Ukwazisa: Ukulungelelana Kwamandla

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya phakathi kowiso-mthetho, ulawulo oluphezulu, kunye nekomiti egwebayo kuphawu oluchazayo lwenkqubo yezomgaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Esi sakhiwo sayilwa ngabom ngabaseki ukukhusela nasiphi na isidalwa ekufumaneni igunya elingathintelwanga. Xa elinye isebe ligqitha imida yalo engokomGaqo-siseko, kusongela ulungelelwano olukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Urhulumente oqhathayo akaphazamisani nje kuphela ukwahlulwa okucetyiswa kokumagunya kodwa ukruquzelela iziphumo ezibangela imiphumo enjengokuphelelwa amalungelo abantu, ukuthembana kwabemi, nokukhula kwemilo yezobupolitika. Ukuqonda oko kubangela ukuba kubekho ukuqhankqele, kutheni, nendlela ekufuneka ihlolwe ngayo kumntu ngamnye onqwenela ukulondoloza i-Riphabliki.

Ukuqonda Amasebe Karhulumente

Izixhobo ezithimba umGaqo-siseko zahlule amasebe amathathu alinganayo, kunye nenkqubo nganye enomlinganiselo wamanye. Esi sakhiwo saziwa njengenkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisa.

  • Isebe elinomthetho (Ikonvo): Isebenza ngokwenza imithetho, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, ukulawula urhwebo, kunye nokulawula uqingqo-mali. Amandla alo adweliswe kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko.
  • Isebe eliphumezayo (uMphathi noLawulo): Imbopheleleko yokumisa imithetho, ukuqhuba inkqubo yelinye ilizwe, ukuyalela umkhosi, nokumisela amagosa karhulumente. Igalelo lifaka ezi mpahla kuMongameli.
  • [[NTLA] Isebe le-Judicial (Inkundla yeNkundla ePhantsi neNkundla ePhantsi): imangalelwe ngemithetho yokutolika, iqwalasela ubugcisa bayo, kunye nokubonisa iimpikiswano. Inqaku III limisa ijudisi.

Isebe ngalinye lenzelwe ukulwa neemfuno zezinye. Njengoko uJames Madison wabhalayo kwi u-Federalist uNo. 51, “Umdla kufuneka wenzelwe ukulwa nephulo.” Injongo yayikukudala urhulumente osekelwe kumthetho kunokuba kufuneke nayiphi na into.

Yintoni Ebangela Ukuba Urhulumente Angenele Ngokugqithisileyo?

Ukufikelela okugqithisileyo kwenzeka xa isebe lisebenzisa amandla ngaphaya kwemida eliyabelwe yilo umGaqo-siseko okanye xa lichasa igunya elisemthethweni lelinye isebe. Linokubonakala njengomthetho owephula amalungelo omntu ngamnye (ukuqhatha okubangelwa kukuhlasela), izenzo zolawulo ezigqitha iKhomishini (ukuqhatha okubulalayo), okanye imithetho elawulayo edala inkqubo yezomthetho kunokuchaza umthetho (umqhankqalazi). Ingcaciso echanekileyo isoloko ixhomekeke ekucacisweni komgaqo-siseko kunye nomongo wexesha. Kodwa ke, umgaqo ongundoqo uyaqhubeka: nasiphi na isenzo esiphazamisa ukulingana kwamandla ahlukeneyo sibeka engozini inkqubo yedemokhrasi ngokwayo.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yokuxhathisa Okugqithiseleyo Kukarhulumente

Imisebenzi ye-Alien neMigaqo yeNkcubeko (1798)

IBhunga loLawulo loManyano loLuntu ladlulisa iAlien kunye neSedition Acts ngaphandle kwengxoxo enentsingiselo, ikwenza kube lulwaphulo-mthetho ukupapasha “inkohliso, ihlazo, kunye nokubhala okunolunya” kurhulumente. Le mithetho yayijoliswe ekuchaseni inkcaso nasekuthinteleni ukufuduka. Abahleli abaninzi bamaphephandaba bavalelwa entolongweni. Le misebenzi imela ityala elicacileyo lomthetho elibambise ukuchasa isiqinisekiso senkululeko. Babangela ukuba abantu abaninzi baphinde bathethe kwaye banikele ku-Thoma Jefferson kunyulo luka-1800. Ekugqibeleni, izenzo zaphelelwa okanye zaphinda zaphinda zathunyelwa, kodwa bahlala bengumzekelo olumkisayo wendlela uloyiko lwe-Grevertivel olunokuqhuba ngayo i-console.

Internation yaseJapan (1942)

Emva kokuba iJapan ihlasele iPearl Harbor, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wakhupha uMthetho oLawulo oluPhezulu wama-9066, egunyazisa ukususwa nokuvalelwa entolongweni kwamaJaphani angaphezu kwe-120 000 (25%). [2-3] abemi base-U.S. umkhosi wathi kwakuyimfuneko kukhuseleko lwesizwe, kodwa akukho bungqina bokunganyani kwakha kwaveliswa. Kamva iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa umthetho [ku-[FLT:]] Koritamuv v. United States [1944], isigqibo esigxekwa ngokuba kukunganyaniseki kwemithetho elawulayo. Emashumi eminyaka kamva, urhulumente wavuma ngokusemthethweni ukuba kungabi nabulungisa kwaye uhlawule. Oku kubonisa indlela uloyiko nocalucalucalucalulo olukhoyo.

IScangate yamanzi (1972-1974)

Umlawuli wolawulo lwe-Oval Office uRichard Nixon wagunyazisa ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yezomthetho, kuquka ulwaphulo, ukuphulwa kweminxeba, kunye nokuthintela okusesikweni. Xa iNgqungquthela yaqinisekisa, iNixon yazingqina ilungelo eliphezulu kwaye ayivumi ukusebenzisana. INkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela ngamnye ukuba akhulule iikhasethi zeOval Office [FLT][1] United States v. Nixon[FLT][FLT][FL:3]. Ukungamela, uyarhoxa. Watergate njengomzekelo obalaseleyo wangoku wokuphatha, kwaye kwabonisa ukuba uvavanyo kunye nolungeleniso, kunye nokulungele okuyaneleyo, ngokuququlukileyo, kumongameli.

IMarbury v. Madison kunye neGunya leMigaqo-mthetho (1803)

Uluvo lweJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall kwi uMarbury v. Madison wamisela umgaqo wokuhlola okugwebayo ```amandla eenkundla okuvakalisa imithetho engekho sigqeba.' Nangona eli gunya ngoku lisesona siphambili kwindima yejaji, abagxeki ngelo xesha baphikisa ukuba limela ingxhwabangxwaba ngenxa yokuba umGaqo-siseko awuliniki ngokucacileyo eli gunya. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uhlolo lwezomthetho lwaba lisiseko somthetho we-Melika. Ityala libonisa ukuba oko kuqale kubonwe njengewokugqwabalaza kusenokumkelwa njengemfuneko yenkqubo yokusebenza, ukubala amandla asebenzayo.

Ilinge lokuTshomeka kweNkundla (1937)

Icatshukisiwe zisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo eyaphelisa umthetho we-New Decreal, uMongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wacebisa ukuba kunikwe umthetho wokongeza kumatyala amatsha amathandathu kwiNkundla. Abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi oku yayingumzamo ocacileyo wokuthoba isigwebo sokusingela phantsi kwaye batshintshe ukwenziwa kwengqiqo yeNkundla. Izicelo zajamelana nenkcaso ekrakrakra kwaye ekugqibeleni zasiswa. Noko ke, zashukumisela iNkundla ukuba itshintshe ukuma kwayo kumgaqo wezoqoqosho. Inkundla ejikela ityala isoloko ingumzekelo wencwadi yemithetho yegunya likarhulumente evavanyazi ivavanya imiqathango yemithetho yemithetho.

Imfazwe yaseVietnam noMthetho wamaGunya emfazwe (1903)

Umongameli uLyndon B. Johnson noRichard Nixon babhenela kwimikhosi yaseVietnam ngaphandle kokubhengeza ngokusemthethweni imfazwe evela kwiBhunga. Lo mgqeba uphakamile washukumisela iNgqungquthela ukuba iphumeze iSigqibo seMfazwe soMkhosi we-1973 kuMkhosi kaNixon, ifuna ukuba umongameli adibane neBhunga ngaphambi kokubeka imikhosi emfazweni. Umthetho uzama ukuphinda uvule igunya lomgaqo-siseko weBhunga ukuba livakalise imfazwe, nangona ukuphumelela kwalo kuye kwaphikiswana ukususela ngoko.

Iziphumo zokuhlasela ngokugqithisileyo

Ukupheliswa Kwenkululeko Yamakhaya

Xa abadlali bakarhulumente begqitha kwimiqathango yabo yomgaqo-siseko, amalungelo omntu ngamnye asoloko echaphazeleka. IAlien neSedition Acts, ukusetyenziswa kwamaJaphani kunye nemeko yokuhlola yimizekelo ecacileyo. Ukufikelela ngokugqithisileyo kwingcamango ephelelayo ethethelelayo kuthetha, ukunciphisa ukhuseleko olusemthethweni oluxhomekeke kulo ummi ngamnye.

Ukuphulukana Nokuthenjwa Nguwonke - wonke

Urhulumente ophandayo ubangela ukugxeka nokugxeka. Xa abemi beqonda ukuba imithetho isebenza ngokungafaniyo okanye ukuba iinkokeli zithatha inyathelo ngaphandle kokohlwaywa, ukukholelwa kwimibutho yedemokhrasi kuyatshayela. Uhlolisiso lwakutshanje lwamashumi eminyaka lubonisa ukuncipha kokuthembana kuwo onke amasebe amathathu, okubangelwa ngamanye amaxesha ngamaxhoba aphezulu kunye neemfazwe eziphembelelayo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

Ukuhlasela okugqithisileyo akufane kwenzeke kwibala elingenanto. Kudla ngokuvela kumadabi anzima alwa nabalawuli. Xa elinye isebe lityhalela phambili, iqela elichasayo liyaziphindezela, libangela umjikelo wokukhutshwa kwemithetho elawulayo oyandisa ukwahlukana.

Iingcebiso zomthetho nolwaphulo-mthetho

Xa iphangalele, iinkundla zingabizwa ukuba zibuyisele ucwangco. Iimeko zophawu lwelizwe ezifana ne undoqo osezantsi we Sheep & Tube Co. v. Sawiter (152)) apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yalawula ukuba uMongameli Truman akanakukwazi ukuthatha izigingqi zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yeKoriya. Ngokuphikisanayo, xa idikoniary ngokwayo ithe yazihlasela, ingenza imithetho esetyenziswa ngabaxhasi ekuthinteleni inkqubo yokulawula, ikhokelela ekubeni uMongameli Truman angakwazi ukuthabatha izijungqu zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yeKhoriya.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano Olusebenzayo

UmGaqo-siseko ufaka iinkqubo eziliqela zokuthintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni:

  • Ingqikelelo-mali kwisebe eliphetheyo: Ingqungquthela ingawulawula umongameli ngokwevoti ezimbini, ivunywe okanye yalelwe okanye yala amadinga nezivumelwano, ingabi ngumongameli okanye amagosa karhulumente, ilawule uqingqo-mali, kwaye ihlole izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu.
  • Ingqikelelo-mali yeeNkcubeko kwi Judi: imisela ubungakanani beNkundla ePhakamileyo, imisela igunya lolawulo, ingabagwebi abaququzeleli, kwaye icebisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ekubhukuqeni imithetho yezomthetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Uvavanyo olusebenzayo kuMthetho: Umongameli angawubeka umthetho, abize iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zeBhunga, kwaye ancomele imithetho.
  • Iingqikelelo zeSebe: Umongameli umisela abagwebi borhulumente, unika ukuxolelwa kunye nokuphinda kuxolelwe, kwaye angaphembelela ukunyanzeliswa kwemiyalelo yenkundla.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Iingqwalasela ze-judicial kwiBhunga eliLawulayo noMgaqo-siseko: Iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zegunya elilawulayo ezingekho semthethweni zidlula kwingqwalasela yezomthetho. Zichaza umthetho kwaye zinokukhupha imiqathango yokuvala izenzo ezingekho mthethweni.

Ezi ngqikelelo zisebenza kuphela xa isebe ngalinye likhusela ilungelo lalo naxa iinkokeli zikawonke-wonke ziphenduliswa. Imbali ibonisa ukuba le nkqubo ifuna ukuhlala iphaphile.

Iimbambano Zangoku Zokufikelela Ngokugqithisileyo

Imiyalelo yegunya kunye negunya lobuMongameli

Umongameli wale mihla uye wabona ukwanda kwemiyalelo yegunya, eminye yayo eye yazimela iNgqungquthela ukumisela iinguqu eziphawulekayo zenkqubo. Umlinganiselo wegunya elilawulayo kwiindawo ezifana nokufuduka, ulawulo lwemekobume, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe ukhuphiwe kwiinkundla. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba imiyalelo yabalawuli abamele bathathe indawo yomthetho, ngoxa abaxhasi bebonisa ukuba iqhina lemithetho lilungelelaniswa. Umzekelo, uMongameli u-Obama’s Defect for Childhoo Praccuments (DACA) kunye noMongameli we-Trump ukuvalwa kohambo lwama imfuno yezomthetho womthetho womthetho womthetho wajamelana nemingeni evavanyazo yegunya.

Ingeniso Nento Engathethekiyo Karhulumente

Ukususela kuhlaselo lwe-9/11, isebe eliphetheyo liye landisa iinkqubo zokhangelo ngendlela ephawulekayo. I-USA Patriot Act, i-Internent Surveillance Act (FISA) kunye neenkqubo zokuqokelela i-NSA ngokufihlakeleyo iinkqubo zokuqokelela ii-metadata ziphakamise amaxhala anzulu malunga noMphetho-Mdaniso wesine. ALU-LU v. Ukuxinezeleka phakathi kokhuseleko nokhuseleko. [FLTLT] (2015), iseke lesibini leMithetho yeengxelo zefowuni yawisa umthetho wokuba iNSA ingqokelela enkulu yengxelo yefowuni idlulise igunya lobucukubhede. Kutsha, iBhunga livumele icandelo elinxulumene nokuphelelwa, kodwa liyaqhubeka ingxoxo yokuququlungela. Uxinelo oluphakathi nokhuseleko luhlala luhleli kwi-omphathi-omphathi-omphathi.

I-Gridlock ePhakathi kunye neSebe esingahambelaniyo

Ukubekwa kwezithuba kwenza kwaba nzima ngeNgqungquthela ukumisela umthetho kwimiba emikhulu. Oku kungabinamsebenzi kusoloko kumema ukusetyenziswa kwesebe eliphetheyo njengemisebenzi ejikelezayo, amandla angakumbi okunikela ingqalelo kwiNdlu eWhite. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ukubekwa kweBhunga ngendima yalo yemithetho-wintekoste kukodwa kuluhlobo lokuzingela ukungonanziwa kwetyala. Oku kujikeleza kwe-gridlock kunye nokungabikho kolawulo lwaphantsi kolawulo kuphelisa ukwahlukana kwamandla kwaye kuthoba inyathelo lokuyeka ukusetyenziswa kwe-liveraliva.

Ukungaququzeli kwemithetho yezomthetho

Ijaji ayikhuselekanga ekuphathweni. Xa iinkundla zikhupha imithetho ekhukulisekayo eyenza umthetho omtsha ngokuphumelelayo, abagxeki bazityhola ngokugunyazisa kwibhedi. Izigqibo ze-Landmark njenge Roe v. Ingxoxo yezenzo zogwebo ibonisa ukungavumelani okunzulu ngendima yeenkundla kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Isebe lezomthetho kufuneka lilungelelanise umsebenzi walo ukukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko kunye nokufuna ukuhlonipha amasebe anyuliweyo. (20) (20) zombini ezi zibhiyo zibhiyone kwaye zigwetyiwe ngenxa yomsebenzi wazo. Ingxoxo ekwisenzo somthetho ibonakalisa ukungavumelani iinkundla ezifanelekileyo kwintlalo-demo-mda. Isebe lezomthetho kufuneka lilinganisele umgangatho walo wokukhusela amalungelo e-mo-siseko somthetho kunye nemfuneko yokuhlonela amasebe.

Ukukhusela Ukuxhathisa

Imfundo yeMibini

Ulwazi lungumtya wokuqala wokuzikhusela. Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko, imisebenzi yesebe ngalinye, kunye nobuchule bovavanyo kunye nolungelelwano kunika abemi amandla okuqonda ukuba banokuqhatha xa kusenzeka. Izikolo, amajelo eendaba, kunye neenkqubo zoluntu kufuneka zigxininise ulwazi lomgaqo-siseko. Iintlangano ezifana nogcino-lwazi lwelizwe [ lunikezela ngobuncwane bamahhala ukuze kufundwe.

Ukuphendula

Abami banganyanzela imithetho enyusa ukubonakala, amandla okulawula, kunye nokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Ukuxhasa imibutho enjengenkululeko yangaphakathi yeMelika eMyuthweni waBami [[FLT: 0] kunceda ukujonga izenzo zikarhulumente. Uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke lunganyanzela iBhunga ukuba lisebenzise indima yalo ngamandla. Ukunyanzelisa ukudibana nabameli, ukuba nenxaxheba ekuvukeleni, nokusebenzisa iinkundla ukuvavanya izenzo ezingekho mthethweni.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Nokuncedisa

Ukuncoma kunyulo ngalunye,-----federal, urhulumente, kunye nommandla. Amagosa aqwalaselweyo asenokuyihlonela imida yomGaqo-siseko xa esoyika ukuvotelwa. Unyulo lweKhongozeleli lwaphakathi kwithuba lubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo ekuhloleni igunya eliphezulu. Ngaphezu koko, ukuvotelwa kwezikhundla zokuchonga kumazwe apho abagwebi benokunyulwa khona banokuphembelela ulungelelwano lwamandla.

Utshintsho Oluphambili

Bambi bacebisa utshintsho lokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ukuze kuncitshiswe umngcipheko wokuphazanyiswa. Ezi ziquka imida emiselweyo kumatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo, efuna imikhosi emikhulu ukwenzela izenzo ezithile zolawulo, ukuqinisa iMandla emfazweni, nokuvusa i-veto yemithetho (eyeNkundla Ephakamileyo eyathi yabetha kwi-S v. Chachaha) ngo19349]. Naluphi utshintsho kufuneka lwenziwe ngocoselelo ukuze luphephe iziphumo ezingalindelekilengazenziwa nto eziza kwenza amathuba amatsha e-evaleji.

Indima Yamajelo Onxibelelwano

Iphephandaba elikhululekileyo nelizimeleyo lisebenza njengendlela ebalulekileyo yokuhlola onke amasebe. Ubugcisa bobundisholoshe obunetyala bubhenca ukuxhatshazwa, buxelela uluntu, kwaye bubeka ityala kumagosa. Izisongelo zokucinezela inkululeko . Ngokufana neentatheli ezincinane okanye ukutyholwa okujoliswe ekugxekweni ngokuxokiselayo.

Isiphelo

Urhulumente ulucelomngeni oluhlala njalo kulo naluphi na uriphabliki lomgaqo-siseko. Inkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye nee-checkss kunye nezilinganiselo zeMerika yenzelwe ukusingatha olu celomngeni, kodwa ixhomekeke ekuthatheleni inxaxheba ngenkuthalo kuwo onke amasebe amathathu nakubemi ngokwabo. Imbali inikela izifundo eziphinda-phindiweyo malunga neengozi zegunya elingathintelwayo, ukusuka kwiAlien neSeddition Acts ukuya kwiMicropu yale miba yanamhlanje yokuhlola. Ngokuqonda le miqathango nokuhlala bekhaliphile, amaMerika angalondoloza umlinganiselo okhusela amalungelo awo. Ukhuseleko olupheleleyo ekumelaneni nengqwala, lulwazi olufuna ukubambelela kuMgaqo-siseko.