Kuluntu lwedemokhrasi, izigqibo ezenziwa ngoorhulumente zinemiphumo enzulu kubomi babemi, impilo yemekobume, kunye nokuthembeka kwamaziko. Imigaqo yokuziphatha ekhokela ezi zigqibo asiyonjongo nje engaqhelekanga kodwa zizixhobo ezisebenzisekayo ezibumba umthetho, inkqubo kawonke-wonke, kunye nehambo yolawulo. Ukuqonda imigaqo elawulayo elawulayo kubalulekile kubafundi, abafundisi, nabani na obandakanyekileyo kubomi bentlalo-ntle. Ukuqiqa ingcamango yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunceda abemi bahlola enoba urhulumente wabo wenza ngobulungisa, ngokungenakuphicombululeka, ngokufanelekileyo, nangemdla kawonke wonke. Oku kuhlola imigaqo engundoqo engoko engoko kufundiswa ngurhulumente, isebenza kwiimeko yokwenene, uphando, kunye nophando lwemfundo ekwazi ukuhlakulela isimilo entle yabemi.

Ziziphi Izinto Ezinefreyimu?

Imigaqo yesiseko yenkqubo yemigaqo yocwangciso yemigaqo yokuziphatha elungelelanisiweyo enceda abantu kunye nemibutho igqibe oko kulungileyo, okusesikweni, okanye okungekho sikweni. Kumongo karhulumente, ezi zicwangciso zisebenza njengelens apho abenzi bemithetho bahlolisisa iinzuzo zemithetho ecetyiweyo, imimiselo, kunye nezenzo zolawulo. Isiseko somthetho somthetho sinika isiseko semigaqo okanye imigaqo yokuhlola izenzo neziphumo. Ngoxa kungekho sicwangciso sinye esamkelekileyo esinguwo wonke umhlaba, ngamnye unikela imbono eyahlukileyo kwindlela abamele balinganise ngayo amaxabiso akhuphisanayo njengenkululeko, ukulingana, ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Ngokwenza ezi zicwangciso zicace, oorhulumente banokukhuthaza ukuthembana, nokuphepha ukujika kwesigqibo esibonisa ubuchule okanye ukuzilawula.

Izicwangciso zenzululwazi zokulawula azimi ndawonye; ziyaguquka xa kuphendulwa iinguqu zentlalo, ulwazi olutsha, kunye neziganeko zembali. Umzekelo, ukunyuka kwentetho yamalungelo abantu kwinkulungwane yama-20 kulungisa indlela oorhulumente abaninzi abajonga ngayo imicimbi yokusesikweni nenkululeko. Ngokufanayo, iingxaki zemekobume ziye zanyanzela ukuqwalasela iziphumo zexesha elide kwingxoxo yemithetho. Ukuqonda ezi zixhobo kuxhobisa abemi ngezixhobo zobuchule ukuze bafune imicimbi karhulumente kwaye bafune ukuphendula. Ikwanceda nabakhonzi boluntu bexesha elizayo ukuba balungelelanise imilinganiselo yokuziphatha enzima baza kujamelana nayo ngokungenakuphepheka kwiingxoxo zabo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba isiseko sokuziphatha sidla ngokudibana kunye kwaye kungquzulwane. Inkqubo ebonakala ilungile ukusuka kwimbono ekhoyo."ukutshintsha yonke imo-ntle", kungangqubana nemithetho yezobugcisa ngamalungelo omntu ngamnye. Indlela yesidima esekelwe kuyo ingabuza oko inkokeli elungileyo ingenza, ngoxa ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo igxininisa ukuba inkqubo ithetha ngemvume yabalawulwa. Ulawulo olunempembelelo lufuna ukuqondwa ngokuchanekileyo kwale ngxaki kunye namandla okusebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ngokufanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kumongomo-me.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo esingundoqo kuLawulo

Iindlela eziliqela ezisisiseko zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ziye zaguqula intanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yaseNtshona kwaye ziyaqhubeka zixelela uqheliselo lukarhulumente. La macandelo alandelayo adwelisa ezine zezine ezine ezine ezinempembelelo enkulu: ubugqwesi boburhulumente, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunye nengcamango yesivumelwano soluntu. Isiseko ngasinye sinikela indlela eyahlukileyo yokufikelela kwiziphetho zokuziphatha, kwaye sinye sinamandla nobuthathaka xa sisetyenziswa kulawulo lwehlabathi lokwenene.

  • Utilitarianism
  • Imilinganiselo Yokweyisa
  • Imilinganiselo Yesidima
  • Ingcamango enxulumene neNtlalo

Utilitarianism

I-Utilitarianism, enxulumene kakhulu nezithandi zobulumko Jeremy Bentam kunye [FLT] uJohn Stuart Mill, ugweba ukuziphatha kokusebenza ngeziphumo zayo. Umgaqo ongundoqo kukunyusa ulonwabo jikelele okanye ukubandezeleka nokuncitshiswa kwentlupheko. Kurhulumente, le siseko sisetyenziswa rhoqo ngohlalutyo lwexabiso le-benefit, apho abenzi benkqubo balinganisa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo nezingalunganga zomgaqo ocetyiweyo kuluntu lonke. Ulitarianism ikhuthaza ungenelelo oluninzi lwempilo kawonke wonke, imimiselo yemeko entle, kunye nemithetho yezoqoqosho ezimisele ukufikelela entle kwinani elikhulu.

Kukho imisonto emibini engundoqo ye-utalianism: encomekayo i-utanicialism kunye ne-rule uturitalianism [. Isenzo sijonga isenzo ngasinye ngokwahlukileyo, ukubuza ukuba ivelisa iziphumo ezingcono kweyolo meko ithile. I-utilitarianism, ngokwahlukileyo, ibamba ukuba iseti yemithetho `arelitilitilit"' efana nokungalali" okanye "imfuno-ngamalungelo ngamanye"" kufuneka yamkelwe ukuba ukugcinwa kwazo kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingcono jikelele. Ii-rhulumente ezixhomekeke kumthetho owe-untilitarianism zinokuxhasa inkqubo ye-gracracism ekhuselayo, xa zivumela iinzuzo ezithile zentengiso ezithe gqozi, ngenxa yezo zezo zentengiso.

Phezu kwako nje ukubhenela, ukusetyenziswa kwe-utiality kujongene nogxeko olubalulekileyo. Kunokuthethelela ukuncama amalungelo okanye ukungenelwa kweqela elincinane ukuze kungenelwe abaninzi, `ingxaki esoloko ibizwa ngokuba yi "ingxinano-ninzi" umzekelo, indlela engqongqo yokuphelisa ukuvaleka kwemiqathango enzima isenokubeka imiqathango eyingozi ephazamisa amaqela athile (njengeziphathi-mashishini okanye abasebenzi abaphantsi) ukuze kukhuselwe abantu abaninzi kwizifo. Inkxalabo ye-Untilitanism iyazi iyaxabana nokulinganisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokulunga. Injani ichaza ixabiso lenkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nexabiso lomthetho? Abagxeki abachazi ukuba loo manani anokuba nento elula okanye angakwazi ukusetyenziswa ngokwamandla. Nangona kunjalo, i-Unitarianism iyasebenza iziphumo zezixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngokubanziwa kakhulu.

Imilinganiselo Yokweyisa

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha elawulwa yinkqubo yokuziphatha, esekelwe kumsebenzi we- Imanuel Kant, igxininisa imisebenzi, imithetho, namalungelo. Ngokwesi siseko, izenzo ezithile zilungile okanye azichananga, kungakhathaliseki iziphumo zazo. Ii-ofisi ezikhokelwa yimigaqo ephantsi kwemigaqo yomthetho zimisela ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu asisiseko, ukunamathela kumthetho, nokuhlonelwa komthetho ngamnye. Kant's' unyanzelo-(*" olusebenzayo kuphela ngokokokuba unokuthi ngexesha elinye uya kuba ngumthetho wehlabathi lonke"-------------o uveza uvavanyo lokuba umthetho wamkelekile ngokokuziphatha. Urhulumente ochaphazeleyo, umzekelo, ukuba uyakwazi ukukrokretha, ukukrola ingxwa, ngenxa yokuba ukuphathwa kakubi kwengqwalazenzinzinzile, uluntu lonke.

Kulawulo lwangoku, iingcinga zolawulo lwezoburhulumente ziyabonakala kwimiqathango yomgaqo-siseko, kwimithetho-siseko yamalungelo abantu, kunye nemithetho ethintelayo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu. Ubhengezo lwehlabathi Lonke lwamalungelo abantu (UDHR) lubonisa ukunyanzeliswa kwamalungelo azimeleyo angenakuthengiselwa kude namalungelo azimeleyo anokutshintshwa. Oorhulumente abaninzi bafaka olu lungiselelo kwinkqubo yabo yokulawula, apho abagwebi banyanzela ukuba kuboniswe okusesikweni nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni lithathwa njengelingcwele, kwanokuba ukuthembeka okungenabungqina kunganciphisa imilinganiselo yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Abahlalutyi bathi imilinganiselo yokuziphatha egqwethekileyo inokuba ngqongqo kakhulu, ikhokelela kwimilinganiselo yokuziphatha enokuthi ingakwazi ukuphendula kwiimeko ezinzima zorhwebo. Kwingxaki, ukuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo kwemithetho kungavelisa iziphumo ezibi kunendlela ebhetyebhetye ngakumbi. Umzekelo, ngexesha lesifo, identistism ijongeke kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye enokuthi ithintele imiqathango yempilo enyanzelisayo, kwanaxa kuyimfuneko ukukhusela ubomi. Noko ke, ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho engokwasemgangathweni inganika inkxaso engundoqo nxamnye noorhulumente enokuthi ngamanye amaxesha anikele amalungelo angundoqo egama lokusebenza kakuhle okanye alungileyo. Imisela ukujongwa komgangatho wokuziphatha ophantsi apho inkqubo yezonyango ingenakuwa phantsi.

Imilinganiselo Yesidima

Isimilo esilungileyo, esivela ku sigxininisa kuqwalaselo kwimithetho okanye kwiziphumo zemithetho okanye kwilungu lomntu wokuziphatha. Endaweni yokubuza "ndifanele ndikwenze ntoni?", isimilo sibuza "ndinjani umntu ofanele abe?" kubarhulumente, olu cwangciso lugxininisa ukuhlakulela iimpawu ezinjengokunyaniseka, ingqibelelo, imfesane, okusesikweni, kunye nobulumko kwiinkokeli namaziko. Urhulumente onesidima ungomnye ongenzi izigqibo ezichanekileyo kuphela kodwa okhuthaza isithethe sokuziphatha okuhle phakathi kwabasebenzi bakhe nabameli. Le mbono ibaluleke kakhulu kwingxubukiso yemigaqo yezokuziphatha, ukukhusela ukonakala, nokuthemba kwiqumrhu.

Ngokwendlela eqheliselwa ngayo, impembelelo yesimilo ilawulwa ngemithetho yokuziphatha, uqeqesho lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwabasebenzi basekuhlaleni, kunye nobuchule bokuphendula. Inkokeli edibanisa isidima se-phronis[ (ubulumko obusebenzisekayo) iyakwazi ukwenza ngabom okulungileyo kwiimeko ezithile, ilungele ukukhuphisana nokuqwalaselwa. Umzekelo, umphathi olungileyo angagqiba ukwamkela unciphiso olufutshane lwemali yerhafu ukuqokelela izindlu ezinokufikeleleka, ngenxa yokuba uqonda ukuba okusesikweni kunye nokusebenza kwentlalo-ntle kuneziqumrhu ezingaphezulu. Isimilo zikwagxininisa ukubaluleka kweemode zemizekelo yezobugcisa: xa amagosa karhulumente ebonisa ukubonakala nokulunga, amisela impembelelo yentlangano yonke.

Olunye ucelomngeni lwesimilo semilinganiselo yokuziphatha luthi lungabonakala lungacacanga okanye lungaqwalaselwa. Ngokungafaniyo nokungalungelelani okanye ukulawulwa kwemigaqo yezonyango, ayiniki migaqo ecacileyo yokwenza izigqibo. Okubalulekileyo njengesidima kusenokuhluka kwiimeko zezithethe okanye imbali. Ngaphezu koko, ulawulo olulungileyo luxhomekeke kakhulu kubuntu babantu, nto leyo enokuba nzima ukuqwalasela okanye ukumisela. Nangona oku kusikelwe umda, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha elungileyo inika ukulungiswa okuxabisekileyo kwiindlela ezingakumbi zokufikelela kwimigaqo esekelwe ekugxininiseni kwimfundo yokuziphatha, inkqubela-leekholo, nokubaluleka kwempucuko. Isikhumbuza ukuba ulawulo olufanelekileyo aluxhomekekanga nje ekufumaneni iziphumo ezilungileyo kodwa ekuphatheni amandla nokusebenzisa kwayo.

Ingcamango enxulumene neNtlalo

Ingcamango yentlalo e-posits efunyenwe ngurhulumente esemthethweni ngokuvunyelwa ngabalawulwa. Esi sakhiwo, siphuhliswa ziingcali ezinjenge-Thomas Hobbes, uJohn Locke, kwaye [[FLT]] [[FLT]], [[FLT]] [[4]] Jean-Jacques Rouss Rouss[[, uphikisa ukuba abantu bendalo bayavumelana ukwenza ibutho nokumisela amalungelo abo nokukhuthaza ukulunga. Ngokutshintshisana, banikezela ngenkululeko ethile baze bamkele igunya lemeko. Isivumelwano soluntu simisela iimfuno zokuziphatha zokuziphatha zombini nabemi: imiyalelo ekufuneka ithobele imicimbi yezo njongo karhulumente nenyanzele.

Iinkcazelo zale mihla zengcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo, njenge uJohn Rawls's ingcamango yokusesikweni, sebenzisa ingcamango "yokungaqondi" ukukhokela imigaqo yemithetho esesikweni ukukhokela ukuthatha izigqibo. Iingcamango zokusesikweni ziphikisa ukuba imigaqo yokusesikweni ifanele ikhethwe kwindawo yokuqala apho kungekho bani waziyo ukuba yimeko yabo, iitalente, okanye iimpawu zobuqu. Le ngcamango ikhokelela kwimigaqo ekhusela owona mgangatho uphantsi webutho labantu kwaye iqinisekisa inkululeko esisiseko. Ii-orhulumente ezilwamkela ingcamango yesivumelwano zibeka indawo yokuqala ekuthatheni inxaxheba kolawulo lwedemokhrasi, ukuphendula, ukukhusela, nokukhusela amalungelo amancinane. Zikwaqonda ukuba abemi banokuchasa kakuhle okanye abachasa umgaqo wokuchasa izivumelwano soluntu ehlabathini lonke lonke lonke lonke.

Abahlalutyi bathi ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo isekelwe kwisivumelwano esithelekelelwayo esingazange senzeke ngokwenene. Ingcamango yokuvumelana kwabantu bavumelana ingubuxoki; abantu bazalelwa kwibutho elikhoyo kwaye abanakukwazi ukuzikhethela lula. Ngaphezu koko, le ngcamango iye yasetyenziselwa ukugatya amabhinqa, amaqela amancinane esizwe, namahlwempu ekuthabatheni inxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwisivumelwano somnqophiso (hhayi ingakumbi abaguquli kamva baye bayisebenzisa ukuphikisana ngokungekho mthethweni. Nangona le ngcamango ingunobumba, isoloko iyisixhobo esinamandla sokuvavanya amalungelo eenkqubo zikarhulumente. Inika umgaqo oqhelekileyo: nawuphi na umthetho okanye umthetho ongenakumkelwa ngenkululeko okanye ngokulinganayo abahlaliyo phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo zifanelekile zifanelekile. Le nkqubo ibaluleke ngokukhethekile ekuphikisaneni ngokucholalsa, ukuchola irhafu, ukuxhasa irhafu, kunye nokulawula kwegunya.

Uphando lwemeko kulawulo lweziko

Ukuqonda imigaqo yendlela yokuziphatha yenye into; ukuyisebenzisa kwiimeko zehlabathi zokwenene yenye. Olu hlolisiso lulandelayo lubonisa indlela eyahlukileyo isiseko esinokukhanyisa ngayo imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yoluntu kwaye lutyhile uxanduva olumele lusetyenziswe ngabenzi besigqibo.

  • Amagosa Oluntu Empilo Ngexesha Lemibutho
  • Imithetho yokusingqongileyo
  • Utshintsho Lobulungisa

Amagosa Oluntu Empilo Ngexesha Lemibutho

Isifo se-COVOID-19 inike oorhulumente iingxaki ezinzulu zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Imithetho enjengezitshixo, izigunyaziso zemaski, iipasethi zokunyanga, kunye nokuvalwa kwesikolo kufuna inkululeko yomntu ngamnye elungelelaniswe nentlalo entle. I-Utilitialism yanika ingqiqo eyomeleleyo kwimilinganiselo emininzi yempilo kawonke-wonke: ukulinganisela ukuhamba nokudibana nonxulumano oluncitshisiweyo koluntu, ukusindisa ubomi, nokuthintela iinkqubo zonyango ekuthwaleni kwemiqathango. Inkcitho yemali ye-benefix yasetyenziswa ukuthethelela imiqathango, ngokufuthi ibonisa ukuba iingenelo zempilo zincitshiswe ngaphezu kweendleko zezoqoqosho nentlalo.

Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwesivumelwano somthetho kunye nesivumelwano sobukho bentlalo kwaphakamisa inkxalabo echaseneyo. Iingcali zezobuGcisa zaphikisa ngelithi imiqathango yenkululeko, ingakumbi xa isetyenziswa ngokungafaniyo okanye ingekho kwinkqubo efanelekileyo, yawaphula amalungelo asisiseko. Umzekelo, xa oorhulumente babebeka amanyathelo okufika kwamaxesha okanye amashishini avaliweyo angekho semthethweni, abagxeki babesebenzisa umthetho njengomgaqo wokungavumelani nezonyango. Ingcamango yezentlalo ithandabuza enoba abemi bayavuma ngokwenene kulawo manyathelo okanye ukuba bawasebenzisa ngaphandle kokuqiqaqa kwasemthethweni. Kumazwe amaninzi, iinkundla zabetha imiyalelo yokuvala imvume yokungaqiniseki njenge-triki okanye i-procetralictory, ebonisa ukunikezelwa kwemithetho engoko.

Isimilo sokuziphatha okuhle sabalaselisa iimpawu zenkokeli ngexesha lengxaki. Abo babethetha ngokuphandle, bengaziqondi kakuhle, kwaye bebonakalisa uvelwano babethenjwa kwaye bephumelela ngakumbi ekuthotyeni abantu. Ngokuchasene noko, iinkokeli ezazibonakala zikhohlisa okanye zizenza ngathi zilulaza imigudu yempilo kawonke wonke. Le ngxaki ikwabonisa ukungalingani kwindlela abantu abahlukeneyo abanokuhlangabezana ngayo nokuthelekisa, iphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ngababazi bezinto zobuzwe baba neengxaki ezincinane, abafazi, kunye neqela elincinane lesizwe. Olu hlolisiso lubonisa ukuba akukho siseko soluntu sinokuphendula umbuzo ngamnye; ukulawula kudinga ukusetyenziswa okulungeleleneyo, okunomongomo-mo-mciso wokusebenza kwembono eninzi.

Imilinganiselo engakumbi yokuziphatha yavela kusasazo lwemiqhano. Ubuchule bokunyanga obugqithiseleyo bacebisa ukuba kuhlawulwe iimfuno zalowo usengozini kakhulu − ngabanye nabenzi bezonyango abangabantu ngabanye nabasebenzi abatsha abanokusindiswa. Kodwa ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo yayifuna ukuba bonke abemi babe nokufikelela ngokufanelekileyo, kwaye imilinganiselo yokuziphatha elungileyo ifuna ukuba babe novelwano kumaqela ajongene nemiqobo ephezulu ekugonyeni. Oorhulumente abaninzi bazama ukuhlangabezana nezi ngxaki, ingakumbi xa izinto zokugonyathiswa zilinganiselwe.

Imithetho yokusingqongileyo

Inkqubo yokusingqongileyo ingummandla otyebileyo wokuhlola imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kuba ibandakanya ukuthengwa kwemiqathango esengozini phakathi kweengenelo ezikhoyo kunye nentlalo-ntle yexesha elizayo, ukwanda kwezoqoqosho kunye nokulondolozwa kwemekobume, kunye namalungelo empahla nganye kunye nempahla edibeneyo. UbuOfisi bomhlaba busoloko buchaza intengo yemekobume ngokusebenzisa imigaqo yexabiso lexabiso lokusetyenziswa kwendlela yokulungisa imigaqo elawula ungcoliseko, ukukhusela iintlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo-ntlobo zemozulu ezisengozini, okanye ukutshintsha kwemeko-bume yemozulu. U.S. Ukhuseleko lwemeko-bume bemeko-bume bemeko-bume (EPA) lusoloko luhlola iindleko lwemali zezoqoqosho ezichasene nempilo nenzuzo, inkqubo esekelwe ekuqikelelweni kwengqiqo. Umgangatho ophezulu, umzekelo, uqikelelwa ekuveliseni iinzuzo ezinkulu kuneemali ezizimali ezicacileyo.

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yezentlalo ingena kwiingxoxo zemeko-bume ngengqiqo yamalungelo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi izizukulwana ezizayo zinelungelo lokuziphatha kwisijikelezi - langa esihlala abantu, kwaye oorhulumente bangoku bamele baphephe izenzo eziza kungqubana nezo zilungileyo. Le mbono yezobulungisa phakathi kwesizukulwana isoloko ibekwe kumanani ehlasimlisiweyo: kuphosakele ukubeka iingozi eziyingozi kubantu abangenalo ilizwi kwizigqibo zanamhlanje. Ngokufanayo, abaxhasi bemithetho esesikweni engundoqo [[FLT:] iphikisa ukuba abantu abaphantsi abangenayo kunye noluntu olunombala banobulungangabo obungathwaliswanga bungcoliso ngokugqithisileyo, kwanokuba iinzuzo zemisebenzi yoshishino zilungile.

Isimilo sikhuthaza oorhulumente ukuba bahlakulele ukuhlonela indalo, ukuthobeka ngabantu, kunye nobulumko phezu kokungaqiniseki. Inkqubo elungileyo yokusingqongileyo ayiyi kuphepha ukonakaliswa kuphela kodwa iya kukhuthaza ngamandla ukuphatha indalo. Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo ibuza enoba onke amaqela achaphazelekayo ayavuma na ekusasazeni iingozi nengenelo zemeko-bume. Le nkqubo ixhasa iinkqubo eziqukwayo zokuyila izigqibo ezinika isandi kubantu bomthonyama, kubantu basekuhlaleni, nakwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Ngokunokwenzeka ukutshintsha kwemozulu yeyona nto inzima kakhulu kwixesha lethu. Iingcamango zobuOfisi zixhasa ukusetyenziswa kwemilinganiselo enzima kunye nokuqhekeka ngenxa yokuba iindleko zokungafezeki ziyingozi. Kodwa amaxhala okungalawuleki kwemeko-bume aphakama ngenxa yokuba amazwe anegalelo ekukhupheni okuncinane ngokwembali asoloko esengozini kakhulu kwiziphumo zayo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kumgaqo wezobugxwayiba obuqhelekileyo [[FLT: 0] kodwa owahlulweyo kwiisivumelwano zemozulu yomhlaba wonke. Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha ifuna iintlanga zibonise ubulumko nokusesikweni, kunokuba zibe nembono encinane. Isivumelwano sentlalo sifuna ukuba izizwe zithethe ngolungelelwano olufanelekileyo olunxulumeneyo noxanduva lwazo lonke ulawulo, kuquka nezizukulwana ezizayo.

Utshintsho Lobulungisa

Iinkqubo zomthetho zezaphuli-mthetho zixinzelelwe kwimibuzo engokokuziphatha: Yintoni injongo yokohlwaya? Sifanele silulinganisele njani ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke namalungelo abo bamangalelwayo? Singaqinisekisa njani ukuba kulungile ukunqumla imigca yesizwe nentlalo-ntle? Isiseko ngasinye somthetho sigxininisa ngokwahlukileyo. Imithetho yemithetho yokuziphatha inikela ingqwalaselo eyahlukileyo. Imbono yezolwaphulo-mthetho ngokujonga izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngelensi yokunqanda, ukuchachasa, ukuchachacha kweza, nokulungisa okulungele ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha yentlalo nokunyusa intlalo. Imithetho efana nesigwebo esisinyanzelo esinzima solwaphulo-mthetho isoloko igwetyelwa ngokwezi tyala ezinzulu, isithintela abantu abanokubakhohlakele abantu abayingozi kwaye ingqina ukuphumelela kwemiqatha yemiqatha, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwexabiso elingenwa ngezo elibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi okanye ukusetyenziswa kobulungisa kungane.

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha elawulwa yinkqubo yoluntu igxininisa amalungelo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nokulungelelana. Isohlwayo kufuneka silufanele ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye kufuneka sinikelwe kakuhle, kungakhathaliseki iziphumo. Esi siseko silwa ngamandla izenzo ezinjengokuthuthunjiswa, ukuvalelwa ngokungenasiphelo, okanye ukugwetywa ngokungenakulinganiswa. Ukuzinikela kwisidima somntu kuxhasa ukupheliswa kwesohlwayo sokufa kwimithetho emininzi, kunye nokukhuselwa kwesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga. Kwakhona sixhasa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, nokungabekwa kwamalungelo asemthethweni. Ingcamango yezentengiselwano yoluntu yongeza into yokuba inkqubo yokugweba imele isetyenziswe ngokulinganayo kwimithetho elawulwayo; kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abemi, yaye urhulumente umele ukuphathwa kakubi kwayo.

Imilinganiselo yokuziphatha elungileyo ibhekisa ingqalelo kubuntu babagwebi, abatshutshisi namagosa amapolisa. Umgwebi olungileyo ubonisa ubulumko, ubuqaqa, nokusesikweni, kunye nomtshutshisi onesidima ufuna inyaniso kunokuba afune iinkolelo nje. Amasebe amapolisa ahlakulela isidima ngokuqeqesha imigaqo yokuziphatha nokubotshwa kwemibutho yabantu asenokuba maninzi ukuze athenjwe ngabantu bonke. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, umbutho wokuphucula isimilo samapolisa uye wabalaselisa ukubaluleka kobulunga obufana nokuthobeka, nokuzibamba ngobulungisa, ingakumbi ekunxibelelaneni nabantu abaphantsi kwemi. Ukulungisa iinkqubo zokusesikweni, ezizisa kunye namaxhoba kunye nabaphuli-mthetho ukuze kulungiswe, kwakhona ukwaziswa ngesimilo, ukuchanabeka isidima, ukukhula, ukuphendula koxolo nokulungele ukuxolela.

I-United States, enenani eliphezulu lokuvalelwa phakathi kwamazwe ahambele phambili, iye yajamelana nokugxekwa okukhulayo ngenxa yokubanjwa kwabantu abaninzi, ukwahlukahlukana kweentlanga, kunye nokugwetywa ngenkohlakalo. Uhlalutyo lwezobupolitika lutyhila ukuba iinkokeli zezobupolitika nabagwebi babonisa inkalipho yokulungisa inkqubo engekho bulungisa. Le meko ibonisa indlela imigaqo yokuziphatha enokuthi ngayo ivulekele iingxaki ezinzulu zokwakha kunye nemigudu yokulungisa imigaqo yezobulungisa.

Indima Yemfundo Kulawulo Lwezemfundo

Imfundo inendima esisiseko ekudaleni ibutho labantu elikwaziyo ukulawula imilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ngaphandle kokuqonda okusasazekileyo kokuqiqa ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, abemi abanako ukuwavavanya ngokunempumelelo amanyathelo karhulumente, kwaye iinkokeli zexesha elizayo azinazo izixhobo zokusebenzisa iingxaki ezintsonkothileyo zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ukukhuthaza ingcamango yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kwizifundo zezifundo zemfundo yangasemva kuzo zonke imigangatho .

Uphuhliso lweCurricuum

Ukuthethelela imigaqo-nkqubo yokuziphatha kwimbali, kwinzululwazi yezobupolitika, kunye neezifundo zezentlalo kunceda abafundi baqonde imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yokulawula. Umzekelo, izifundo ezingeNtlanganiso yamaLungelo e-Civil zingahlolisisa indlela imigaqo yokuziphatha enxulumene ngayo namalungelo alinganayo engqubana neempikiswano ezikhoyo zokukhetha njengendlela yokulungelelanisa intlalo-ntle. Iingxoxo ngenkqubo yemozulu zingahlalutyaniswa ngelebhusayithi yezezentlalo kunye nengcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo. Kunokufundisa imigaqo yokuziphatha njengombandela osekelwe kwimibandela engqinelanayo, abafundisi bangayidibanisa kwizifundo zemeko ekhoyo, bakhuthaze abafundi ukuba basebenzise imigaqo eyahlukeneyo baze bathelekise amandla abo nobuthathaka babo.

Imisebenzi yegumbi lokufundela njengemfaniso edlala indima, iingxoxo ezicwangcisiweyo, kunye nezenzo zengxaki yesimilo ziyasebenza ekukhuliseni ubuchule bokuqiqa. Umzekelo, abafundi bangaxelisa intlanganiso yezongxamiseko yempilo kawonke wonke apho kufuneka bagqibe ukuba bafake iqhina lokhuseleko, baze bacinge ukuba sisiphi isiseko sokuziphatha esakhokela isigqibo sabo. Amaphepha okubhala afuna abafundi bakhusele inkqubo kwiimbono ezimbini ezihlukeneyo zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha akhuthaza ukucinga ngokunengqiqo ecacileyo nokutshintsha- ingqondo. Ukunika abafundi ulwazelelelo kwizithethe ezahlukeneyo zezempilo-meksidia, kuquka neentanda-enjinga zeWestern/irichs bayazi ukuba baqonde njani kwaye babalungiselele ukuba babe ngabami bemi behlabathi.

Ukucinga Okuqatha Okukhuthazayo

Imfundo yenzululwazi ithetha ukufundisa abafundi ukuba bacinge ngokungqongqo ngemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Oku kuthetha ukuthatha intloko enzima yemiqathango kwaye kukwenza imibuzo ephambili: Ziziphi iingcamango ezisekelwe kule nkqubo? Ngubani obekelwe isiseko somgaqo-nkqubo? Ziziphi izilangazelelo eziphambili? Ingaba kukho izigwebo ezifihlakeleyo? Othisha bangakhuthaza abafundi ukuba bacel ’ umngeni iimbono zabo baze bacinge iimbono abangazifuni ekuqaleni. Ngokuqhelisa intetho yoluntu kwimibandela ephikisanayo, abafundi bafunda ukuthelekisa ngentlonelo neembono eziphikisanayo, -- ubuchule obufunekayo ekuthatheleni inxaxheba kwidemokhrasi.

Ngaphaya kwegumbi lokufundela, amaziko anjengeeyunivesithi, iintloko, kunye nonxulumano lwezakhono lungakhuthaza ulawulo lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha ngeentlanganiso, iimpapasho, kunye nokuqeqeshwa kwemilinganiselo yabasebenzi. Amasebe amaninzi karhulumente ngoku afuna uqeqesho lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kubasebenzi, ukugquma imibandela efana nenkxwaleko, ukubetha impepho, kunye nokubonakala. Olo qeqesho lusebenza kakhulu xa luhamba ngaphaya kokuthotyelwa okusemthethweni, lubandakanya abathathi-nxaxheba ekubonakaliseni imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yokwenene. Ukufunda kwiimeko zehlabathi lokwenene ngokweemeko zeWatergate, ink, inkxhulumpss, okanye i-FOVID, i-19 qhamfono abatha abathathi-yo babona ukubaluleka kokuqiqa ngemilinganiselo. Ngokufaka imfundo yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kumgangatho ngamnye, ingingqini ekwazi ukuvelisa izigqibo zemiqatha kwiimeko zoluntu nabaphathi abakwazi ukwenza izigqibo ezijongeneyo kwingcinezelo.

Isiphelo

Ukufundwa kwemigaqo-siseko yemilinganiselo yokuziphatha akuyonto nje izifundo zemfundo; kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuba ngummi onolwazi kunye nokulawula okunempumelelo. Ukungalawuleki kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunye nengcamango yentlalo nganye inika ingqiqo ekhethekileyo ngendlela oorhulumente abafanele basebenze ngayo, kwaye nganye inemida emele iqondwe. Iimeko zeli hlabathi zokwenyani zinokuqondwa.

Abafundisi kunye nabafundi ababandakanyeke ngokunzulu kwimigaqo yokuziphatha banegalelo kwicandelo likawonke-wonke elinobubulungisa, elithembekileyo. Njengabemi, sinelungelo kunye nembopheleleko yokunyanzela ukuba oorhulumente bethu benze ngendlela efanelekileyo. Ngokuzixhobisa ngolwimi nangezixhobo zokuqiqa ngokuziphatha, siyakwazi ukuqwalasela izigqibo, sigcine iinkokeli zinobuza, kwaye sisebenzela kwibutho labantu elihlonela isidima nentlalo entle yabantu bonke. Ulawulo lwe-Ethiyate asiyondawo esisisiphelo kodwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo yokubonakalisa, ingxoxo, kwaye iphucula i------atrumply exhomekeke ekuthatheleni inxaxheba kwezizwe zonke.