Umgaqo wokuhlola nokulungelelana ubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni kukarhulumente wase-United States. Iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye elilawulayo (ukubulala, uwiso-mthetho, okanye ikomiti) elilawula ezinye. Noko ke, xa elinye isebe lisilela ukwenza umsebenzi walo wokuhlola ezinye, iziphumo zinokubaluleka. Inkqubo, eyenziwe ngabalawuli ukunqanda ubuzwilakhe, ixhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kwesebe ngalinye ukuqinisa igunya lalo lomgaqo-siseko. Xa oko kuvuma ukuphoxeka, ukuthambeka kolawulo olucekelwe phantsi, ukutyhalela ulawulo lwe-ompere, ukuphembelela okunga amalungelo, nokubola kwequlukuqela.

Ukuqonda Umyili Weecheke Nolungelelwano

Iingqiniwa kunye nolungelelwano aziyonkqubo emiselweyo; ziyisiseko sokwakheka somGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Izixhasi, ezizobela umGaqo-siseko , ezisasaziweyo phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo ukulinda naliphi na isebe eliqokelela igunya elininzi kakhulu. Isebe ngalinye liphethe amandla akhethekileyo phezu kwabanye: uMongameli angawudlulisela umthetho odluliswa yi-Congressress; iBhunga lingalawula ukuba iveto nesibini-3-injini ze-SCreatting ixhaswe ukuxhasa nokulawula ukuxhasa nokulawula isebe elingurhulumente; isebe ngalinye linokuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo ezingekho sigqeqeshina-mthetho okanye izenzo zolawulo lisebenzisa ucaluvo olungagosayo, ngoxa amalungu amiselwe nguMongameli kunye ne-Songa.

Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukwenza ungquzulwano, ukuthoba inyathelo likarhulumente nokunyanzela ukuvumelana. Xa elinye isebe lisilela ukusebenzisa uvavanyo lwalo, ukhuhleko luyaphela, namandla asuka angaphikiswa. Ukuqonda olu kwakhiwa kubalulekile ukuqaphela xa inkqubo iphantsi kweminxeba.

Ukuzimisela kwabasunguli kunye neModeli kaMadison

James Madison, kuFederalist No. 51, waphikisa ngokudumileyo: "Ukhuthuzo kufuneka lwenziwe ukulwa namabhongo. Wayekholelwa ukuba amasebe afuna ukuzanelisa ayakuwaqhuba ngokuzenzekela ukuba akhusele amandla awo, ngaloo ndlela ehlola ukungenelela kwamanye. Lo "Umzekelo wesiMadison" uqikelela ukuba isebe ngalinye liza kukhusela ngamandla umzi - siseko walo. Kodwa yintoni eyenzekayo xa iphulo lingekho.

Isebe Elithathu Nemisebenzi Yalo Yokukhangela

Phambi kokuhlola ukungaphumeleli, kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela indlela engundoqo yokulawula isebe ngalinye.

  • Isebe eliphumeleyo: Likhokelwa nguMongameli, liphumeza imithetho kwaye linegunya lomthetho. Likwamisela abagwebi borhulumente namagosa aphezulu, phantsi koqinisekiso lweNdlu yeNtlanganiso. Izixhobo zalo ezingajongwanga muntu ziquka imiyalelo yempatho ephakamileyo, iingxelo zokutyikitya, kunye nezigqibo zenkqubo yamanye amazwe.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Isebe elinomthetho: iBhunga lenza imithetho (Indlu neCamelo), lilawule uqingqo-mali, livakalise imfazwe, linike ulawulo ngokuva nokuphengulula. IBhunga liqinisekisa ukudibana nokuququzelela izivumelwano. Ingqungquthela ikwanamandla okungagqibeleli.
  • [[NTLA:0] Isebe le-judicial: Iinkundla zephondo, ezikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo, ezichaza imithetho kunye nomGaqo-siseko ngokuhlola okugweba. Zingabetha izenzo zolawulo nemimiselo echasene nomGaqo-siseko. Ukumiselwa kobomi kucetyiselwe ukukhusela abagwebi kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika.

Xa elinye kula masebe liphepha imbopheleleko yalo yokuhlola amanye, umgaqo - siseko uqalisa ukugqwetha.

Imiphumo Yokuphosa Amanyathelo Okuhlola

Ukusilela kwelinye isebe ukukhangela elinye kunokubangela imiphumo emibi, ukususela ekuguqukeni kwamandla achuliweyo ukusa kwiingxaki ezithe ngqo.

Ukunikela Ingqalelo Kumandla

Owona mphumo ukhawulezileyo kukuxinaniswa kwamandla kumasebe aseleyo. Ukuba iKhomishini iyala ukucel ’ umngeni ukuphanda ngabalawuli abaphezulu, umzekelo, ngokungavumi ukuxhasa ityala okanye ngokungavumi ukusebenzisa igunya layo lokuphatha okanye ngokungavumi uMongameli angafumana sohlwayo. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ijaji isoloko ikulungele ukwenza izigqibo zesebe ngaphandle kokuzihlolisisa ngokunentsingiselo, ulawulo oluphezulu lufumana igunya elingathintelwanga. Oku kunciphisa ukwahlulwa kwamandla kwaye kuqhubela urhulumente koko kwakusoyika kakhulu abalawuli beFramers: ubuzwilakhe.

Ubhaqo-

Isebe elingalawulwayo lingasebenzisa iinkqubo ezingaphaya kwegunya lalo elisemgceni. Ngaphandle kokuthintelwa kwemithetho, umongameli angakhupha imithetho elawulayo ephumele phambili, engayithobeli inkqubo yokulawula. Ngaphandle kokunyanzelwa kwekomiti elawulayo. Ngaphandle kokubekwa kwemithetho, iBhunga lisenokuwisa imithetho ephazamisa amalungelo asisiseko, liqinisekile ukuba iinkundla aziyi kungenelela. Ezi zinto ziphambanisayo zidla ngokukhokelela kwiingxaki ezingokwasemthethweni nokungavumelani kwezopolitiko, kodwa umonakalo unokwenziwa ngaphambi kokuba kusetyenziswe unyango.

Ukupheliswa Kwenkululeko Yamakhaya

Xa uhlolo lusilela, amalungelo omntu ngamnye adla ngokuchaphazeleka. Isebe elifumana amandla angenakulinganiswa lingamkela iinkqubo ezithintela ukungavisisani, ukunqanda ukuzimela, okanye ukucalucalula amaqela amancinane. Imizekelo yembali ininzi: iAlien kunye neSedition Zezenzo, ukurhoxiswa kwe-habeas corpus ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, kunye nokudibana kwama-Japan enziwe ngenxa yokuba amanye amasebe avunyiweyo, anganakwamkelwa, okanye angakwazi ukuvavanya isenzo solawulo. Inkululeko yamakhaya ikhuselekile kuphela xa onke amasebe amathathu ewakhusela ngokukhutheleyo.

Ukungalungi Kwezobupolitika Nokuwohloka Kweziko

Ukungaphumeleli okungapheliyo kwee-checks kungakhokelela ekungazinzi kwezobupolitika. Xa elinye isebe lisoloko lilawula, uwonke-wonke ulahlekelwa lukholo kubulungisa benkqubo. Ukuthemba urhulumente kuyaphela, kunye noxanduva lobuhlanga lunyuka. Iintyatyambo ezakhe zayalela ukuhlonelana ``njengeBhunga'''. Ingulo okanye iNkundla Ephakamileyo" zijongwa njengezibanjiweyo okanye ezonakeleyo. Oku kubola kungaphela kwiimeko ezinzima zomgaqo-siseko, ezifana nomongameli ongavumiyo ukuhambisana nomyalelo wenkundla okanye iBhunga eligatya ukugatya i-lo. Inkqubo yee-ehlo nemilinganiselo ye-e-e-acesssss icesss elungiselelwe ukukhusela imeko ezinjalo, hayi ukusinda ekuzipheliseni.

Imizekelo Engokwembali Yamanyathelo Angazange Aphumelele

Imbali yaseMerika inikela imizekeliso emininzi ecacileyo yoko kwenzekayo xa elinye isebe lingakhangeli ezinye.

IScangate yamanzi (1972-1974)

Ngexesha lehlazo leWatergate, isebe eliphetheyo (umongameli Richard Nixon) lavuma ukusebenzisa kakubi igunya, kuquka ukugquma isigqubuthelo sokwaphulwa kwikomkhulu leKomiti yeDemocratic kunye nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamaqumrhu amaziko alawulayo. Ekuqaleni, iBhunga leNgqungquthela lacotha ukuthatha amanyathelo; iKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtsimi zamanzi ekugqibeleni yaqalisa uphengululo, kodwa emva koxinzelelo loonophelo lwezixhobo kunye nokumiswa komtshutshisi okhethekileyo. Isebe lezocawa lezahlulele letyala ladlala indima enzima xa iNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo yayalela ukuba ikhulu ikhulu ikhuphe iikhasethi zendlu ezimhlophe ( iUnited States v., 418.S.3). Ukuba i-Allress Congressionerrent yabey yabey yabey yabenelwaneebugneesa, ngoko, ngoko ke, i-ogneesasasasebugne.

Internation yaseJapan (1942)

Ngo-1942, uMongameli Franklin D. Roosevelt wakhupha I-Exective Order 906, egunyazisa ukufuduka nokunyanzelwa kwamaJapan angaphezu kwe-120 000 e-American(abaninzi babo babengabemi base-U.S. abathiwengameli. Isebe lowiso-mthetho alizange liluchase ucwangco; ngenene, iBhunga lenza imithetho yokuyixhasa. INkundla ePhakamileyo, Karema v. [1944]], elithiweyokumgangatho ophezulu wesizwe, elimele ukungaphumeleli kokulawula kwemfazwe. Oku kumele ukungaphumeleli kokulawula i-Rogcontroge. Ngoku i-odmist i-odvement isebenza njenge-ogne-odvidentine.

Ukwanda Kwamandla Alawulayo Phantsi Kolawulo LwamaTshazi Nolwee - Obama

Imizekelo yakutshanje iquka ulwandiso lwegunya elilawulayo emva konyaka we-9/11. Ulawulo lwe-George W. Bush ukusetyenziswa kocingo olungenasiqinisekiso, ukuphucula ubuchule bobuphicotho-zincwadi, kunye neekomishini zomkhosi ziphakamisa imibuzo enzulu engokomGaqo-siseko. IBhunga lidlulise iSivumelwano sokusebenzisa uBukhosi baMadabi ngo-2009 kodwa kamva lazama ukuchaza imida yalo. [[FLD:] [FLD]] [iiindlela] yokusebenzisa i-Hamdan v. Rumsfeld [2006], ithintele eminye imisebenzi yolawulo, kodwa ipakelele isimilo sinye sibonise ukusebenza okusebenza ngokuchaneyo nokuchasana nokungalawuleki kwemithetho. Ngokunjalo, ulawulo lwe-Oma'ma'imodeli ekusebenziseni iziyalukuhlaseleni kweendawo zokufuduka nokusingqongebugxoshoshoshoshoshoshoshosho obudi.

Ukuphengululwa Kwezigwebo

Ngamaxesha athile, isebe lezobulungisa ngokwalo liye lasilela ukukhangela amanye amasebe. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Rhweba ngaphandle iCorp. (1936), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yavakalisa uMongameli "ekuphela kwelungu likarhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kumasimi ophakathi ehlabathi lonke," isigqeba esanika igunya elingenasiphelo kwigunya lolawulo. Le sizathu kamva sithethelela izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu kwimithetho yangaphandle. Xa ijadicaary ilahla ukuchaza imidatho yemithetho yomgaqo-siseko, inika amanye amasebe amandla okwenza angathinteli, ikhokelele ekuququkisweni kwegunya.

Izicelo Zanamhlanje: Apho Iindlela Zibuthathaka Namhlanje

Kwezopolitiko zaseMerika zanamhlanje, ukusilela kovavanyo nokulungelelana kubonakala kwiingxaki eziliqela eziqhubekayo.

Imiyalelo yegunya nesenzo esingahambisaniyo

Abalawuli babo bobabini baye bathembela ngokuya befumana imiyalelo yezolawulo elawulayo ukuze baphumeze iinjongo ezingenakuyiphumeza iBhunga. Ngoxa imiyalelo yabalawuli isemthethweni xa isekelwe kwimithetho okanye kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko, badla ngokutyhalela imida yelo gunya. Xa iBhunga lisilela ukusabela ngokusemthethweni okanye ngokuxhasa imiqathango, kwaye xa iinkundla zixhasa le miyalelo phantsi kokuthotyelwa okubanzi, ulawulo olulawulayo luziqwebela ukuphumla nendlu yowiso-mthetho. Isiphumo singumongameli obulawula ngommiselo kunokuba kube yisivumelwano.

Iipolitiki Zezicaka Nokwaphulwa Komthetho

I-Hyperpartarianship iwenze buthathaka kakhulu umsebenzi wobuveleli beBhunga. Xa iqela elinye lilawula zombini iNdlu emhlophe kunye neNgqungquthela, isebe lowiso-mthetho lisoloko liyityeshela imisebenzi yalo yokuhlola. Iikomiti zingayekelela ukuphanda ukungalawuleki kwempatho ephezulu, kwaye iqela loninzi lingathintela iipona okanye iingxoxo. Ngokuchasene noko, xa ulawulo lwahluliwe, ulawulo lungakhutshwa kwi-gridrock nolwakhiwo lwe-ocesters kunokuba lungamele ityala. Kuzo zombini, umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokuhlola amandla olawulo uyaphononophela.

Ukutyunjwa Kwezigwebo Nokuthotyelwa KweziNkundla

Inkqubo yokumisela abagwebi besizwe iye yatshintsha kakhulu. Isebe eliphetheyo lichaza abaza kumiselwa ngokusekelwe kulungelelwaniso lweengcamango, kwaye iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso iyabaqinisekisa okanye ibathintela kwimida yeqela. Oku kuye kwakhokelela kwijaji egqalwa njengeyahluleleneyo ngokwezobupolitika kunokuba ibe yeyobundilele. Xa iinkundla zibonwa njengezihlolwa ngamandla azimeleyo, amandla abo okuhlola amanye amasebe aphelayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye nomphathi-mthetho aqokelela iinkundla ngee-edeolokhegies ezithi ezithi zijonge amaqela abo, ukuchonga kwetyala kuyangabi nantsingiselo.

Ukwanda kweZiko loLawulo elingalungiswanga

Amaziko olawulo akhoyo adibanisa imisebenzi yowiso-mthetho, yokulawula kunye neyokugweba , dibanisa oko abanye abaphengululi bakubiza ngokuba "kwesine" yesebe likarhulumente. La masebe abhala imimiselo, anyanzelisa, kunye neempikiswano ezisifungo, ngokufuthi ngokusikelwe umda kwiBhunga okanye iinkundla. Ngoxa amaqumrhu ephantsi kwesebe elilawulayo, asebenzisa ngokuzilawula okukhulu. Xa iiKhomishini zisebenzisa igunya lokumisela umthetho, kwaye xa iinkundla zifuna iinkcazelo zezikomkhulu phantsi kweemfundiso ezifana ne [[[FLT: 0]Chevron bhencence[, ii-checkers zovavanyo ze-bureaultractacy. Oku kunokukhokelela ekuphenduleni komthetho ngaphandle kokuphendula komthetho.

Ukubuyisela Ulungelelwano: Yintoni Enokwenziwa?

Ukukhusela ukungalungi kovavanyo nolungelelwano kufuna ukuba kwenziwe ngabom kuwo onke amasebe amathathu nakubemi. Amanyathelo aliqela anokukunceda ukubuyisela ulungelelwano.

Ukulawula Ingqungquthela Okuqinisayo

IBhunga kufuneka lithabathe indima yalo njengendlela yokuhlola umlawuli ophetheyo. Oku kuthetha ukusebenzisa amandla alo angaphantsi kwe-poena, ukubamba iindlebe, nokuxhasa ngemali. Utshintsho olufana nokufuna imiyalelo ephezulu efuna imigaqo ephakamileyo yokusebenza okanye ukumisela ukumiselwa kwamandla ongxamiseko lungaphinda lulungelelanise ulwalamano. Isebe lowiso-mthetho likwafuna ukuxhathisa isilingo sokunika igunya elibanzi abaquququzeli ngaphandle kwemilinganiselo ecacileyo.

Imithetho Yomthetho Nendlela Efanelekileyo

Ijaji kufuneka iphephe ukuthotyelwa ngokugqithisileyo kwezenzo zolawulo okanye zomthetho xa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko esengozini. Kwangaxeshanye, iinkundla kufuneka zihlonele imida yazo zingabi zii-gracties. Ukusetyenziswa okuqinileyo kodwa okunemigaqo kokuhlola okugwebayo.. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ngabacuphi abacacileyo xa kushiywa ukhetho lwemigaqo kumasebe anyuliweyo.

Imfundo yePhondo nokuQhagamshelwa kukaWonke-wonke

Abahlali abawuqondayo umGaqo-siseko baxhotyiswe bhetele ukucela ukuphenduliswa. IBhili yamaLungelo kunye nesakhiwo sokwahlula amagunya kufuneka zifundiswe kungekuphela nje njengembali kodwa njengemigaqo ephilayo. Ingcinezelo kawonke-wonke inganyanzela amagosa anyuliweyo ukuba aphumeze imisebenzi yawo yobuveleli. Unyulo oluphaphileyo luyihlo olona lupheleleyo kulo naliphi na isebe.

Intsebenziswano yeBhartistan kunye neZiko

Nangona ukhuphiswano lwabahlaseli luyinto yemvelo, akufunekanga lufinyele ukunyaniseka kwemibutho. Abenzi bomthetho abasuka kuwo omabini amacala kufuneka bavume ukukhusela ingqibelelo yeBhunga kunye neenkundla.

Isiphelo

Ukusilela kwesebe elinye likarhulumente ukuhlola elinye iziphumo ezithe ngqo neziyingozi: ulwandiso lwegunya, inkqubo ephakanyiswayo, ukukhukuliseka kwenkululeko yabemi, nokungaguquguquki kwezobupolitika. Imizekelo yembali ```ukusuka kwi-Watergate ukuya kulwando lwamaJaphani-/ukusimisela ukuba isixokelelwano sisebenza kuphela xa isebe ngalinye lisebenzisa imisebenzi yalo yomgaqo-siseko. Kumaxesha angoku, ukunyuka kwemiyalelo yezolawulo, i-grafix lomthetho, i-onki, i-oyile, i-odolokhwe, kunye namaziko angabhaliswanga amanani aphela enkqubo ephantsi kwengcinezelo. Ukulinganisela akuthethi ukuba kulungile; yimfuneko esebenzisekayo yokulondoloza idemokhrasi. Abahlali bemithetho, abagwebi, nabagwebi kufuneka baphinde bathobele kumgaqo-madela i-Masdimonian, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amabhorhorho amele angabi namandla kakhulu.