Ukuqonda indlela umthetho ohamba ngayo kwiBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi laseUnited States kubalulekile kuye nabani na onomdla kurhulumente waseMerika, kumanyano loluntu, okanye kwinkqubo kawonke-wonke. Uhambo lweNdlu yowiso-mthetho lunzima, lukwiqonga elininzi eliguqula iingcamango zibe yimithetho. Olu khokelo luchaza inyathelo ngalinye elithathayo xa lungena kwiBhunga, ukusuka ekuqaleni ukuya kwintshayelelo yokugqibela, ukukunika ulwazi lokulandela umthetho nokuqonda indlela urhulumente wakho asebenza ngayo.

Indima ekhethekileyo yeBhunga kwiNkqubo yoMthetho

IBhunga neNdlu yabameli ngokusisiseko ziyalingana kwiindima nemisebenzi yabo yowiso-mthetho, nangona kuphela iNdlu yeNdlu yeMibutho enokusungula umthetho wengeniso, kwaye kuphela yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi eziqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano ezivunyiweyo. Esi sicwangciso somGaqo-siseko simisela iNdlu yeNdlu yeNdlela njengeqabane elilinganayo ekwenzeni umthetho ngeli linika wona amandla apheleleyo kwiindawo ezithile.

Imithetho yeBhunga kunye nemigaqo exhasa ukucingisiswa kwesenzo esikhawulezileyo, ukunika abaLahlisi ababalulekileyo. Lo mkhwa wokwahlula iNdlu yeQela kwiNdlu yabameli nokumila kwendlela eziqwalaselwa ngayo iindleko, impikiswano, kwaye ekugqibeleni zidluliswa okanye zalahlwe ngayo.

Inkokeli yeqela elininzi ilindeleke ukuba icebise izinto zokuqwalasela, kodwa izixhobo ezisemthethweni ezivumela inani elizizo ukuba lithathe inyathelo zimbalwa, oko kuthetha ukuba ukhokelo lweqela elininzi kufuneka luthethe neenkokeli zeqela elincinane kwaye ngokufuthi bonke abaququzeleli ukuqhuba ngokunempumelelo umsebenzi womgangatho weCanten. Oku kufunekayo kulwakhiwo lweBhunga lowiso-mthetho lweNtlanganiso kwenza iQumrhu lodwa apho amalungu ngamanye amalungu asebenzisa impembelelo ephawulekayo.

Indlela Ibhili eqalisa Ngayo KwiBhanile

Phambi kokuba ityala liqalise uhambo lwalo ngeBhunga leNtlanganiso, kufuneka kuqala liqwalaselwe lize libhaliswe. Ityala lisisicelo somthetho omtsha okanye ukutshintshelwa kumthetho okhoyo, kwaye ingcamango ingavela kwilungu elihleliyo leBhunga okanye iNdlu yabameli base-U.S., isicelo ngexesha lephulo lonyulo lombutho, okanye isibongozo sabantu okanye amaqela abemi ancomela umthetho omtsha okanye ohlaziyiweyo kwilungu leBhunga elimela bona.

Ummeli okanye ummeli kunye nabasebenzi bakhe babhala ityala, elibizwa ngokuba yi-application yomthetho ocetyiswayo. Le nkqubo yokuyila isoloko ibandakanya uphando olunzulu, ukunxibelelana neengcali ezingokwasemthethweni, igalelo elivela kwimibutho yenzala okanye imibutho yezemfundo. Abaququzeleli banokusebenza ne-Ofisi yeGregislative Court, iofisi engeyoya apartistiki encedisa ekuguquleleni iingcamango kwintetho efanelekileyo yemithetho-wistoc.

Ulawulo kunye nolawulo lweziko

Xa isibham sibhaliwe, i-sentenet kufuneka isixhase ukusazisa ngokusesikweni. Umxhasi ungoyena mmeli oyintloko womthetho kwaye uthatha imbopheleleko yokulusa ngenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Abanye abaququzeleli bangakhetha ukuba ngabasebenzi abasebenzisanayo, babonise inkxaso yabo kwimali kwaye bakhulise amathuba abo okuphumelela. Ubuchule bokwenza i-co-sponsorst bungabaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwinkxaso ye-bipartistan kwaye babonise ukuxhasa okuphangaleleyo kwesicelo somthetho.

IiBhili ezivezwe kwiNdlu yeeNtsimbi zityunjwe nge "S". isimaphambili silandelwa linani (umzekelo, S. 1234), elahlulayo kwiphepha lendlu elisebenzisa i-"H.R" isimaphambili. Le nkqubo yokubala iqala ngokutsha ngeBhunga ngalinye elitsha, elihlala qho emva kweminyaka emibini.

Ukwazisa Nokufunda Okokuqala

Ukuvulwa okusesikweni kwemali kuphawula ukungena kwayo ngokusemthethweni kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Xa inkampani ichaza ityala, inikwa inani elikhethekileyo kwaye ifundwa ngokusemthethweni okwesihlandlo sokuqala kumgangatho weBhunga. Oku kufundwa kokuqala kungumthetho apho imixholo yetyala nenani zibhengezwa khona, kunokuba kufundwe umbhalo wonke.

Emva kwentshayelelo, ityala libhekiswa kwikomiti efanelekileyo okanye kwiikomiti ezisekelwe kumbandela wayo. IKhompala yasepalamente, umphathi-mikhosi ongeyoparati, osebenza njengomphathi weBhunga lemithetho neenkqubo, ngokuqhelekileyo wenza oku kusekelwe kwimithetho equlethwe yimali kunye nolawulo lweekomiti ezahlukeneyo. Kwezinye iimeko, ityala lingabhekiswa kwiikomiti ezininzi ukuba lichaphazela iindawo eziliqela zemigaqo-nkqubo, nangona ikomiti enye idla ngokutyunjwa njengekomiti yokuqala yolawulo.

Isabelo seKomiti kunye neNkxaso

Lo mthetho uza kuziswa kwiBhunga leNdlu yeeNdlu okanye kwiNdlu yabameli kunye nekopi iya kudluliselwa kuMphathi ngamnye okanye kuMmeli ngamnye ize yabe ikomiti efanelekileyo ukuba ifunde ityala lemali. Inkqubo yeekomiti ingundoqo kumsebenzi woququzelo, ivumela amalungu ukuba aphuhlise ubuchule kwimimandla ethile yemigaqo ethile kunye nohlolo olunenkcukacha lomthetho ocetyiswayo.

Uninzi lobuchule benkqubo obukwikomiti ezimileyo, ezingamacandelo aphuma kuwo omabini amaqela akhokelayo ekuphuhliseni nasekuhloleni umthetho, kunye namalungu asebenza kwiqela elincinane leekomiti, ngokufuthi kangangeminyaka emininzi, abavumela ukuba babe nolwazi oluphezulu kwimimandla ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo.

Zonke iikomiti zibekwe lilungu leqela elininzi, nangona izihlalo zisebenza ngokusondeleyo nelungu eliphezulu lekomiti, elona lungu likhulu leqela elincinane kwikomiti. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba omabini amaqela angenele umsebenzi wekomiti, nangona iqela elininzi lizigcina lilawula kucwangciso nocwangciso.

Inkqubo yoHlelo lweKomiti

Xa isindululo sibhekiswa kwikomiti, singena koko kudla ngokuba yeyona nkqubo ibalulekileyo. Ikomiti nganye yamkela iirejista ezininzi zemali kwikhondo leKhomishini, ngaphezu kokuba iqela likwazi ukusukela nangayiphi na iinkcukacha, kwaye isitulo sekomiti sinegunya eliyintloko lokumisela ikomiti, ngokubhekiselele ekuchazeni iindleko okanye imiba enokuthi ikomiti izame ukwenza ngendlela esesikweni ngokuva kunye/okanye ngokunyusa irhafu.

Lo msebenzi wokugcina isango uthetha ukuba amatyala amaninzi akaze afumane nasiphi na isenzo kwikomiti kwaye afe ngokunempumelelo ngaphandle kokuqwalasela okubhekele phaya. Isigqibo sosihlalo sekomiti malunga nokuba zeziphi iindleko eziza kubekwa phambili ziphenjelelwa ziimeko ezininzi, kuquka izinto eziphambili kwezobupolitika zeqela elikhulu, imicimbi yecawa, iziganeko zangoku, kunye nokungakhela inkxaso eyaneleyo ukuze kudlule.

IKomiti ePhicothayo

Inyathelo lokuqala elisesikweni lekomiti kwityala okanye kwinkupho lisenokuba kukuchophela, okunika intlanganiso apho amalungu ekomiti noluntu lunokuva ngamandla nobuthathaka besicelo esivela kumaqela akhethiweyo akwisebe eliphetheyo, amasebe afanelekileyo, namaqela amela abemi abanomdla, kwaye ukuva kukwayindlela yokubala umthetho kubantu abasebenza nabo, kubantu abaqhelekileyo, kunye namaphephandaba, namangqina amenywayo anikela iintetho ezifutshane kwikomiti ehlanganiseneyo ngoxa enika inguqulelo ende ebhaliweyo yempendulo yawo kwimali.

Intlanganiso okanye intlanganiso yeNdlu yeeNdlu zeeNdlu zeMasa, yeNdlu yeNdlu yeMibutho, okanye yeKomiti ekhethekileyo, idla ngokuvulelwa nguwonke-wonke, ukufumana inkcazelo neembono ezingomthetho ocetyiswayo, ukuqhuba uphando, okanye ukuvavanya/ukujonga imisebenzi yesebe likarhulumente okanye ukuphunyezwa komthetho weSizwe, yaye iindlebe zisenokuba ngoonolwazi kwindalo, zinikela ubungqina nolwazi ngemibandela yomdla wangoku.

IiKomiti ziqwalasela amakhulukhulu amatyala kwiintlanganiso zawo zetyala nezoshishino ezingaphezu kwama - 2 000 ngqungquthela nganye, yaye iikomiti zeNtlanganiso zidla ngokubiza amangqina amaninzi, kuquka amalungu eBhunga, amagosa orhulumente namanye amagosa, abameli bezoshishino nabasebenzi namanye amangqina.

Ukuphulaphula akuyomfuneko ngokwembono ebhaliweyo ukuze kufumaneke isindululo esithe chatha kwikomiti. Ezinye izibhedlele zihamba ngqo zinyusa ityala ngaphandle kokuliva, ingakumbi ukuba umbandela ukhe wahlolisiswa kakhulu kwiindlebe zangaphambili okanye ukuba umthetho awukhange uthathe ngqiqweni.

Iintlobo zeKomiti zokuchongwa

Iikomiti zeState ziqhuba iindidi eziliqela zokuchotshelwa kweendlebe ngaphandle kwetyala lowiso-mthetho. Zonke iindlebe zinenjongo efanayo: ukuqokelela inkcazelo esetyenziswa yikomiti kwimisebenzi yayo, kwaye le nkcazelo isoloko isetyenziswa ukumisela umthetho, kwanaxa ukuchotshelwa kwalo kungelowiso olungqalileyo lwemithetho.

Ikomiti yeNdlu yeeNtsimbi nganye inegunya lokuqinisekisa ukugunyaziswa kwemithetho elawulayo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemali ekhoyo. IKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtlanga elawulayo ihlola izityholo zokungalungisi okanye iingxaki ezifuna ukuqwalaselwa kwequmrhu. Ikomiti nganye yeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso inegunya lokuqinisekisa ukuchongwa kwemithetho yezobupolisa nezomthetho ezilawulwa yiyo. IKomiti yeBhunga le-Grevents Foreign Relationstion inika izivumelwano zokuhlola izivumelwano zezivumelwano ezifuna iNtlanganiso yezizwe ezifuna ukuvunywa yimvume.

Indlela yokuphawula

Ikomiti ingumkrozo ongundoqo obalulekileyo osetyenziswa yikomiti ekugqibeleni ithatha inyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuqhuba ityala lokuya phantsi, iphethe isitulo sekomiti ngokuqhelekileyo sikhetha isindululo esiza kubekwa phambi kwekomiti (umthetho obhekiswe kuso okanye umbhalo omtsha wedrafti), kwaye kule ntlanganiso, edla ngokuvulelwa uwonke wonke, amalungu ekomiti ajonga utshintsho olunokwenzeka kwisicelo ngokunikela nokuvota ekulungisweni kwayo, kuquka mhlawumbi nommeli opheleleyo wombhalo wayo, kunye nophawu oluqukumbela xa ikomiti ivuma, ngovoti-ninzi, ukunikela ingxelo yemali kwigumbi.

IiKomiti azidli ngokuba nophawu ngaphandle kokuba isicelo esiphakanyiswayo silindeleke ukuba sifumane inkxaso eninzi kuloo nvoto. Oku kuthetha ukuba izihlalo zekomiti kunye nabasebenzi babandakanyeke kwiingxoxo ezibanzi kunye nokufumana ingxelo yevoti phambi kokuba kucwangciswe intlanganiso yokunyusa imali ukuqinisekisa ukuba imali ixhaswa ngokwaneleyo ukuba inikwe ingxelo entle.

Ikomiti ingavota ichaze ityala elibhekiswe kulo, neenguqu ezinconyelwayo ezibonisa naziphi na izilungiso ezamkelwe ngexesha lophawulo, okanye njengenye indlela kwimali ebhekiswa kuyo, endaweni yoko ingaxela umlomo wokuqala okanye ococekileyo obhalwe ngokusisiseko kwinkqubo yokunyusa ngokwawo kwisicelo sedrafti. Oku kuguquka kuvumela iikomiti ukuba zikwazi ukuphendulana ngokunzulu nenkxalabo kunye nokwakha ukuvumelana.

Ngexesha lonke lenkqubo iinguqu zenziwa kwaye kwenziwa utshintsho kwimali yekomiti nakumgangatho weBhunga nendlu, kwaye ngevoti yokugqibela ityala lisenokuba lidlule kwiinguqu eziliqela kwaye lijongeke ngokwahlukileyo kwimali exhaswayo.

Ikomitana

Inkoliso yeekomiti zendlu nendlu yeCathenal ikwamisela amakomiti angaphantsi, akwiziko lendlu elisezantsi lekomiti epheleleyo apho amalungu anokubhekisa phambili kwimiqathango ethile yommandla wenkqubo, kunye nobungakanani apho amakomiti angaphantsi adlala indima esesikweni ekwenzeni inkqubo (ngokomzekelo, ngokugcina umthetho ophezulu phambi kokuqwalasela okupheleleyo kwekomiti) ahluka-tshintsha ngokwegumbi kunye nangesithethe nenkqubo yekomiti, nangona nayiphi na indima ikomiti epheleleyo ivumela iikomiti ezingaphantsi kwekomiti zayo ukuba zisebenze, iikomiti ezincinci azinakunikela ingxelo yomthetho kwigumbi logqaliselo njengoko zinokwenza njalo komiti epheleleyo kuphela.

Ikomitana engaphantsi ivumela ukuvavanywa komthetho okhethekileyo kwaye yenza amalungu angakumbi abe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Noko ke, ikomiti epheleleyo inegunya elipheleleyo lokuba ingaqhubeka kusini na nangohlobo lomthetho.

Ingxelo zeKomiti

Xa ikomiti ivota ukuba inike ingxelo yetyala ngokufanelekileyo, ilungisa ngokusesikweni ingxelo ebhaliweyo yekomiti ehambisana nomthetho. Le ngxelo ichaza injongo yemali, ichaza amalungiselelo ayo, inikela ingqiqo yekomiti yokuncomela ukudlula, kwaye iquka naziphi na iimbono ezithi zivele okanye zidibane namalungu ekomiti aphikisana nalo. Iingxelo zekomiti ziluncedo ekuqondeni injongo yomthetho kwaye zicatshulwa rhoqo ziinkundla nangabameli xa kutolikwa imithetho.

Ukubekwa KwiKhalenda Yendlu Yomahlalo

Ukuba ikomiti iyayithumela ngaphandle kotshintsho, ngoko ityala liya kwikhalenda ukuze livotelwe yiBhunga okanye yiNdlu yeNdlu yeMali. Xa ithe yaxelwa kwikomiti, ibekwa kwiKhalenda yeNdlu yeQela, edwelisa zonke iindleko ezifanele ukuqwalaselwa phantsi.

Noko ke, ukubekwa kwekhalenda akuqinisekisi ukuba ityala liza kuphikiswa okanye livotelwe. INkokeli yeQembu leMajoni, ekuthetheni neNkokeli eMncinci kunye nabanye abaququzeleli, imisela ukuba zeziphi iindleko eziza kuziswa kumgangatho ukuze kuqwalaselwe. Oku kucwangcisa kunika iqela elikhulu ulawulo olubalulekileyo kucwangciso lweBhunga, nangona kufuneka intsebenziswano kunye nemithetho yeBhunga efuna ukwenziwa kwesivumelwano esibanzi kuthetha ukuba ukucwangcisa izigqibo kubandakanya ulwahlulo olubanzi.

Ulwazelelelo lweNtlanganiso

Xa kucelwa ityala lokuqwalaselwa kumgangatho weBhunga leNtlanganiso, lingena kweyona nkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibonakalayo. Uhlolo lubandakanya impikiswano, ukunikezelwa kwemali yokulungisa, kwaye ekugqibeleni livote ukuba ungayidlulisi na ityala.

Izivumelwano Zokuvumelana

Ishishini elikhulu leBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi zezomthetho lenziwa ngezivumelwano ezivumelanayo, ezixoxisanayo ezimisela izicwangciso zokuqwalasela ityala. Ezi zivumelwano zingachaza ukuba iza kuhlala ixesha elingakanani impikiswano, eza kulungiswa nini na, kwaye xa kuzakufumaneka ivoti. Ngenxa yokuba zifuna imvume yabo bonke abaququzeleli, ezi zivumelwano zibonakalisa ukugxininiswa kweBhunga ekukhuseleni amalungelo amancinane kunye negunya ngalinye.

Xa imvume edibeneyo ingenakufunyanwa, iBhunga leNtlanganiso kufuneka lisebenze phantsi kwemithetho yalo emileyo, enokwenza inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ifumaneke kakhulu kwaye ingabi nakuqinisekwa.

Impikiswano yeBhunga

Ingxoxo yeBhunga leNdlu yeeNdlu zeMalanga jikelele ayiqukwanga njengengxoxo yeNdlu, ibonisa isithethe segumbi lokucinga ngokunyusiweyo. Abaququzeleli banenkululeko ebanzi yokuthetha phantsi, kwaye ngokungafaniyo neNdlu, imiqathango imbalwa emalunga nokuba ide kangakanani inkosikazi ethetha okanye yimibandela abangayithetha xa bethetha ngengxoxo yetyala.

Esi sithethe sengxoxo engenasiphelo sisiseko se-filibuster, ubuchule bokuyila apho abaququzeleli banwebela khona ingxoxo ngokungenasiphelo ukuthintela ukuvota ewiswe umthetho abawuchasayo. Ngoxa i-monicbuster ingakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kwimithetho yeBhunga, ivela ekungabini namithetho ethintela ingxoxo.

Ukhuhleko kunye nomda ongamashumi amathandathu anesithandathu

Ukuphelisa i-finbuster nokuphelisa ingxoxo, iNdlu yeNtsimbi ingacela amahlwili, inkqubo efuna inkxaso yee-hiffaiter ezintathu ze-senethis (umzekelo 60). Ukuhamba kwenqanawa kufuneka kugcinwe kwaye emva koko kulele ngaphaya kosuku olunye phambi kokuba iBhunga leNtsimbi livotelwe kuyo. Ukuba i-drowa iyabhenela, ingxoxo ilinganiselwe kwiiyure ezingamashumi amathathu zongezelelweyo phambi kokuba ivote yokugqibela ivele.

Lo mqobo ongamashumi amathandathu aneemfanelo zokufumana i-finbuster uthetha ukuba owona mthetho ubalulekileyo ufuna inkxaso ye-bipartisan ukuqhubela phambili kwiNdlu yeNtlanganiso, naxa elinye iqela libamba uninzi. Le mfuneko yenkxaso enkulu yenye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo zeNdlu yeNtlanganiso kwaye inempembelelo enzulu apho iindleko zingadlula khona.

Iintlobo ezithile zomthetho zikhutshwe kwi-finbuster phantsi kwemigaqo ekhethekileyo. Amatyala okuhlahlela, asebenza ngokuhlawula, ingeniso, nomlinganiselo wamatyala, angadlula noninzi olulula kwaye angenakufakwa, nangona kufuneka athobele imithetho ethile ekhethekileyo ephathelele okuqulethwe yiyo. Iinombolo zoomongameli kunye nenkoliso yesebe eliphetheyo zingaqinisekiswa ngoninzi lwemithetho elandela iinguqu kwiminyaka yakutshanje.

IziHlalulo kwiNdlu yeNtlanganiso

Ngexesha lokuqwalasela umgangatho, abaququzeleli bangacebisa ulungiso lokulungisa uhlaziyo lomthetho. KwiBhunga, ngokungafaniyo neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zooMongameli, iintlawulo azisoloko zifunekanga zitshintshwe kumbandela wetyala elilungisiweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba abaququzeleli banganikela izilungiso phantse nakuwuphi na umxholo, nangona kusenziwa, izivumelwano ezivumelanayo zisoloko zilinganiselwe ekunganikelwa ngazo.

IziHlaliso zingahluka-hlukene ukusuka kulungiso lobugcisa oluncinane ukuya kuphinda-phindelwano olunzulu lwamacandelo onke emali. Abaququzeleli banganika izilungiso zokuphucula ityala, ukuphendula inkxalabo evela kwiqumrhu okanye kumaqela enzala, okanye ngamanye amaxesha ukwenza ukuba ityala lingadluli ngokudibanisa amalungiselelo aphikisanayo. Ulungiso ngalunye lufanele luxoxwe kwaye lufuna ukuvota, okunokukwandisa ixesha elifunekayo ukuqwalasela ngokupheleleyo ityala.

Ezinye iziphendu zenzelwe ukubeka izivumelwano kwingxelo emalunga nemicimbi yezopolitiko, kwanokuba izilungisi zingenamathuba aneleyo okumkelwa. Ezi "ziphendu zokupheliswa" zisebenza iinjongo zezobupolitika ngaphandle kwemithetho yazo.

Iinkqubo Zokuvelisa

IBhunga lisebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zokuvota. Iivoti zelizwi, apho abaququzeleli babiza khona "ye" okanye "no" kwaye umphathi-mikhosi olawulayo umisela ukuba liliphi icala elikhoyo, elisetyenziselwa imicimbi engangqinelaniyo. Iivote zecandelo, apho abaququzeleli bemele ukubalwa khona, banika ubalo oluthe ngqo ngaphandle kokubala iindawo zoshicilelo.

Ngezivoti ezibalulekileyo, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi iqhuba imivoti yokuvota, apho indawo yengingqi nganye ibhaliwe. Le mivoti iceliwe ngumphathi omnye----5 wabaphathi abakhoyo kwaye inika ingxelo esisigxina yendlela ilungu ngalinye elivota ngayo. Uroli ubiza amavoti ngokuqhelekileyo kwimizuzu eli-15 edluleyo, nangona zinokunyuswa ukuba abaququzeleli basenokufika ukuvota.

Ukudlula KwiBhunga Leentlokoma

Xa loo mini ifika, ityala liyavotwa kwaye ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sovoti iyayidlulisa ngoko ihamba iye kwinyathelo elilandelayo. Kumthetho omninzi, uninzi lwabavoti luyimfuneko ukuze kudluliswe i-. Ngoonongendi abali-100, oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka ubuncinane amavoti angama-51, nangona uMongameli unokuba umongameli angavota ukuba iBhunga lahlulwe ngokwahlukana.

Noko ke, njengoko kuchazwe ngaphambili, ukufikelela kwivoti yokugqibela kudla ngokufuna kuqala ukufumana amavoti angama-60 ukufunxa amahlwili nokuphelisa i-nfillbuster. Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona umjelo ufuna uninzi olulula kuphela, umqobo osebenzayo womthetho omkhulu ngamavoti angama-60.

Xa iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso idlulisa ityala, inyatheliswa ngokusemthethweni (ilungiselelwe ngendlela yayo yokugqibela njengoko idluliswa) ize ithunyelwe kwiNdlu yabameli ukuze iqwalaselwe.

Ukuqwalaselwa Yindlu Yabameli

Ukuba eli tyala lidlula kwiqumrhu elinye leNkomfa, lisiya kwelinye ukuze liqhubeke nenkqubo efanayo yophando, ingxubusho, iinguqulelo, nokuvota, yaye lakuba lamkele ityala, lale mikhosi mibini ifanele igqibe nayiphi na into engafaniyo phakathi kwale nguqulelo zimbini.

Ukuba ityala lidluliswa lisebe elinye leBhunga, ngoko lidlulela kwelinye isebe leBhunga, lize lidlulele kwelo lungiselelo lingasentla kwakhona kwisebe lesibini leNgqungquthela. Oku kuthetha ukuba ityala elidlulisiweyo kufuneka libhekiswe kwikomiti yeNdlu, lisenokufumana ukuva nokunyusa, libekwe kwikhalenda yendlu, liqhutyelwe ingxoxo lize livote kumgangatho weNdlu.

Indlu inenkqubo yayo eyahlukileyo neyahluke ngokuphawulekayo kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu. Imithetho nezenzo zendlu zivumela uninzi lwamanani ukuba luqhube umthetho ngokukhawuleza, kwaye iNdlu isebenzisa inkqubo yengxoxo ecwangcisiweyo enemida engqongqo yexesha kunye neemfuno zokulungisa ukuqulunqwa.

Ukulungisa Umahluko: IiKomiti zeNgqungquthela

Kuqhelekile ukuba iBhunga neNdlu idlulise iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zemali enye. Xa oku kusenzeka, umahluko kufuneka usombululwe phambi kokuba ityala lithunyelwe kuMongameli. Zininzi iindlela zokukuphumeza oku.

Ngamanye amaxesha elinye igumbi lizakwamkela qha uhlobo lwegumbi legumbi, ingakumbi ukuba umahluko mncinci okanye ukuba kukho ungxamiseko lokugqiba isenzo kumthetho wesandla. Okanye, elinye igumbi lingagqithisa umlomo wegumbi ngezixhobo zokulungisa, liwuthumelele ukubuyela emva ukuze kuqwalaselwe ngokuqhubekayo.

Kumaphepha ahlukeneyo aphawulekayo, la magumbi mabini adla ngokuyila ikomiti yenkomfa, eyikomiti yexeshana ebumba amalungu avela kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeMali nakwiNdlu. Abanikeli, ngokuqhelekileyo abangamalungu amakhulu ekomiti eyayiwujonga umthetho ntlandlolo, bacebisana ukuvelisa inguqulelo elalanisayo enokuzuza imvume kuwo omabini amagumbi.

Ikomiti yenkomfa ivelisa ingxelo yenkomfa equlethe ukulalanisa okubhaliweyo okugqibeleyo. Le ngxelo kufuneka ivunywe yiBhunga neNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, kwaye ayinakutshintshwa `igumbi ngalinye kufuneka livote ukulamkela okanye ukulichasa njengoko kubhaliwe. Iingxelo zenkomfa zidla ngokuqwalaselwa phantsi kwemigaqo emisela ingxoxo nokunqanda ukuhlaziywa, ikhupha inyathelo lokugqibela lomthetho.

Isenzo soMongameli

Ukuba ityala lidluliselwe kwiBhunga leNdlu yeMali nakwiNdlu, ngoko liya kuMongameli, yaye ukuba uMongameli usayine ityala, liba ngumthetho, nangona linokuba ngumthetho ukuba uMongameli akawutyikityi iintsuku ezili-10.

UMongameli unempembelelo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, encomela uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le kumasebe karhulumente yaye ngokufuthi ecebisa umthetho, yaye mhlawumbi ngokubaluleke ngakumbi, amandla okulawula umthetho weveto anokuchaphazela okuqulathwe ngamatyala adluliswe yiBhunga, kwaye ekubeni kuyinto engaqhelekanga ukuba umthetho ubekwe phezu kweveto engumongameli, iBhunga leNkqutyana limele ngokuqhelekileyo lihlalise ukuma kukamongameli kwimigaqo ecetyisiweyo.

Xa ityala lifika kwidesika yoMongameli, iziphumo ezininzi zinokwenzeka. UMongameli angasayina ityala, alinike umthetho. UMongameli angalibuyisela kwiBhunga ngokuphikisa. Ukuba umongameli ukhetha ukulinika ityala, kwiimeko ezininzi iBhunga linokuvota ukuyeka oko kubeke ityala kwaye ityala libe ngumthetho. Ukuba umongameli uyala (iiinyawo) uxwebhu, lunokuba ngumthetho ukuba iihendi ezimbini-ntathu zeNdlu yeeNdlu nesibini-3 zendlu ngoko livote imvume yomlomo, nangona kunqabile ukuba iBhunga lombutho libe nomthetho wokulawula i-Mongameli.

Ukuba umongameli akasayityikitya ityala kwaye uhlala engenaphawu xa iKhomishini ingekho kwintlanganiso, ityala liza kukhutshwa ngokungagqibekanga kwisenzo esibizwa ngokuba yiveto epokothweni, kwaye ayinakungahoywa yiKhonkxa. Le ngxolo ingabakho ekupheleni kwentlanganiso yengqungquthela xa iBhunga lithe laphazanyiswa kwaye alikwazi ukufumana umyalezo obuyiselweyo.

Ulwazelelelo Olukhethekileyo Nezizodwa

Ngoxa le nkqubo ichazwe ngasentla imela indlela eqhelekileyo yokwenza umthetho, kukho iinguqu neenkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezininzi ezinokusebenza kwiimeko ezithile.

Iinkqubo zenqwelo-moya ezikhawulezayo

Iintlobo ezithile zomthetho ziqwalaselwa phantsi kwemigaqo ecwangcisiweyo eqingqiweyo elinganisela ingxoxo kunye nokulungisa. Igunya lonyuselo lorhwebo (elibizwa nangokuthi linegunya elikhawulezayo lomgaqo-siseko) livumela ukuba ziqwalaselwe phantsi kwemithetho eqinisekisa ukuvota ngaphakathi kwesakhelo esikhankanyiweyo kwaye ithintele ukubuyiselwa kwexesha. IBhunga leMithetho linika inkqubo ecwangcisiweyo yokubhukuqa imimiselo yesizwe. Uhlaziyo, njengoko kuchazwe ngaphambili, luvumela umthetho othile wemithetho yezorhwebo ukuba udlule noninzi olulula.

Ezi nkqubo zikhethekileyo zimiselwe ngemithetho okanye ngemithetho yeBhunga kwaye zibonakalisa izigqibo zombutho ukwenzela ukuba kusetyenziswe iindidi ezithile zomthetho ngeli lixa uvuma imiqathango kwinkqubo eqhelekileyo yokuzikhulula.

IKomiti edlulayo

Ngamaxesha athile, amalungu ngamanye afuna ukudlula kwiikomiti ngokugatya kwikomiti ejongene nomlinganiselo, ngaloo ndlela egcina umthetho ophantsi uqwalaselwe yiBhunga leNtlanganiso epheleleyo. Oku kunqabile kwaye kudla ngokufuna imvume engqinelanayo okanye kwenzeka phantsi kweemeko ezikhethekileyo.

Abaququzeleli bangaphinda baphephe iikomiti ngokunikela onke amatyala njengokulungiswa komgangatho komnye umthetho, besebenzisa ngokuyingenelo imithetho yeBhunga elivumelayo. Noko ke, eli qhinga lingaba nempikiswano kwaye lingajongana nemiqobo yendlela yokusebenza.

Izixhobo kunye nezicwangciso

Abaququzeleli ngabanye bangabeka "ababambe" kumthetho, ozizicelo kwiinkokeli zeqela ukuba zingazisi tyala phantsi. Ngeli xesha izibambi zingamkelwa ngokusemthethweni kwimithetho yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, bahlonelwa njengomcimbi wesimilo sendlu yowiso-mthetho kwaye bangalibazisa okanye bathintele ukuqwalaselwa komthetho. Imikhosi isoloko isetyenziswa njengesixhobo sokudibanisa ukukhupha imvume okanye ukuphawula ukuchasana okunzulu ngomlinganiselo.

Ngokufanayo, iqumrhu elinye lingasiphikisa isicelo sokuvumelana, lithintele isenzo ebesingaqhubeka ngaphandle kwempikiswano. Eli gunya lokubeka ingxalabo linika isekela ngalinye elibalulekileyo lokuxhathisa nokuqinisa isithethe seBhunga lokukhusela amalungelo amancinane.

Inyaniso Yenkqubo Yomthetho

Inkqubo yokuba ityala libe ngumthetho inqabile ukuqondwa yaye iyakwazi ukwahluka ngokuphawulekayo ukusuka kwimali-mali ukuya kwenye, yaye, kwiintlawulo ezininzi, le nkqubo ayiyi kulandela ukulandelana kwamanqanaba adla ngokuqondwa njengenkqubo yowiso-mthetho, kunye neengxaki kunye notshintsho oluninzi olusetyenziswayo.

Amanyathelo amiselweyo achazwe kwesi sikhokelo anikela indlela yokuqonda indlela umthetho ohamba ngayo kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, kodwa oku kudla ngokuba nzima ngakumbi. Iingqwalasela zezobupolitika, ixesha, ulwalamano phakathi kwamalungu, uluvo lukawonke wonke, imigudu yokukhuthaza nezinye izinto ezininzi zinegalelo kusini na nakwindlela inkqubela yemithetho eyenzeka ngayo.

Amatyala amaninzi asungulwe kwiBhunga akaze abe ngumthetho. Basenokufa kwikomiti bengakhange bafumane nyathelo, bangakwazi ukutsala inkxaso eyaneleyo yokuqwalaselwa, boyiswe kwivoti, okanye bahlelwe ngamaxhoba emiqobo yesizwe. Kwaneendleko ezidlula elinye igumbi azikwazi ukuthathwa ngelinye igumbi okanye azinakusinda kwinkqubo yekomiti yengqungquthela.

Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Inkqubo Yomthetho WeNdlu yeeNtsimi

Ukuqonda indlela amatyala ahamba ngayo kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kubaluleke ngayo ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Kubemi abafuna ukuphembelela inkqubo, ukwazi inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunceda kubone iingongoma ezingundoqo apho ukuphatha i-advocation kunokuba luncedo kakhulu. Ukuqhagamshelana namaqumrhu ngexesha lokuchola kwekomiti, phambi kwemiboniso yomgangatho, okanye xa iikomiti zenkomfa ziqulunkqele zingenza umahluko kwisiphumo sokugqibela.

Kubafundi benzululwazi karhulumente neyopolitiko, inkqubo yeNdlu yemithetho ibonisa imigaqo esisiseko yedemokhrasi yaseMelika, equka ukwahlukana kwamagunya, ukujonga kunye nolwahlulo, uburhulumente, kunye noxinezeleko phakathi kolawulo loninzi namalungelo amancinane. Iinkqubo ezahlukileyo zeNdlu yeNdlu yeNtsimi zibonakalisa injongo yabaLawuli bokwakha isiqu esithomalalisa iminqweno yeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMpahla nesokuqhubeka korhulumente.

Kubantu abacholacholi-ndaba nakubaphengululi, ukuqonda inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kubalulekile ukuze kuchazwe ngokuchanekileyo yaye kuhlalutywe inyathelo lombutho. Ukwazi umahluko phakathi kwemali eveziweyo, exeliweyo, nedluliselwe kwikomiti, negqithiswe yiBhunga elipheleleyo kunceda kunikel

Kubo basebenza kurhulumente, imibutho yolawulo, okanye ushishino oluchaphazelekayo oluchaphazelekayo lulwazi olunenkcukacha lweenkqubo zeNdlu yeeNtsimi yeNtshona Koloni luyimfuneko engokobugcisa. Ukubhenela ngokunempumelelo, ukwakhiwa komanyano, kunye nokucwangcisa okucwangcisiweyo konke kuxhomekeke ekuqondeni indlela inkqubo yowiso-mthetho esebenza ngayo nakumathuba akhoyo okubumba iziphumo zenkqubo.

Imithombo yokufumana irekhodi yomthetho weNdlu yeeNtlanganiso

Zininzi izibonelelo ezikhoyo kwabo bafuna ukulandela umthetho njengoko uhamba kwiBhunga. .Gov, elondolozwe yiThala leencwadi leKhongozeli, inika iinkcukacha ezibanzi kuzo zonke iindleko ezivezwe kwiBhunga, kuquka ubume bazo ngoku, umbhalo, ukubuyiselwa, iingxelo zekomiti, kunye neengxelo zokuvota. Le ndawo ikwanikela oovimba bokufundisa abachaza inkqubo ye-wistogn.

I-website esemthethweni ye- inika ulwazi kwiinkqubo zeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ucwangciso lweekomiti, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye neevoti. Iiwebhsayithi zekomiti nganye zinikela iinkcukacha ngokuchongwa, ukuqokelelwa, kunye nemali-mali ehlawulwa yiyo.

ICongressional Record, epapashwe yonke imihla xa kukho iNgqungquthela, iqulethe intetho ebhaliweyo ekwisiqendu, kuquka iingxoxo, iimbambano, iivoti, kunye neengxelo zamalungu.

Iingxelo zeNkonzo yophando lweKhomishoni, ezininzi kuzo ezikhoyo esidlangalaleni, zinika uhlalutyo olungeyonxalenye yemiba yemithetho kunye neenkqubo. Ezi ngxelo zibubuncwane obuxabisekileyo bokuqonda intsingiselo yomthetho kunye nenkqubo oqwalaselwa ngayo.

Imibutho yamaphephandaba, iintloko, amaqela ahlolayo, nawo afumana imithetho elandelelanayo kwaye anikela uhlalutyo ngeembono ezahlukeneyo. Le mithombo inokukunceda ekuchanekeni kwemigaqo-nkqubo yowiso-mthetho nokuchaza impembelelo yayo.

Iinkqubo Ezintsonkothileyo ZeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso

Ngeli xesha isiseko socwangciso lwenkqubo yeNdlu yeeNdlu zowiso-mthetho sihlala siqinile, iinkqubo ezithile kunye nezenzo ziguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ukutshintshwa kwemithetho yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ukuphuhliswa kwemizekelo emitsha, ukuguqukela kwizithethe zezobupolitika, kunye nokutshintshelwa kwimingeni yangoku yonke indlela esebenza ngayo iNdlu yeeNtsimbi.

Amashumi eminyaka akutshanje aye abona ukusetyenziswa komqobo we-5ribuster, ukwenza umqobo wama-60 owenziwe ngamazanyathisele okubaluleka okungakumbi. IBhunga likwayiguqulele imithetho yalo ukuvumela uqinisekiso olulula oluninzi lwenkoliso yomongameli, ngexa ugcina i-parenbuster yomthetho. Uhlaziyo lohlaziyo luye lwabalasele kakhulu njengesithuthi sotshintsho olungundoqo lwenkqubo enokudlula ngenkxaso elula.

Ubuxhakaxhaka buye batshintsha neempawu zenkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Ukuvota kombane, ukusasazwa kwamanani kwamaphepha, ukuthothozanyiswa kwezaphula-ndlebe kunye nemicimbi yomgangatho, nokufumaneka kwe-intanethi kwinkcazelo yowiso-mthetho kuyenze umsebenzi weNdlu yeeNtsimi zaBantwana ucace ngakumbi kwaye ufikeleleka kuluntu.

Ukuqonda ukuba inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ayimi ndawonye kodwa iyaqhubeka iguquka kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukwenza okanye ukuqonda umsebenzi weBhunga leNtsimbi.

Isiphelo

Uhambo lwetyala elinqumla kwiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso yaseUnited States yinkqubo entsonkothileyo ebandakanya amaqondo amaninzi, abadlali abaninzi, kunye namathuba amaninzi okulungisa, ukulibazisa, okanye ukoyiswa. Ukusuka kwintshayelelo nakwikomiti kuboniswa ngokuva, ukunyusa, ukuqwalasela umgangatho, kunye nenxalenye yokugqibela, inyathelo ngalinye lisebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba umthetho ufumana uhlolo olucokisekileyo nocoselelo.

Iinkqubo ezahlukileyo zeNdlu yeeNtsimbi − kuquka nesithethe sayo sengxoxo engenasiphelo, imfuneko yenkxaso egqithisileyo yokoyisa i-finbusters, namandla abalulekileyo asetyenziswa ngabaququzeleli ngabanye .

Ukuze umthetho ube ngumthetho, kufuneka uqhube kungekuphela nje inkqubo yeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali kodwa ukwadlula kwiNdlu yabameli kwaye ufumane imvume yobungameli. Le nkqubo yeengongoma ezininzi iqinisekisa ukuba izicelo ngenkxaso ebanzi kuphela zinokuba ngumthetho, nangona inokwenza kube nzima ukucombulula iingxaki zesizwe.

Enoba ungummi oxhalabileyo, umfundi, uphakamile kwimigaqo-nkqubo, okanye umntu nje onomdla kwindlela urhulumente waseMerika asebenza ngayo, ukuqonda inkqubo yowiso-mthetho yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu ze-odoli kubalulekile ukuze ungene ngokunempumelelo kwinkqubo yethu yedemokhrasi. Ngokuyazi indlela amatyala ahamba ngayo kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeengxoxo zowiso-mthetho, ungawalandela kakuhle amathuba okuthetha, uchaze amathuba okuvakala, kwaye uxabise ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo entsonkothileyo, ezopolitiko, kunye nenkqubo elawula imithetho elawula uhlanga lwethu.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho isenokubonakala ibalulekile kwaye intsonkothile, kodwa iquka amaxabiso olawulo-bulunga olusisiseko kwaye inika amathuba amaninzi okuba nenxaxheba kunye nempembelelo. Ngokuqonda indlela iBhunga leNtlanganiso esebenza ngayo, uxhotyiselwa bhetele ukuba ube nenxaxheba kumsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuzilawula okwintliziyo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika.