Ulwalamano phakathi kwamaqumrhu owiso-mthetho kunye nesebe elilawulayo lilelona libalulekileyo lolawulo lwedemokhrasi, kodwa ukusebenza kwalo okusebenzayo kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo eyomeleleyo yokuphendula. Ulawulo lomthetho luquka iinkqubo zokulawula ezithi ngazo iipalamente, iingqungquthela, kunye neendibano ezifanayo, ukujonga, kunye nokuphembelela izenzo zomphathi ophezulu. Le nkqubo ibalulekile ekuthinteleni ukubekwa kwamandla, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka, nokugcina ukuthenjwa kwabantu kwimibutho karhulumente. Kule mihla, ulawulo lweziko lolawulo-ofisi zekhompyutha luye lwantsonkothile luba luluntsonkothile njengoko amasebe alawulayo ekhula ngobukhulu nangobungakanani, kufuneke imigaqo-mthetho elungele ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo neenkqubo zawo.

Ukuqonda Ulawulo Lomthetho

Ulawulo lomthetho asilosebenye kodwa liqulunqwe lamagunya nezenzo ezivumela abameli abanyuliweyo ukuba batshintshe indlela yokuziphatha yempatho-mandla. Iingcambu zalo zisemthethweni wokwahlukana kwamagunya, odume kakhulu ocaciswe nguMontesquieu, kwaye luye lwavela kwiinkulungwane zoqheliselo lomgaqo-siseko. Kwiinkqubo zepalamente, umphathi onegunya ukhutshwa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, edala ukudityaniswa kwamagunya afuna ukuhlolisiswa kwiinkqubo ezifana nexesha lobuphicoci kunye nophando lwekomiti. Kwinkqubo zomongameli, ukwahlukana kucacile, kodwa ulawulo lusaqhubeka lubalulekile ukukhangela ubuchule bokulawula.

Ulawulo olunempumelelo lusebenza imisebenzi emininzi: luthintela ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo engafanelekanga, luphucula ukuphumeza inkqubo, lufundisa uwonke-wonke, luze lugcine amagosa etyala ngezigqibo zabo. Ayingomsebenzi nje kodwa inokuba namandla oqhubekekayo, ikwazi ukuchaza iingxaki ngaphambi kokuba zikhule. Umzekelo, U.S. [[FLT]] unika amandla eBhunga ukuqhuba iimibuzo, ukunyanzela ubungqina, kunye nokufuna amaxwebhu, ukwakhiwa kwezithethe zepalamente yaseNgilani ezisusela emva kwenkulungwane ye-17.

Oomatshini abangundoqo bokulawula

Imithetho isebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo zolawulo, nganye ineempawu zayo nezithintelo. La macandelo alandelayo ahlolisisa ezona zixhobo zibalulekileyo, ukususela ekuviseni nasekungakhuthazini, ebonisa indlela ezisebenza ngayo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zezobupolitika.

Ukuchongwa Kwamatyala Neziphando zeKomiti

Iikomiti zisebenza njengee-arhente zolawulo lowiso-mthetho. Zivumela ukuvavanywa okunenkcukacha kwimimandla ethile yenkqubo okanye izenzo zomaziko. Iindlebe zisenokuqwalasela ukunganyaniseki okanye ukungaphumeleli kwenkqubo, okanye ukuqwalaselwa, ukuqwalasela ukuphunyezwa okuqhubekayo. KwiBhunga le-U.S., iikomiti zinokukhupha i-topixpoenas ukunyanzela ukuphonononga amanyala namaxwebhu, namandla okubamba amagosa afanelekileyo ekuthobeni. Inkonzo yophando oluqhelekileyo lwe-Unithotho-lwazi [[FLT]] iphawula ukuba ukuva okujikeleza kuye kwasetyenziswa ngokunempumelelo ukutyhila iziphakanyiso ukusuka kwiTeaccome Dometiesties kwinkqubo yokwaphuko lwamanzi. Kwinkqubo ye-palamente, khetha iikomiti eziqhelekileyo ze-UKPromesssssss, kunye neenkqubo eziqhelekileyo ze-ogciences ezisetyenziswa ngurhulumente. Nangona ii-ogno zezo ezo zezobupolitika.

Ulawulo Loqingqo - mali Namandla Okuthenga

Ngokungathandabuzekiyo, ukulawulwa kwemali yequmrhu elinamandla lisisixhobo solawulo. Ngenkqubo yokulawula isikhululo sowiso-mthetho, iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho elivunyiweyo, ukuguqula, okanye ukukhanyela ukusetyenziswa kwemali yeenkqubo zegunya. Bangadibanisa iimeko zokuchitha, iingxelo, nokugcinwa kwemali ebhankini. I-U.S. amandla eSibonelelo semali seSingxowa semali afakwe ngaphaya kweQumrhu leSigqeba, kwaye iye yasetyenziswa ukubumba yonke into exhomekeke kwiinkqubo zezentlalo-ntle. Ngokufanayo, iPalamente ye-UK sruisetins isebenzisa imali echithwe yiKomiti ye-Mali kaRhulumente ne-Oficity, nto enika isiqinisekiso esizimeleyo solawulo lwaminyaka lemali.

Isiqinisekiso kunye Namandla edinga

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zinegunya lokuqinisekisa okanye lokungakufuni ukubekwa kwemiqathango ephambili, kuquka amalungu ekhabhathi, abagwebi, neentloko ezizimeleyo. Le nkqubo ivumela abalawuli ukuba bahlolisise iimfaneleko zabasemagunyeni, iimbambano ezinokuba ngumdla, neembono zenkqubo. EUnited States, ukuva iNdlu yeendlebe kuye kwabonakala kakhulu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha imicimbi yempikiswano, iingxubusho ezijongeneyo kwiingxoxo ezininzi. Icebiso kunye nomsebenzi ovumayo zinguvavanyo olungqalileyo kubaphathi-ofisi abaphezulu. Kwezinye iinkqubo zepalamente, iikomiti ziyakwazi ukumisa okanye zigcine ukuva okanye zigcine ukuva. Ngokomzekelo, iingxoxo zePhondo zaseYurophu ziye zaba yinxalenye yemiqathangongoma yokumiselwa kwemibutho, maxa wamanye amaxesha abatshana abatshanqikelelwayo

Ukungakhathalelwa Nokushenxiswa

Ukuphengulula kungumsebenzi wobuveleli ophambili olandelayo, owenzelwe ukususa amagosa aphezulu . "aye kubandakanya intloko karhulumente") ngenxa yokuziphatha okubi okunzulu okufana nokungcangcazelisa, ukunyoba, okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nokungafezeki. Le nkqubo iqala kwindlu esezantsi ngokuphengulula kunye nokuvota izinto zokungathobeli, ezilandelwa kukuvavanywa kwendlu ephezulu. Ukungaquququzeli kwetyala kuye kwasetyenziswa ngokuziintlawulo-mpulukwano ezininzi ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwazo oluphezulu; eUnited States, kuphela oomongameli abathathu abaye basetyenziswa (Andrew Johnson, uBill Clintons, uDonald Trump) ngokunjalo, ngaphandle kokugwetywa yiBhunga kweBhunga kwemithetho yezopolitiko. Noko ke, usongelo lwe-paramente lungasebenza njengesixhobo sokuzinzisa. Kwinkqubo ye-ovelmente, akukho gunya lokusebenza kwemithetho yemithetho elawulayo, kodwa kusetyenziswa igunya elilawulayo.

I-ICPF E-Ofisi

Ezinye iziwiso-mthetho zisebenzisa i-veto yemithetho yokulawula ukuvala izenzo ngaphandle kokudlulisa umthetho omtsha. Umzekelo, iKhomishini yase-U.S. yakha yasebenzisa indlu enye kunye nee-vetoes ezimbini zendlu yowiso-mthetho, de iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawawisela umthetho ongekho semthethweni kwi INS v. Chatha [1903]. Ngaphandle koko kulawula, umahluko uyaqhubeka ngobuchule bokwamkelo lwekomiti. Imithetho iphela ngokuzenzekelayo emva kwexesha elibekiweyo ngaphandle kokuba i-aunicedssss. Le mikhosi ihlola iinkqubo zesikhokelo zesebe i-U. i-CU. i-Congresscesterne ivavanye ngemists, njengeeprojectal sy-USTIOR, i-ASTRG.

Ixesha lombuzo kunye neeNkqutyana

Kwinkqubo zepalamente, ixesha lokubuza lisoloko lithe rhoqo , ngokuqhelekileyo ngeveki, `intlanganiso apho abalungiseleli baphendula imibuzo yomlomo evela kumalungu endlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kunika uwonke-wonke abalungiseleli abanoxanduva lwezenzo zamasebe abo. Lo Mphathi-mikhosi oyintloko we-UK uququzelela imibuzo yeSidlo ngasinye ngoLwesithathu, ngomnye weyona mizekelo ibonakalayo. Ii-interpellings, ezisetyenziswa kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi zaseYurophu nezeLatin Merika, zivumela amalungu ukuba anikele imibuzo ebhaliweyo efuna iimpendulo ezineenkcukacha zikarhulumente. Ezi zenzo zibangela ukuxazululeka kwengxoxo kunye nokungahambi komthetho-mthetho-siseko.

Abahloli Jikelele kunye ne-ombudsman

Amaqumrhu olawulo oluzimeleyo akhuthaza uphando lowiso-mthetho. Abahloli jikelele, abaxhaphakileyo kurhulumente we-U.S., bafakwe phakathi kwamaqumrhu okuhlola nokuphanda ubuqhetseba, inkunkuma, kunye nokuxhaphaza, anike ingxelo ngqo kwiBhunga. ikhonco yeNkqubela-mikhosi yabahloli kwiNkqubano yeNkqubano yeNkqutyana ne-Entelligation ilungelelanisa umsebenzi wawo. I-Ombutho yoluntu, isasaza i-ofisi ezisasakaze eYurophu nakwamanye amaphondo, yamkela izikhalazo ezinxulumene nolawulo olungekho semthethweni ngokwayo, nangona zingabi zinikela ingxelo kwimithetho-siseko somthetho, ibonelela ulwazi oluthembekileyo kunye nokuhlalulwa kolwazi oluyalelayo.

Ukubaluleka Kokulawula Ngenxa Yokuphendula Kwedemokhrasi

Ukulawula asingomgaqo-nkqubo nje oqhelekileyo; kubaluleke kakhulu ekuphenduleni izenzo zedemokhrasi. Ngokuhlola izenzo zolawulo-mthetho, izindlu zowiso-mthetho ziqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente usebenza ngaphakathi kwemida esemthethweni kwaye ahlonele amalungelo abemi. Ukujonga ngaphaya kwengqondo kungundoqo ngokufumana inzala: ukuva, iingxelo, kunye nengxoxo yazisa uluntu ngendlela ii-ofisi zabo zerhafu ezichithwa ngayo nendlela imigaqo-siseko esetyenziswa ngayo. Oku kwakha ukuthembana kwimibutho, kwanaxa iziphumo zingafezekanga. Ngaphezu koko, ukuvelela kungayiphucula imigaqo ngokuchaza iingxaki nokuncomela amanyathelo okulungisa. U. Umzekelo, i-Ofirensi yoRhulumente (GO) inikela ingxelo rhoqo yokuba iinguqu ezikhoyo zempilo nokuzibond ’ ezimeleyo.

Ukusebenza kobuveleli kuchaphazela ubunjani bolawulo ngqo. Apho uphatho lubuthathaka, amandla olawulo lungathintelwa, kukhokelela kukonakala, ukwenza izigqibo ezizizo, kunye nokukhukuliswa kwemilinganiselo yedemokhrasi. Ngokuchasene noko, ulawulo olunamandla lunokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa ngaphambi kokuba kubangele umonakalo ohlala uhleli. CD ibalaselise ukubaluleka kophando lwemithetho kwimigangatho elungelelanisiweyo kunye nolawulo olunetyala.

Ucelomngeni Lokuphumelela Ebuvelelweni

Nangona ibalulekile, ulawulo lowiso-mthetho lunokuphazamisana nokusebenza kwalo.

Ukwenziwa Kwemida Yezobupolitika Nendawo Ethe Tye

Kwimekobume yezobupolitika eqhubekekayo, uphatho lungasetyenziswa njengezixhobo. Amaqela angoomatiloshe angasebenzisa amandla ophando ukujolisa umlawuli xa elawulwa yinkcaso, okanye angakhusela isebe elinye elilawulayo ekuhlolweni. Kwi-U.S. Congress ibone iimfazwe ezilwa nabalawuli abasezantsi, neNdlu ngokufuthi iphengulula umongameli kwiqela eliphikisanayo ngeli lixa iNdlu ixhathisa. Le nqaqo inokuthi inqande uphatho oluneyo, njengeekhonkcolo efileyo kwimigca yeqela. Kwi-UK, ngoxa ikhetha iikomiti ezilwela ukunqamlezileyo, ukulwa kweqela elinzima, ukuphembeleka kusenokuwuchaphazela umsebenzi wazo, ingakumbi xa kuphengulula iimbambano ezichuku.

Ukuchasa Igunya Nezityholo Zelungelo

Abalawuli badla ngokuxhathisa amalungelo afana nokufumana ilungelo eliphezulu (e-U.S.) okanye ilungelo lesithsaba (kwi-UK). Ezi ngxelo zisekelwe kwimfuneko yecebiso eliyimfihlo okanye ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kodwa zingasetyenziswa ukukhusela ulwazi lungaphenduliswa ngokusemthethweni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iyakwazi ukulibona ilungelo eliphezulu kodwa ikhomba ngokugqibeleleyo, njengakwi- United States v. Noko ke, imfazwe ekwizicelo zoxwebhu kunye nobungqina obungqinelayo isenokulibazisela okanye ukuphengulula. Abanye abalawuli abalulangalulanga ukuthoba, nto leyo ekhokelela ekulweni ngokusemthethweni. Kwimithetho yemithetho, ulawulo lwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho ye-grounity.

IiNqanawa zoBume kunye neeNtlanganiso zobuLungu

Ulawulo olunempumelelo lufuna abasebenzi abanobuchule, uqingqo-mali olwaneleyo, kunye nobuchule. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezininzi, ingakumbi ekuphuhlisweni kolawulo-mthetho, ziswele obu buncwane. Iikomiti zinokuba namalungu esebe elinye okanye amabini, anganele ukuhlalutya imiba entso okanye ukuqhuba uphando olucokisekileyo. Oku kuxinzelelwano koovimba phakathi komphathi olawulayo nomphathi wendlu yowiso-mthetho kusenokuthintela ulawulo. Kwanakwizindlu zowiso-mthetho oluphezulu njenge-U.S. Congresskongress, ubungakanani obupheleleyo besebe eliphetheyo `nezigidi zezigidi) ezisebenza nzima.

Ulwazi olulungelelanisiweyo nobuntsonkothileyo

Isebe eliphetheyo linenkcukacha ezininzi ngemisebenzi yalo, ngoxa abalawuli bemithetho besoloko bexhomekeke koko abakhetha ukukukhetha abalawuli. Le nkqubo yanamhlanje `njengemiba yokungakhuselwa kwekhompyutha, inzululwazi yemozulu, okanye umgaqo wezemali `````````''''''') ulwazi olukhethekileyo abanalo abalawuli abambalwa. Iikomiti ezingaphezulu zisenokuzama ukuqonda iinkcukacha zobugcisa, zibashiye zixhomekeke kumangqina oogqirha okanye amaqela abantu abanezimdlamvo. Le nkcazelo ingathi incitshiswa yi-atmetritry ezimeleyo efana ne-GAO, CRS, okanye i-UK’S ofisi yoProjicounts (iiiiiiiiinkonzo yeSizwe), kodwa la komiti soPhondo soMsebenzi wezeNtlanga-onke, kodwa la komiti ngokwayo isenokujongana noncedo lwemali.

Ukomeleza ulawulo lomthetho: Izenzo ezizizo ezizizo nezithi ziguqule

Ukucombulula ezi ngxaki, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zingamkela uludwe lweenguqu nezenzo ezingcono. Ukulawula kufuneka ukuzinikela kweenkokeli zobupolitika kunye neziko elinika amandla iikomiti kwaye linciphise ukungenelela kwabahlaseli.

Ukunikezela ngokucace gca nokufikelela kulwazi

Imithetho kufuneka inyanzelise inkululeko eyomeleleyo yemithetho yolwazi kwaye ifune ukuba umphathi apapashe ngokuqhubekayo ugcino-lwazi oluphathelele ukuchithwa, ukusebenza, kunye nokwenziwa kwesigqibo. Umthetho wokuvula inyathelo logcino-lwazi, njengomthetho we-DATA, unika izilungisi-mthetho kunye noluntu olunolwazi olucacileyo olunceda ukujongana nolawulo. I-Whistleriptor widgeer ibalulekile: abantu abaxela ukunganyaniseki mabakhuselwe ekuziphindeni. [i-TRANTSPA Encystancy International [[] umbutho obalaselw'iiiiwo olunamandla olusemthethweni lokukhusela impepho ukhuseleko olunamandla lwe-pilo.

Ukuveliswa kwezibonelelo zeKomiti

Imimiselo kufuneka yahlulele uqingqo-mali olwaneleyo lwabasebenzi beekomiti, inkxaso yophando, kunye nombilini wophando. Ii-ofisi zohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali zepalamente (PBOs) ezizimeleyo zingayihlalutya impembelelo yeziphumo zezicelo zolawulo, zinikezele uhlalutyo olungelulo lwamaparti. I-ofisi yoLawulo loLawulo lwemali ye-mali ye-U. i-Congregation ye-U. kunye neKhomishini yoLawulo lweBhali yaseKhanada yeKhanada zizimo eziye zaveliswa kwamanye amazwe. Iinkqubo zoqeqesho zabalungisi-mthetho kunye nabasebenzi booooomacuphi bezo boonqanga, kuquka neenkqubo zokuhlola ugcino-lwazi, zinokuvelisa ukusebenza.

Ukugada iNkcubeko eBantwaneni neNkcubeko yokuLawula

Ukulawula umsebenzi kungcono xa kujongwa njengembopheleleko eyabelweneyo, hayi njengesixhobo sokulwa. Iimithetho zingamisela imithetho efuna isivumelwano se-bipartis ngaphambi kokuba ikhuphe iipona okanye iqalise uphando olukhulu. Kwi-UK, khetha izihlalo zekomiti zibekwa ngokulinganayo, kwaye iikomiti zizabalazela ukuvumelana. E-U.S., imisebenzi yolawulo lweBhunga ibisoloko ibandakanya imigaqo-mvume kunaleyo yeNdlundlu. Ukwakha imilinganiselo yokuhlonelana nokuqwalasela izibakala ezibakaleni kunokuba kuphuculwe ukuthembeka nokuphatha.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bobugcisa obugudisayo kunye nogcino-lwazi

Ubugcisa obutsha bunganceda izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zicuthe intlu-mali yolwazi. Iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi zokungachaphazeli ziyakwazi ukuchaza iindlela ezingafanelekanga zokulahlwa kwenkunkuma okanye ukuqhatha kwimali karhulumente. Izixhobo zobuchule zobugcisa zinokuncedisa ekuhloleni imveliso yoxwebhu enkulu evela kumphathi ophezulu. IPalamente yaseYurophu iye yazama ukuzoba umbhalo ukusungula iingcebiso zemithetho. Noko ke, iintsebenzi zowiso-mthetho kufuneka zifake ingeniso kwi-intanethi yoonogalelo-mvume ukukhusela ulwazi oluchuliweyo oluqokelelwe ngexesha lophando.

Isiphelo

Ulawulo lomthetho asiyonto ibalulekileyo kodwa iyafuneka kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Iqinisekisa ukuba isebe elilawulayo lihlala linetyala kubantu ngoomameli babo abanyuliweyo. Iinkqubo ezixutyushwayo ``iindlebe ezivaliweyo, ulawulo loqingqo-mali, iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa, uqinisekiso, kunye nezinye) zisenza isixhobo esibanzi esinokuthi, xa sisetyenziswa ngokuphumelelayo, sithintele ukuxhatshazwa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi nokuphucula umsebenzi karhulumente. Kodwa ukujongana noxanduva oluqhubekayo oluqhubekayo, ukuchasana nolawulo oluphezulu, kunye nezithuba zezibonelelo. Ukusiqinisa kufuna utshintsho ngezenzo: ukunikezela ngobuchule, ukukhusela ukufikelela ulwazi, ukukhuthaza ukuhambelana kwe- bipartarian, kunye nokuthatha imigaqo emitsha. Njengoko oorhulumente beqhubeka besenza ulawulo oluphezulu, ukuvelela kolawulo oluphezulu kuya kukhula kuphela.