Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya yingcamango esisiseko kulawulo lwedemokhrasi lwangoku, ibumba ulwalamano phakathi kwelizwe nabemi balo. Emongweni walo, lo mgaqo wahlula iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente zibe ngamasebe ahlukeneyo ` i-, eshwankathelayo [, kwaye [[FLT]] le mithetho iyakwazi ukwahlula amasebe ahlukeneyo [[FLT:]]] [[FLT]]] ukukhusela nasiphi na into ekhoyo ekufumaneni igunya elingathintelwanga ligobethwanga. Kuba abami, ukuqonda esi sakhiwo asiko nje ukuqheliswa kwemfundo yemfundo; impembelelo ngqo ngendlela ekwenziwa ngayo, edityaniswe, netolikwayo ebomini bomhla nengcuthelwe ngayo. Eli nqaku lihlola oko kukuthiwahlula amalungelo oluntu, ukukhusela amalungelo oluntu, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqobo, ukusetyenziswa kweminye imizekelo kunye nemeko ekhoyo.

Imvelaphi Nemigaqo Yokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ingcamango yanamhlanje yokwahlula amagunya inxulumene kakhulu nesithandi sobupolitika saseFransi uMentesquieu, owayichaza kumsebenzi wakhe wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe anamashumi mane anesine]. UMoya woMthetho [. Noko ke, iingcambu zawo zibuyela emva kwiGrisi yamandulo neRoma, apho iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezidityanisiweyo zazama ukulinganisela ulawulo lookumkani, ulawulo lobuzwilamsha, kunye nee-demokhrasi. UMontequieu waphikisa ukuba inkululeko inokuba ikhuselekile kuphela xa kubekwa umthetho, isigqeba, kunye namagunya ejaji enziwe ngamaqum. Le ngcamango yaphembelela kakhulu iprojectivesss ye-U.

Umgaqo ongundoqo ucacile: akukho sebe limele likwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yelinye isebe ngaphandle kobuveleli. Umzekelo, xa indlu yowiso-mthetho ibhala imithetho, izixhobo ezilawulayo, kunye nejaji ichaza ubugqeba bayo. Oku kuqulunqwa kwekhompathimente kudala inkqubo ye [ yokulinganisa kunye nomlinganiselo , apho isebe ngalinye linobuchule bokunciphisa okanye ukubukeza izenzo zabanye abantu. Kubemi, oku kuthetha ukuba amalungelo abo akhuselwa ngoomaleko abaninzi bobuveleli, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wesenzo soburhulumente esingekho mthethweni.

Amasebe Amathathu Achazwa

  • [[NTLA:0] Isebe elinomthetho: Ngokuqhelekileyo ipalamente, ingqungquthela, okanye indibano enyulwe ngabantu. Inomthwalo wokuyila, ukuphikisana, kunye nemithetho edluliswayo. Kwinkqubo ezininzi, indlu yowiso-mthetho ikwalawula uqingqo-mali kwaye inegunya phezu komphathi-mthetho.
  • Isebe eliphumezayo: Eli sebe lilawulwa ngumongameli, umphathi-mandla, okanye ngumlawuli, linyanzelisa lize lilawule imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Liquka amasebe karhulumente, amaqumrhu, nabasebenzi belizwe abaqhuba ulawulo lwemini ukuya kutsho kumhla.
  • Isebe lezemali elikwindawo ebanzi: Elisebe lichaza imithetho kunye neempikiswano, kuquka iimbambano phakathi kwabemi norhulumente. Lisoloko linamandla okuhlola ukubetha imithetho echasene nomgaqo-siseko.

Ngeli xesha la masebe ahlukeneyo, ayaxhomekeka. Umzekelo, umphathi-mthetho angagunyazisa umthetho weveto, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingakwazi ukuthoba amagosa aphezulu, kwaye ijaji ingalawula ukuba izenzo zesebe eliphetheyo azihambelani nemithetho. Lo mdlalo wenza inkqubo ibe namandla kwaye ikwazi ukuqhelanisa neengxaki ezintsha.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Kubaluleke Kubemi

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya asiyongcamango engokwasemthethweni; imiphumo ecacileyo nebonakalayo yomhla nezolo kubantu ngabanye.

Ukhuseleko Ekuxhatshazweni Nokusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya

Imbali izele yimizekelo yoorhulumente abanamandla aphezulu kwisebe elinye okanye kumlawuli, abakhokelela kwingcinezelo, urhwaphilizo, kunye nokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ngokusasaza igunya, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kwenza kube nzima kakhulu kuye nawuphi na umntu okanye iqela ukunyanzela ukuba afune ukuthanda kwayo ngaphandle kokuchasa. Kubemi, oku kuthetha ukuba banamathuba amaninzi okuvavanya uphazamiso. Ukuba abalawuli bezama ukuphelisa inkululeko yasekuhlaleni, abemi bangacela uwiso-mthetho ukuba badlulisele imithetho ekhuselayo okanye bafune izikhundla kwiinkundla. Oku kukhuselwa kwegunya kusikhuselo esisebenzisekayo ekuphathweni kolawulo-olawulo.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

Isebe ngalinye liyakwazi ukuqwalasela nokunyanzela abanye. Ngokomzekelo:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukuvavanya ikhampasi: Ngokungavumi ukuqinisekisa ukumiselwa, iinkqubo zokususa, okanye ukuqalisa uphando.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ihlola indlu yowiso-mthetho: Ngokufola iindleko okanye ukubiza iintlanganiso ezizodwa.
  • Uvavanyo lwemiqathango yomibini: ngokubhengeza imithetho okanye izenzo ezilawulayo ezingekho semthethweni.

Kubemi, oku kuthetha ukuba akukho mthetho unokwenziwa okanye unyanzeliswe ngaphandle kokugqitha kwimida emininzi yokuhlola. Umthetho ojolise kwiqela elincinane ngokungekho mthethweni ungabethwa ziinkundla, okanye umyalelo wegunya elingaphezulu kokugunyaziswa ungathintelwa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Oku kunciphisa amathuba okulawula ngokungxama okanye ngokukhupha umthetho.

Ukuzibandakanya nokuphendula okukhuthazayo

Xa abemi beqonda ukuba igunya likarhulumente lahlulelene, bayakwazi ukungenelela ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi kwinkqubo. Bayazi ukuba ngubani omele aqhagamshelane naye ngengxaki: ummisi-mthetho oza kucebisa umthetho omtsha, umbutho olawulayo wokunyanzelisa imithetho ekhoyo, okanye inkundla yokucel ’ umngeni isenzo esiphosakeleyo. Oku kucacisa ukuphendula. Umzekelo, ukuba umbutho karhulumente ungavumi ukukhupha iingxelo zikawonke-wonke, abemi banokucela ukufikelela, bethembele kwijula kwijustiary ukunyazisa imithetho ecacileyo. Ngokufanayo, ukuvota konovoteko lwemithetho kuvumela abemi ukuba batshintshe indlela yokwenza umthetho, ngoxa unyulo lonyulo lwezinyulo lwezintloko zibangela ukuba baphembele imigaqo.

Ngaphezu koko, ukwahlukana kwamagunya kukhuthaza ulawulo olukhululekileyo kunye nebutho labantu ukuba lisebenze njengeenja ezijongileyo. Abacholacholi-ndaba banganikela ingxelo ngezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu ngaphandle koloyiko lokuziphindezelela, besazi ukuba iinkundla zikhusela inkululeko yokuthetha kwaye izikhululo zowiso-mthetho zinokuyilawula. Oku kuvelela kubaluleke kakhulu kwidemokhrasi esempilweni.

Indlela Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Okubuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bemihla Ngemihla

Impembelelo yalo mgaqo ayisoloko ingabonakali de kuvele ingxabano, kodwa ichaphazela indlela yokunxibelelana norhulumente. Ngezantsi kukho imimandla ekhethekileyo apho abemi bafumana ukwahlulwa kwamagunya:

Ukhuseleko nomgaqo-nkqubo worhwebo

Xa uthenga imveliso, uxhomekeke kwimithetho eqingqiweyo (engalawulekiyo), enyanzelwa ngabameli (abachaphazelekayo), kwaye etolikwa ziinkundla (zezezasemkhosini). Umzekelo, iFoood and Drug Administration (ethelekisayo) yase-U.S. iqinisekisa ukuba amashishini amele ajongene namagunya amaninzi, akhusela abaxhasi kwimibutho e-Congress (emperalitive). Ukuba le nkqubo ithelela ukuthatha inyathelo, amaqela abantu abanomdla kawonke-wonke anokumangalelwa kwinkundla (inkundla).

Okusesikweni Kwezaphuli - mthetho Nenkqubo Efanele Ilandelwe

Kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuyinto enzima. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ichaza ulwaphulo-mthetho nesohlwayo, isebe eliphetheyo (izikhululo, abatshutshisi) liphanda kunye nezityholo, kwaye ijaji iqinisekisa ukuvavanywa ngokusesikweni. Ummi omangalelwe ngolwaphulo-mthetho angalucel ’ umngeni uphando olungekho mthethweni okanye ukuvunywa kwetyala okunyanzelekileyo enkundleni, efuna ijajinga uphando lwehambo oluphezulu. Ngaphandle kweli candelo, isebe elinye lingamangalela kunye nejaji, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuvalweni ngokungekho mthethweni.

Ukhetho

Ulawulo lokhetho lubandakanya onke amasebe amathathu. Umthetho umisela imithetho yokuvota, abalawuli (umz., iijaji zikarhulumente okanye oonobhala besizwe) bongamela iindawo zokuvota kunye neziqinisekiso, kunye neenkundla zokusombulula iimpikiswano ngemithetho ye-ID yovoti, i-gerrymanindering, okanye ubalo lokhetho. Umzekelo, ebudeni bonyulo lomongameli wama-2020 e-U.S., iinkundla ezininzi zabekwa kwiinkundla zikarhulumente kunye neenkundla zephondo ukuze zivavanye iinguqulelo ezenziwa yimithetho yokuvota yendlu yovota kunye namagosa aphezulu. Iinkundla zasebenza njengomnyulo wokugqibela ngokwemilinganiselo yomthetho-mthetho-siseko, ziqinisekisa ukuba unyulo luqhubeke ngokwemilinganiselo yomthetho. Abami base-Australia bangenelwa kukungabikho konyulo lwesebe elinye elisebenzisa iziphumo zonyulo olusebenzayo.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neMidlalo

Ukuyila nokuphatha iinkqubo ezifana neMedicare, iMedicaid, okanye i-inshorensi yentlalo ibandakanya onke amasebe. Imali efanelekileyo kwaye imisela iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo; amasebe aphetheyo azalisekisa iinzuzo kunye neengxelo; iinkundla ezimanyumnyezi zokunganconywa okanye ucalucalulo. Kubemi abaxhomekeke kwiinkqubo ezinjalo, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kunika inkqubo yokubhenela kwizigqibo ezingalunganga. Umzekelo, umguli owala inkqubo yezonyango angafaka icala lokuba umbutho ujongele ngokugqwetha umthetho, unyanzele ukuba iinkundla zichaze injongo ye-wistom.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Okusebenza

Imizekelo yehlabathi lokwenene ibonisa indlela okwahlulwa kwamagunya okusebenza ngayo nesizathu sokuba kubaluleke:

Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo (1954)

Kweli tyala libalulekileyo leNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., isebe eligwebayo lasebenzisa amandla alo okuhlola ucalulo lohlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke. Inkundla yathi "imfundiso ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo", ixhaswe sisigqibo sangaphambili ( i-eye-eye-awuke-eye-engabo. Ferguson) kwaye yanyanzelwa ziintlawulo zomthetho zomthetho-mthetho nezolawulo-mthetho, zaphula umthetho olinganayo u-Clausle we-InPrameterment. Esi sigqibo sabonisa indima yejajidiary njenge-operatiotary njenge-oooooooook amaqela omthetho nabalawuli abagqwetyelwayo abaphula amatyala. Kubami baseburhulumente, kwakuthetha ukuba kwanekwane ngokunzulu kwimithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho.

IScangate yamanzi (1972-1974)

Ingxelo yeWatergate yabonisa indlela ulawulo lwemithetho olunokuqinisekisa ngayo ukuphandwa kwabalawuli abaphetheyo. Emva kophulwa kwekomkhulu leKomiti yesiZwe yeDemocratic, iKhomishini yase-U.S. yafumana iingcwabo ezityhila ubungqina bokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, kuquka ukugquma nokujongwa ngokungekho mthethweni ngumlawuli weNixon. IKomiti yeNdluwa yoLawulo lwamagunya ivotelela uMongameli ngamnye Nixon, nto leyo ekhokelela ekurhoxeni kwakhe. Le meko ibalaselisa ukubaluleka komsebenzi wesebe le-accrojist negunya lokuphatha ulawulo.

ISiluleko esizimeleyo (1988-1999)

Emva kwe-Watergate, iBhunga lawisa umthetho ozimeleyo lisenza isiluleko sokuphanda ngezityholo zokuziphatha okubi kwisebe eliphetheyo. Lo mthetho wavumela umtshutshisi okhethekileyo ukuba asebenze ngaphandle komyalelo wegosa eliphetheyo, eqinisekisa ukuba amagosa aphezulu aphengulula ngokungakhethiyo. Lo mthetho wasinda kwiingxaki zomgaqo-siseko, iinkundla ziqinisekisa ukuba iBhunga linokuzimisela imiqathango enjalo kwisikhululo. Kubemi, oku kuthetha ukuba izityholo zokunganyaniseki zinokuphenywa ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa ngamagosa aphambili.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Phezu kwazo nje iingenelo zawo, ukwahlukana kwamagunya kujamelana nocelomngeni oluphawulekayo kule nkulungwane yama - 21:

Unyuso olunolawulo oluphezulu

Kumazwe amaninzi, abalawuli baye bandisa igunya labo ngemiyalelo yabalawuli, imimiselo, nangamandla ongxamiseko. Umzekelo, oomongameli base-U.S. ukususela ngoFranklin D. Roosevelt baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukuvala i-grid lock. Ngoxa imiyalelo enjalo iphantsi kohlalutyo lomthetho, bangahlala besebenza kangangeminyaka, ngokufuthi bakhuthaza amadabi asemthethweni. Oku "kubulala ngokurhwaphilizayo" (ngokufuthi kubizwa ngokuba "i-i-imperacteur"") kuphelisa umlinganiselo wamandla, ukwenza isigqibo kwisebe elinye. Abami baseNtshona Kolo banokufumana ukuba abameli babo abanyuliweyo banempembelelo encinane kwimigaqo echaphazela ubomi babo, njengeyo yokufuduka okanye ulawulo.

Ukwenziwa kwelanga kunye nokutshixwa kwe-Grid

Xa elinye iqela lilawula indlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye elinye lilawula ulawulo lwendlu yowiso-mthetho, ukufa kwezobupolitika kungathintela umthetho ofunekayo. Uhlaziyo lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lungaphelelwa, kusenokungalungiswa, kwaye iingxaki ezinkulu zingaconjululwa. Kwiimeko ezinzima, njengokuvalwa kolawulo lukarhulumente wase-U.S., abemi bayabandezeleka ngenxa yeenkonzo ezixelweyo, ukuncitshiswa kwemali yokhuseleko lukawonke wonke, nokungaqiniseki kwezoqoqosho. I-Gricklock ayingokuphela nje korhulumente ocothayo; isenokuphelisa ukuthemba abantu kwinkqubo.

Izenzo Zomthetho Nezowiso-mthetho

Abahlalutyi kumacala omabini baphikisa ngelithi ngamanye amaxesha abagwebi bayayigqitha indima yabo yokuchaza, bewenza ngokunempumelelo umthetho kwibhedi. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi "isenzo somthetho-mthetho" kwaye kungakhokelela ekulawuleni okugqitha injongo yendlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, "ukuthintela" kusenokushiya imithetho engangqubaniyo nemithetho emiselwe ngokwezigwebo ihleli kakuhle. Kubemi, le ngxoxo ithetha ukuba iinkundla, ezicetyiweyo, ezicelwe ukungabi nanxaxheba, zingaba ngabathathi-nxaxheba. Izigqibo eziphezulu ze-projectal jingsss (umz. g., U.S. .S. . . . . . . inkundla ephakamileyo yenkundla yezomthetho i-Ovestiventi) ngoku zikhuphisana kakhulu, inkciso inkciso yokuba uzimele-mthetho ulawulo luphantsi.

Utyekelo lwehlabathi kunye nokulawula

Kulawulo-mpukane oluninzi ehlabathini lonke, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kusesisongelo ekunyukeni kwegunya elilawulayo, apho abalawuli bethoba isidima sabagwebi, iindlu zowiso-mthetho ezibuthathaka, kwaye belinyanisa ibutho labantu. Kumazwe anjengeHungary, Poland, neTurkey, utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko lunamandla athe kratya kwigunya elilawulayo, lunciphisa amandla abemi okuvavanya izenzo zikarhulumente kwiinkundla ezizimeleyo. Ezi zenzo zibalaselisa ukuba ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akumi ngonaphakade; kufuneka ukhuseleko olusebenzayo lwabemi namaziko.

Oko Abemi Banokukwenza Ukuze Baxhase Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

Ukugcina igunya lilungelelene yimbopheleleko ephakathi kwamagosa karhulumente nabantu. Nanga amanyathelo asebenzayo abemi abanokuwathabatha:

  • [[UMTL:0] Hlala uphangile: Ukuqonda indima yesebe ngalinye kwaye ulandele iindaba ngendlela eliwasebenzisa ngayo amandla alo. Ulwazi lulukhuselo lokuqala ekuxhatshazweni.
  • Partipate kukhetho: khupha kungekuphela nje kubahlohli kodwa kwanakwiqonga leqela elihlonela imida yequmrhu. Inkxaso yeenkokeli ezibophelele ukuxhasa ii-checks nolungelelwaniso.
  • Ukuncedisa kuMabutho aBalelwayo: / Imibutho exhasayo exhasa ukuzimela ngokwezomthetho, ukuvela kwemithetho, nokuphendula kolawulo oluphezulu. Amaqela afana neZiko leLiphabelele leMelika okanye iBrennan elijongene nokungalingani kwamandla ngokukhutheleyo.
  • Sebenzisa iiNkundla: ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho ophulwe yisenzo sikarhulumente, qwalasela inyathelo lomthetho. Izixabisi ezininzi zikawonke-wonke zinika iinkonzo ze-probono.
  • Ukudibana nabameli Bakho: Bhala, biza, okanye udibana nabamisi-mthetho ukuvakalisa inkxalabo ngokuphangwa kwabalawuli abaphezulu okanye ukubekwa kwekomiti. Uxinzelelo oluvela kumaqumrhu lungabumba izinto eziza kuqala kwimithetho.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ithetha ngokubaluleka kokwahlula amagunya kuluntu lwakho, kwizikolo, nasemsebenzini. Ummi onolwazi luvavanyo olupheleleyo kurhulumente.

Isiphelo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kungaphezulu kunomthetho-siseko; kuyindlela yokuphila ekhusela abemi ekuxinaniseni igunya. Ngokwahlulahlula urhulumente ube yimithetho, impatho-siseko, kunye namasebe ejaji, lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba akukho lungu lisebenzayo elinokusebenza ngaphandle kokulihlola, kwaye abantu banamathuba amaninzi okuvavanya ukungabikho kokusesikweni. Ukusuka kubathengi ukuya kulwaphulo-mthetho, unyulo kuse kwimicimbi yempilo, iziphumo ezikhoyo. Noko ke, le nkqubo ayikokuzixhasa ngokwabo. Kufuna abemi abalumkileyo abaqonda indima yabo ekuxhaseni ukulungelelanisa, ukuthatha inyathelo lokusebenza, ukulungiselela imfundo, kwaye, xa kuyimfuneko, ukuhlahlela kwimiqathango yezomthetho yezonyango, inyanzelela ukukhuselwa koomandla enyanzekile emhlabeni wonke. Noko ke, le nkqubo ayiko ichaphazela yonke imbopheleleko yokukhusela inkululeko ehlala ihleli kwinkululeko ye-Monteuce, imele ihlale ikho, kwaye imele igcinwe ngamandla anjalo.