetho. Umzekelo, intsingiselo yeSecond Amendment ingacacanga de kube [] isigqibo. Ngokunjalo, uKhuselo olulinganayo lweClausce luye lwasetyenziswa kuludwe oluye luye lwanwenwa ngomngeniso, ukusuka kucalulo lwesini ukuya kumgangatho wokufuduka. Ingqungquthela isenokunyanzela ukuthunyelwa kwemithetho, njengoMthetho [[FLT] [FLT:]] [FLT] [FLT]] Isigqibo [FFFLT]] esingu-1] esilawulayo, phantsi kwemithetho ye-Gequluedeyi-Genethi ye-Geneardertiesty [12]

IziHlaliso zisenokucelw ’ umngeni okanye zithintelwe ziinkcazelo okanye imimiselo elandelayo. INkundla Ephakamileyo ngamanye amaxesha iye yala ukunikela ukhuseleko oluthile, ngokomzekelo, ayizange ilivume ilungelo lomGaqo-siseko lokunyamekela impilo okanye lemfundo phantsi koMphetho-mvakalisi weshumi elinesine. Ukuqonda ezi ngcaciso kunceda abemi bafumane ukuba amalungelo omgaqo-siseko awahlali ndawonye; aguqukanga ngengxoxo yedemokhrasi nangengqiqo yokugweba.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okwazi Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi oko umGaqo-siseko uthi linyathelo lokuqala. Ukukhusela amalungelo akho ngokupheleleyo, cinga ngezi zinto zilandelayo:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Zifundise ngokwakho[ ngokufunda umbhalo opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko kunye neenguqu zawo. IChonsitition Ancotition [ inikezela ngohlalutyo olucokisekileyo lwelungiselelo ngalinye.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Hlala uthe qwa ngalwazi malunga nezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ezitolika ezihlaziywayo. Landela imithombo yeendaba yomthetho ethembekileyo njenge SCOUSBlog okanye Iqumrhu lolwazi loMgaqo-mali [.
  • [[UMTL:0] Bonisa amalungelo akho [ ngokuvota, ukuthetha phandle, nokuhlanganisana ngoxolo. Amalungelo angenakusetyenziswa anokugqibelela ngexesha.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Xhulumana nabameli bakho xa ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho ayaphulwa. Inkqubo yokulungisa ivumela ukhuseleko olutsha ngesenzo sowiso-mthetho.

Ilifa Elihlala Lihleli LeziHlomelo ZomGaqo-siseko

Izindululo zoMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States zingaphezulu kunezinto zembali; zizixhobo eziphilayo eziqhubeka zibumba amalungelo neembopheleleko zabantu bonke baseMerika. Ukusuka kwiSiqinisekiso samaLungelo sokuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo kunye nenkqubo esesikweni ukuya kwizithembiso zolungiso lokwandiswa kwentelekelelo, kunye nokwanda kokunyuswa kolawulo lwezobumongameli, ukuhlenga-hlengiselwa komzinzo, ukupheliswa kolawulo lwesizwe ngasinye kubonisa ukuzinikela okusesikweni kwibutho labantu abalungeleleneyo nabakhululekileyo. Njengoko uhlanga lujamelene neengxaki ezintsha zokuzinziswa kwendalo, ubuchule obungentlalo, ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye nokungalingani, kunye nokungalingani kwenkqubo yokulawula kunye nokucaciswa kwetyala kuya kuhlala kusekho izixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokukhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Ukuqonda ezi zizinto ezingundoqo azinakuko ukukwazi amalungelo akho.