Ingcamango yonobangela olindelekileyo imele njengenye yezikhuseli eziphambili kwinkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseMelika, ingakumbi xa umthetho ufuna ukukhangela iziko lemali. UMthetho weSine Wokwenziwa Kwemiqathango kwi-U.S. ufuna ukuba kungabikho gunya kodwa ngenxa elindelekileyo, exhaswa sifungo okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ichaza indawo ekufuneka iphenjelelwe kwaye abantu okanye izinto ezimele ziphathwe. Kumongo wamaziko emali, oku kuquka iibhanki, imibutho ebotshelelweyo, izikomyuziyam, kunye nezinto ezifana nayo, lo mthetho womgaqo-siseko uthatha ubunkimbiso ngenxa yokusingela imeko-bume ephakamileyo kunye nezilangazelelo zemfihlo eziphezulu ezisemgxobo. Eli nqaku lihlola isiseko esisemthethweni sesizathu esifanelekileyo, iimfuneko ezithile zezicelo zemali ezilungiselelwe yimiqatha yomthetho, kunye nolungelelo-mthetho olungele ukulawulwa kwabantu ngabanye.

Ukuqonda Unobangela Ofanelekileyo Kwimali

Unobangela ocacileyo asilondlela esisigxina kodwa yingcamango esebenzayo, engeyoyabugcisa eqhubana novavanyo. Kwimeko yophawu Ilinois wi. Gates, 462 U.S. 213 (19983), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yamkela “uvavanyo lwemeko”, ifundisa omatiloshe ukwenza isigqibo esisebenzayo, esiqhelekileyo nokuba ngaba, inikwe zonke iimeko ezibekwe kwi-affidavit, kukho ukubonakala okulungileyo kokuba izakufunyanwa kwindawo ethile okanye ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho. Xa indawo ingumatshini wemali,“ i-aimouse" kufuneka inxulumane iingxelo zemali, okanye iimali, okanye ii-mali ezingekho mthethweni, okanye ii-tranki, okanye ii-grobian, irhafu, okanye i-ogrobian.

Undoqo othe kratya ekuphandeni ngemali ngokufuthi uxhomekeke kubungqina obungaqondakaliyo, imigaqo yentengiselwano, izibhengezo eziyimfihlo, uhlalutyo lwemali, okanye ukujongwa. Ngokungafaniyo nokukhangelwa komzimba kwekhaya, apho kunokwenzeka khona ukujonga ngqo, ubungqina bemali busoloko buqulunqwa kwaye bunokuba banzi. Ngoko ke ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kufuneka kucaciswe ngokulandelelana okudibeneyo okudibanisa iingxelo ezithile, intengiselwano, okanye iingxelo kwihambo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, umlinganiselo wokufakwa kwemali ebekwe phantsi komda wokunika ingxelo ye-R1 000 000 echaza ityala ngokufanelekileyo kungaveza isizathu sokuphengulula imali.

Uhlaziyo Lwesine Nomgaqo - siseko Wabo Baxhasa Umthetho

UHlaliso lweSine lunika imvume yomgaqo-siseko kuzo zonke izicelo ezigunyaziswayo. Ukuze ufumane imvume yokukhangela isiko lemali, abanyanzeli bomthetho kufuneka banikeze imvume yokuxhasa ijaji engondilele nengathanga cala. I-affidavit kufuneka:

  • Izibakala zikarhulumente ezaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwaphulo - mthetho lukho okanye lusenziwa.
  • Bonisa ukuba ubungqina okanye iziqhamo zolwaphulo - mthetho ziya kufunyanwa kwiqumrhu lezemali.
  • Chaza indawo eza kuphengululwa ngenkani (umz., “isebe eliyintloko leBhanki yesiZwe sokuqala, elikwi 123 Main Street, kuquka zonke iibhokisi ezikhuselekileyo zokufaka kunye neeseva zekhompyutha”).
  • Chaza izinto ezizakubanjwa ngohlobo oluthile (umz., “iingxelo zommandla, islip, utyikityo, amakhadi okutyikitya kunye neerekhodi ze-akhawunti ye-elektroniki ngenombolo 456-789 ngexesha likaJanuwari 2020 ukufika”.

Imfuneko yokubaluleka kophando lwemali ibaluleke kakhulu. Isiqinisekiso esibanzi kakhulu, umzekelo, esinye esifuna “zonke iirekhodi” ngaphandle komlinganiselo wexesha okanye owemeko-phantsi, u-----all-metal isenokuthathwa njengesiqinisekiso esiqhelekileyo. Iinkundla zisoloko zibetha izicelo ezingaphaya kwemigama. [FLT][1] [FLT]] Andresen v. Maryland, 427].S.43 [127], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaba neyathi igunyazisa intembelo yeengxelo zentengiso zezoshishino kufuneka zichaze ngokukhethekileyo ukunqanda abaphathi abafuna ukunqanda ukunqanda ukunqanda i-utha-udiod trans.

Indima Yesikhulumi

I-affidavit yintliziyo yesicelo semvume. Kufuneka imisele iziphelo ezikhoyo ````ukuxhasa ukufunyanwa kwesizathu esinokwenzeka.' ukuva kubalathisi kuvumelekile ukuba imaji uyakwazi ukuvavanya ukunyaniseka komphathi kunye nesiseko solwazi, njengoko kusekelwe ku [FLT][1]] Illinois v. masango [FLT][FLT]]. Kwimeko zemali, affidats usoloko exhomekeke kuhlalutyo olunolwazi lweengxelo zemali, kubungqina obusuka kubagcini-mali, okanye ugcino-data olusuka kwiBSCHERS (BSS) Activess (AR).

Iimfuneko Ezingqalileyo Xa Uphanda Ngeziko Lemali

Amaqumrhu emali asebenza phantsi kwemimiselo karhulumente kunye norhulumente emisela imisebenzi ekhethekileyo ekunyanzelweni komthetho. Ilungelo lokufumana iMalialmfist Act (RFPA) ka 1978 ([12 FLT:1] [U.S.C.] inika abathengi ukulindela okusengqiqweni kwemicimbi yabo yemali egcinwe ngamaziko emali. I-RFPA ifuna ukuba phambi kokuba igunya likarhulumente lifumane iirekhodi zemali, kufuneka (1) ufumane ugunyazo zomthengi, (2) usebenzele ulawulo oluhlangabezana neemfuno zemithetho, (3) uphumeza isiqinisekiso sokukhangela, (4) ufumana isicelo esibhaliweyo se-ekhosicholo, okanye ukuphumeza isicelo esibhaliweyo ngokunxulumene nomthetho.

Xa isiqinisekiso sokukhangela sisetyenziswa, iRFPA imisela iinkqubo ezongezelelweyo. Isiqinisekiso kufuneka sikhutshwe yinkundla yolawulo olufanelekileyo kwaye kufuneka sixhaswe ngumphathi wesicwangciso esimisela isizathu esilindelekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, isibonelelo semali kufuneka sinikwe ikopi yemvume kwaye umthengi jikelele kufuneka afumane isaziso, nangona ulibaziseko luvumelekile ukuba isaziso singtyhalela engozini uphando. Le mfuneko yokwahlula iziko lemali ngokwentengiso kuphendlo oluqhelekileyo lwesiHlamlelo, kwaye yongeza umaleko wentsoko kwizicelo.

Iintlobo zeziko zemali eziGqityiweyo

Ibinzana elithi “inkqubo ye-fanancil" phantsi kwe-RFPA ibanzi, izalathiso zeebhanki, amaqumrhu okulondolozwa kwemali, amaqumrhu okuthengwa kweemali, iinkampani ezithengiselanayo, abaququzeleli bamakhadi okuthenga ngetyala, kunye nezinto ezikhoyo eziphantsi koMthetho weBhanki weShrierythm. Iinjongo ezinokwenzeka, imilinganiselo efanayo iyasebenza kungakhathaliseki ukuba zinjani na iimpawu zequmrhu, kodwa uhlobo lweengxelo lungachaphazela “uhlalutyo”. Umzekelo, ukuphendla isiseko sogcino-siseko samalungu emali yetyala kungafuna ubuchule obahlukeneyo kunokukhangela ii-omatilo-ntelo-ntelo.

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo Wobungqina Obohlukeneyo Bezemali

Ukugcinwa komthetho kufuneka kuvumelane nonobangela osenokuba ukho kubungqina obukhoyo.

  • [[UMTL:0] Imali edityanisiweyo: I-Affidavits ingaxhomekeka kuthengiso olukhulu okanye olungaqhelekanga, intshukumo ekhawulezayo yemali ngee-akhawunti ezininzi, ukuthengiselwana neenkampani zamaqokobhe aziwayo, okanye umsebenzi wokusebenzisa i-structive. Abahlalutyi bezemali bangabonisa iipateni ezibonisa iziphumo ezingekho mthethweni.
  • Ukubhadula okungachazwanga: ubungqina bungaquka ukungavisisani phakathi kwengeniso exeliweyo kunye neemali ezithenjiweyo, ukusetyenziswa kwee-akhawunti zangasese, okanye iimali ezingeniswangachazanga. Unobangela onokuchazwa usoloko uxhomekeke kuhlalutyo lwengxelo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Fraud: Ii-affidavit zingakhomba kwii-checks zenkohliso, ukurhoxa okungaqhelekanga, okanye urhwebo namaxhoba. Isizathu esilindelekileyo se nexus sifuna iintengo ezithile ezidityanisiweyo kwihambo ekhohlisayo.
  • ilahleko: Kwiimeko apho impahla iphulukanwa, urhulumente kufuneka abonise isizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba iimpahla zinokulandelelwa kwimisebenzi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kusoloko kubandakanya ukuvavanya iirekhodi zebhanki ezibonisa ukuqukuqela kwemali.

Ucelomngeni Lokufumana Abasebenzi Bezemali

Zininzi izicelo ezibangela ukuzimisela kwemibutho yemali. Okokuqala, ubungqina busoloko buyinkqubo ebhaliweyo nevolume, okwenza kube nzima ukuchaza uqhagamshelwano olukhethekileyo ngaphandle kokuhlola iirekhodi kuqala. Oku kwenza i “Cwatch-22”: ukubonisa ukuba urhulumente usenokuba ufuna ukubona iirekhodi, kodwa ukubona iirekhodi ezifuna isiqinisekiso. Isisombululo sikukusebenzisa ezinye izixhobo zophengululo.

Okwesibini, iingxelo zemali zidla ngokufaka uvavanyo lwamaqumrhu amaninzi asemthethweni nabantu ngabanye. Ingxelo enye ingasetyenziswa ngabantu abaliqela, kwaye isiqinisekiso kufuneka sichaze ukuba ngubani ojoliswe kwaye ziziphi iirekhodi ezifunwayo. Izivumelwano ezibanzi ezifuna iingxelo zabathengi abangakhangelwanga zisemngciphekweni wokuphelelwa amandla. Iinkundla zisebenzisa uvavanyo lwasemva kobudlelane: ubungqina kufuneka buchane nolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye kufuneka kubekho i-nexus phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho nendawo.

Okwesithathu, ukuntsonkotha kwebhanki yale mihla : ukuquka ukuthunyelwa kocingo, iirekhodi ze-elektroniki, kunye namasebe amaninzi . "iisicelo sokwenza iplani ngocoselelo."ii-warnts kufuneka bachaze isebe elithile okanye iofisi apho kugcinwa khona iirekhodi, ingakumbi ekubeni amasebe amaninzi egcina ulwazi olusembindini. Ukuba isiqinisekiso sogcino-mali singenayo, uphengululo lungacinywa. Umthetho wokubhalisa usebenza ngamandla apheleleyo ekuphengululeni ngemali okuchasene noMphengululo wesine.

Uphando lwezeejaji neMigangatho yokuHlola

ABagwebi benza indima egxekayo yokugcina isango. Xa behlola isicelo sogunyaziso sezemali, imantyisi kufuneka ahlole ukuba ummeli umisela ummiselo wobulungisa kusini na. INkundla ePhakamileyo igxininise ukuba unyamezelo olukhulu lufanele lunikwe kukuzimisela kwengcaciso enokwenzeka, lo gama nje kukho isiseko esithe ngqo sokufumana. Noko ke, ukuba i-affidavit isekelwe kwimingxubeko yomthetho wesigebetho okanye iphinda nje iphindise izigqibo zomamkeli ngaphandle kwezizathu ezisisiseko, isiqinisekiso kufuneka sikhatyiwe.

[FLT] iUnited States v. Williams, 136 S. Ct. 580 (2015) ( [[percium]), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaphinda yaphinda yaphindaphinda ukuba inkundla ehlolayo ayifanele ingabi naluvuselelo gunya ngokutolika i-affidavit kuhlobo lwe-technthist. Endaweni yoko, isigqibo se-majistate sinikwe ilungelo lokuvala i-cence ixesha elide xa ingekho tyala. Oku kubekelwelo kubaluleke ngakumbi kwiimeko zemali apho ubungqina buntsonkothile, kodwa ayiwulungisi urhulumente wokwenza umsebenzi wayo useke i-exus.

Ukuzingca Kwabantu Namalungelo Okwenza Imicimbi Yasese Yemali

I-RFPA yawiswa ngokungqalileyo kwisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiUnited States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435 (1976), eyayikholelwa ukuba umthengi webhanki akalindele Mvumelwano weSine wemfihlo kwiingxelo zebhanki kuba ezo ngxelo zikwiziko lemali. IBhunga langenelela ukwenza i-mfihlo yezomthetho-mthetho. Phantsi kwe-RFPA, abameli bakarhulumente kufuneka bathobele isaziso esikhethekileyo kunye neemfuno ze-procedbectura. Isiqinisekiso sokukhangela sifunyenwe phantsi koMvumelo wesine singenisa iimfuno zeRFPA, kodwa urhulumente kufuneka azise umguli ngexesha elithile ngaphandle kokuba inkundla ithendele.

Ukusetyenziswa kweSine soMbetho kunye neRFPA kuthetha ukuba nokuba unobangela olindelekileyo ukhona, imvume isenokubekelwa ityala kwizizathu ezisesikweni. Umzekelo, ukuba urhulumente akaphumeleli ukulungiselela isiko lemali ngekopi yesiqinisekiso okanye akavumelani namalungiselelo esaziso, iirekhodi azinakungaphelelwa. Oku kudibanisa umaleko wesithintelo esisekelwe kwintelekelelo esingafumanekiyo kuphengululo oluqhelekileyo lweNyaka Yesine. Attorneyss zidla ngokubhekiselela kwimiqathango yeRFPA ephenduliweyo njengecebo lokuzinzisa.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okunyanzelisa Umthetho Kwabahlali

Isebe lokwandiswa kwemali lifanele lifikelele kwiziko elifuna izicelo zonyango ngononophelo.

  • [[UMTL:0] Sebenzisa abaphengululi bemali kunye nabahlalutyi ukulungiselela ii-affidavits ezichaza intsingiselo yentengiso, ipateni echaza umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye neerekhodi ezithile ezifunekayo.
  • ngenisa umlinganiselo wexesha elifutshane weengxelo eziceliweyo kwixesha elifanelekileyo elidibene nolwaphulo-mthetho oluthiyiweyo. Izicelo ezivuliweyo zimema unyanzelo.
  • chaza uhlobo lweerekhodi ezifunwayo (umz., “isifakelwa amakhadi, iityibiliko, iingxelo zenyanga, kunye nazo zonke iingxelo zogcino kunye nokurhoxa xa kukhangelwa(1.235) ukusuka kuJanuwari 1, 2023, ukuya kuDisemba 31, 2023”).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ichaza isiko lemali kunye nesebe ngegama elichanileyo nedilesi. Ukuba iirekhodi zigcinwe ngaphandle okanye nge-electal, imvume kufuneka igunyazise ukuphengululwa kogcino-lwazi ngokwalo, isebe kumgcini-mgcini.
  • iquka umyalelo wokutywina kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, isicelo sokulibazisa isaziso somthengi ukukhusela uphando.
  • Uxwebhu i-exus phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho neerekhodi. Inkundla iza kubuza: Kutheni ezi ngxelo? Kutheni esi siko? Kutheni le sakhiwo? Kutheni le drafme yexesha?

Ityala Nemikhwa Ephawulekayo

Amatyala amaninzi karhulumente abonisa ukusetyenziswa kwesizathu esilindelekileyo sokufuna uphando lwemali. United States v. Bynum, 604 F.3d 161 (3d Cir. 2010), inkundla ixhasa isiqinisekiso seengxelo zebhanki ezisekelwe kwingxelo zemali ezisekelwe kwintelekelelo yentengiso, nangona imvume yayibanzi. Inkundla yaphawula ukuba intengiselwano eninzi idibanise intengiso nganye kwintengiso yomkhohlo. Ngokwayo, ngokuchaseneyo, .[FLT] , 994,9.4222.4 CIT. 1993, inkundla yafumana iingxelo ezidweliswe phantsi kwengxelo ezidweliswe nje ze-Romspolue.

Kutshanje, ukunyuka kwemivo ebhankini kunye nokuxilonga kuphakamise imibuzo emitsha. Umzekelo, ukuphengulula ibhanki ye-intanethi okanye i-crypto rekhodi yokutshintshiselana isenokufuna isiqinisekiso esichaza iipakethe zemivo needilesi zovingco. Iinkundla zisavelisa imilinganiselo ekhethekileyo yokukhangela okunjalo, kodwa okunokwenzeka ukuba kubangelwa yisiseko ekufuneka kuhlale kungatshintshanga.

Isiphelo

Isizathu esifanelekileyo sisebenza njengovavanyo lwemibutho yezomthetho-siseko lwe-linchpin egunyazisa ukujoliswa kwezicelo zemali. Iqinisekisa ukuba amandla amakhulu karhulumente okungenelela kwimicimbi yemali yabucala asetyenziswa kuphela xa kukho izithuba ezifanelekileyo. IsiHlanzelo sesine, njengoko sichazwa ngokusisigxina kovavanyo lwento ekhoyo, olufuna uvavanyo olusebenzayo, olungaxhaswayo lwezibonelelo-mali. Ilungelo lokufumana iziphumo zemali zoMgaqo-siseko woMthetho-siseko wokwandisa ukhuseleko lwemithetho exhasa imfuneko elungileyo neyokuthobela imigaqo esemthethweni. Xa umthetho ukwandisa ngenyameko kwawo okufanelekileyo okubonisa nenkqubo efunekayo, ukuphengulula isiqinisekiso, ukuphendla kusenokusebenza kwaye kuvunyelwe ngokomthetho. Ukuba iziphumo ezingekho mthethweni zithathwe, zingaba zizinto eziyingozi: ukucinezelwa kobungqina bokurhoxakeka kwetyala, okanye ukuncitshiswa kwetyala koburhulumente kwamakhaya phakathi koburhulumente.