Indlela Ingxaki Enxulumene Norhulumente Engurhulumente Engurhulumente

I-United States yakhiwe kwinkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo, kodwa imigca phakathi kwegunya lasekuhlaleni, lorhulumente, nelorhulumente inqabile. Xa la manqanaba karhulumente engavumelaniyo, iziphumo zingaba ngamadabi asemthethweni, imigaqo e-gray, okanye kwaneenguqu zengingqi. Ukuqonda ezi ngxabano kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela inkqubo kawonke-wonke esebenza ngayo ngokwenene, kwaye kutheni ezinye iingxaki zingalungiswa kangangamashumi eminyaka.

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. umisela inkqubo apho urhulumente wesizwe adwelise amagunya adweliswe kuyo, ngoxa amazwe ephethe igunya elibanzi phantsi koMphetho-mda weshumi. Oorhulumente bengingqi, abadalwe ngamaphondo, bongeza olunye ulwaleko oluntsonkothileyo. Le sakhiwo sibangela ukudibana nokuxinana, kodwa xa ungquzulwano lusanda, iziphumo zisuka kwiiholo zesixeko ziye kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo.

Izizathu zomGaqo-siseko zokungavisisani koorhulumente abangenelelayo

Umanyano lwamazwe eUnited States asiyonkqubo ecocekileyo. UmGaqo-siseko unika urhulumente wesizwe amagunya akhethekileyo `njengenkqenkqeza phambili yorhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo, ukuqokelela imali, nokuqhuba imicimbi yamazwe angaphandle'. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, onke amanye amagunya amiselwe kumazwe. Kodwa imiba emininzi yale mihla, ukusuka kwimiqathango yemekobume ukuya kwimpilo karhulumente, ichaphazela onke amagunya karhulumente kunye norhulumente.

UNondyebo Nokukhululwa

Inqaku le-I VI loMgaqo-siseko umisela ukuba umthetho kazwelonke ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, othetha ukuba imithetho yesizwe engqubanayo nemithetho karhulumente okanye umGaqo-siseko ayisebenzi. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ivelise imfundiso ecacileyo yokukhulula. uxinzelelo [ lokwenza ityala lingabinandawo yasemthethweni, okanye xa umthetho uthetha ngokucacileyo ukuba izimisele ukuphelisa umthetho wesizwe.

Ngokomzekelo, i- Consitution Annoted ichaza ukuba umthetho worhulumente wokufuduka udla ngokucinezela imigudu yorhulumente yokumisela isohlwayo esongezelelekileyo kubemi abavela kwamanye amazwe abangaxelwanga. Kodwa amazwe ayaqhubeka ekhupha imithetho kwelibala lemidlalo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwilixa eliphindaphindiweyo.

Ukuhlaziywa Kweshumi Namapolisa Aseburhulumenteni

ISibonelelo seSihlalo seshumi esiLandli seMimiselo-nkqubo kumaphondo onke angenagunya alinike urhulumente wesizwe. Oku kuquka igunya elibanzi lamapolisa,(8) ukukhusela impilo, ukhuseleko, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi. Ama-odolo nemimandla isebenzisa eli gunya ukulawula yonke into ukusuka kwimithetho yokwakha ukuya kutsho ekunyanzelweni kwezoshishino. Xa amaqumrhu asekuhlaleni ezama ukubeka igunya kula mazwe angokwesithethe, ingquzulwano idla ukulandela.

Imithombo eqhelekile yokuDala

Ngoxa imigaqo yomgaqo - siseko inikela isiseko, iimbambano ezisebenzisekayo zivela kwimithombo ephindaphindwayo.

Igunya Elingokwasemthethweni Nesigwebo

Ukungavisisani ngaluphi umgangatho karhulumente onelungelo lokuthatha inyathelo kwinkupho ethile yemfazwe ngumthombo othe ngqo wemfazwe. Umzekelo, ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, amasebe amaninzi ezonyango asekuhlaleni akhupha izigunyazo okanye imiyalelo yokuvalwa kwezoshishino. Abanye oorhulumente bazama ukuphelisa ezi zenzo zasekuhlaleni, bephikisa ukuba igunya loluntu lonyango likwiqondo lorhulumente. Kwezinye iimeko, bachaza ukuba imiqathango ebekwe ngokwayo engqubana nokhokelo lukarhulumente olusuka kumaZiko lokuLawula nokuthintela izifo.

Ubuchule bokwahlula inkqubo kunye novavanyo

Amazwe nemimandla isoloko isebenza njengeelaboratori nkqubo, uvavanyo lwendlela ezahluke kakhulu kwinkqubo karhulumente. Xa ezi zimvavanyo zingqubana nomthetho karhulumente, ukuxinezeleka akuphepheki. Umzekelo oqhelekileyo kukwenza umgangatho womhlaba ube semthethweni, okuphikisana ngqo nomthetho we-Provised Substances Act. Phezu kwako nje oku kungquzulwano okusemthethweni, urhulumente wesizwe uye wala ukunyanzelisa umthetho wesizwe ngokwezixeko ezigunyaziweyo, zidala isiqinisekiso esingalawulekiyo.

Ukubonelela ngeNkxaso

Imali ebonelelwayo karhulumente isoloko iza neemeko eziphumelelayo kumazwe anamandla nakwimimandla ukuze zivumelane nenkqubo karhulumente. Oku kudala ungquzulwano xa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bekholelwa ukuba iimeko zinzima kakhulu okanye ziphazamisana nenkululeko yabo. Umzekelo, urhulumente wesizwe uye wasebenzisa inkxaso yemali eninzi ukunyanzelisa amaphondo ukuba aphakamise ubudala obuncinane bokusela ukuya kutsho kwi-21, iimpikiswano ezikhoyo kwiimfuno ezingamiselwanga ngurhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ezimele zihlawulelwe ngo-$(ukuye kwakhokelela ekufuneni utshintsho.)

Ukwahluka Kwezobupolitika Nezithethe

Iimfazwe ezininzi zezoburhulumente zisekelwe kwiiyantlukwano ezinzulu zezobupolitika nezenkcubeko. Amaziko asezibhaka-bhaka asoloko anemigaqo-nkqubo ekhululekileyo kwimibandela efana nokunyanzeliswa kokufuduka kunye nomthetho wokusingqongileyo, ngelixesha iindawo zasemaphandleni kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zinokuba neembono ezithe ngxi. Xa oorhulumente bengingqi kunye noorhulumente belawulwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, ukukhutshwa kwemithetho yomthetho yasekuhlaleni kuxhaphakile. Amazwe aye asebenzisa ngokuqhubekayo imithetho yokukhulula ukunqanda ukwanda komvuzo oluncinane, ukuhlawulwa kwemiqathangozo ezinokuhlawulwa yimiqatha yekhefuthe yemali, kunye namanyathelo okulwa kwemiqatha.

Uhlolisiso Lwembali Ngeengxaki Zongquzulwano Lukarhulumente

Imbali yorhulumente waseUnited States yimbali yengxabano. Iziganeko eziliqela zibonisa indlela eziphembelela ngayo ezi mfazwe.

Ukhuthuzo lwesikolo kunye nokunyanzelwa

Emva kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowe-1954 Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo , isithili ezininzi zemfundo kuMzantsi ala ukudibanisa. Oorhulumente bawisa imithetho yokuxhathisa imiyalelo yenkundla yenkundla, kunye neengxwabangxwaba phakathi kwamagosa karhulumente, amagosa karhulumente, kunye nabavukeli basekuhlaleni baba yinto eqhelekileyo. Isigqibo sikaMongameli Dwight Eisenhower's sombutho wasekuhlaleni sokuthumela iSlock, Arkansam, ngo195773 ukunyanzelisa idesikolo esikwiNtlanganiso ephakathi kweSikolo esiphezulu sihlala singumzekelo obalaseleyo wokungenelela kwesizwe ekuchaseni urhulumente. Ekugqibeleni ungquzukisano lwaqinisekisa ubukhulu bomthetho womthetho-mthetho-siseko worhulumente kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni.

Ukwenziwa komthetho kweMarijuana noMthetho woManyano

Ukususela ngo-1996, inani elandayo lamaphondo liye lagunyazisa unyango okanye umyadi, phezu kwako nje ukukhethwa kwawo njenge-Shedyuli endilawulayo phantsi komthetho karhulumente. Le ngxabano iye yalawulwa ngemiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo, njengeCole Memorie phantsi kolawulo lwe-Oma, eyayalela abatshutshisi bephondo ukuba baluyeke ulawulo olusemthethweni kumaphondo kunye neenkqubo zokuzinzisa. Noko ke, ukuphikisana okusemthethweni kuyaqhubekeka. Amashishini kumaphondo asemthethweni asenokumelana netyala, kwaye iibhanki ziyathandabuza ukuwasebenzela ngenxa yemali ye-oooooomatilo. Oku kuyaqhubeka kubonisa indlela ukuxambulisana okuphakathi kwe-Rominoloji okungabangela ukungaqiniseki ukungazithemba kwabemi kunye nooshishino.

Izixeko Ezingcwele Nokufuduswa

Bambi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baye bamkela iinkqubo ezisikelwe umda intsebenziswano yabo namagunya alawula ukufuduka. La magunya abizwa ngokuba yingcwele aphikisa ngelithi amapolisa asekuhlaleni angafanele atsalelwe kumthetho wokunyanzeliswa kwengingqi yokufuduka, njengoko kusenokucutha ukuthembana koluntu. Urhulumente wengingqi uthe wasabela ngokusongela ukunikezela nokuvavanya le migaqo-mthetho yasekuhlaleni. Lo mngeni uthe wafikelela ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiinkundla, kunye namatyala afana [[FLT:]City of Chicagov. Barr[FLT] [FLT] uthetha ngomgaqo-siseko wemiqathango yemali.

Umgaqo-nkqubo wokusingqongileyo kunye negunya loRhulumente

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo ungumzi otyebileyo wokungqubana kwezeeburhulumente. UMthetho we-Ceat Air kunye noMgaqo-siseko wamanzi ococekileyo umisela imigaqo karhulumente kodwa uvumela amazwe ukuba azalisekise iinkqubo zawo. Xa njengaseKhalifoniya emisela imilinganiselo engqongqo yokukhutshwa komphunga kunenorhulumente wesizwe, aye akwenza oko phantsi kwesixhobo sokuwuyeka phantsi kwe-Evironmental Protection Agemental. Noko ke, ulawulo lweTrump lwazama ukuphelisa umsi wombhobho we-Slifoniat we-atray we-ices, okhokelela kwidabibibi yomthetho. Inkundla ephakamileyo ilinganisa kwixabiso loMbali we-omatilo ephantsi kwe-omatika ecocekileyo enjenge- u-screttletts v. EPA:23.

Izakhono zoluntu kunye ne-COVID-19

Isifo se-COVID-19 sadala ungquzulwano olungathethekiyo phakathi korhulumente. Ukhokelo lomanyano lwezigqumo, ukutshixa, kunye nokugoma kwakusoloko kuphikisana okanye kutshintsha ngokukhawuleza. Urhulumente wakhupha eyakhe imiyalelo yexesha likaxakeka, maxa wambi engqubana neemilinganiselo zasekuhlaleni. Kumaphondo amaninzi, abalawuli bazama ukususa amasebe ezempilo asekuhlaleni egunya labo okanye ukuvala izibhaso ezikolweni. Umthetho uthintela umgangatho wamandla olawulo oluphezulu, ukukhulula konqulo, kunye negunya lamaziko orhulumente ukugunyazisa izitofuno zabasebenzi nabahambi beenkundla.

Indima Yesebe Eligwebayo Ekucombululeni Ukuxabana

Iinkundla zingowona aphambili ekuchaseni iimbambano phakathi koorhulumente. Izigqibo zazo zibumba ulungelelwano lwegunya kangangamashumi eminyaka.

Ingxubusho Yejaji Njengesigqibo Sempikiswano

Amandla okuhlola ityala avumela iinkundla zesizwe ukuba ziphelise urhulumente kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni engqubana nomGaqo-siseko okanye imimiselo karhulumente. Arizona v. United States (202), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yawabetha amalungiselelo amaninzi omthetho wokunyanzelisa ukufuduka kwe-Arizona, S.B. 1070, ngenxa yokuba yakhutshwa ngumthetho karhulumente. Isigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba ukunyanzeleka koshishino lwemishoni yelizwe luxanduva olusemthethweni, kodwa yashiya kuvule amathuba amaninzi entsebenziswano yesizwe ngendlela ezilinganiselwe.

Iqhosha Lomzekelo Wokuqala- Wokumisela

Inani lamatyala abalaseleyo eNkundla Ephakamileyo achaza imida yegunya eliphakathi kwezorhulumente:

  • [FLT]MCULLOch v. Maryland (1819) imisele ukuba umthetho wequmrhu uphezulu kwaye lo mazwe akanakukwazi ukuhlawula irhafu.
  • [FLT] New York v. United States (1992 ibambelele kwiNgqungquthela ayinako ukuyalela iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ukumisela okanye ukunyanzelisa iinkqubo zolawulo lwamaqumrhu.
  • [FLT] Shicilelaz v. United States (1997) umgaqo ochasene nomyalelo wandiswe kumagosa aphezulu, ukubetha umthetho wezwe ofuna iiheader zokwendlela yokukhangela okungasemva.
  • IFOCE of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202) waxhasa uMthetho woNyaka onokuKhawulwayo womntu ngamnye njengerhafu kodwa amandla eBhunga elisikelwe umda okunqanda iMedicaid xhasa ngemali evela kumazwe angavumi ukwandisa inkqubo.

Imida Yesigqibo Sejaji

Iinkundla azinakucombulula zonke iimbambano eziphakathi koorhulumente. Ezinye iimfazwe zezopolitiko kunomthetho, kwaye ijaji isoloko ithobela amasebe ezobupolitika kwimibuzo yoburhulumente. Ngaphezu koko, isantya esithe xhaxhe seli tyala sithetha ukuba ungquzulwano lungaqhubeka iminyaka emininzi ngaphambi kwesigqibo sokugqibela. Ngelo xesha, oorhulumente basenokusebenza kwimeko yokungaqiniseki okungokwasemthethweni, kwaye abemi bathwale iindleko.

Uxanduva loLawulo nomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente

Xa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, bamazwe nabezorhulumente bengquzulana, imiphumo ichaphazela indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imigaqo nendlela abemi abavakalelwa ngayo kurhulumente.

Ukwahlulwa komgaqo-siseko kunye nokungaguquki

Iimfazwe zezentlalo-ntle zorhulumente zidla ngokukhokelela kwimithetho edityanisiweyo kulo lonke ilizwe. Ishishini elisebenza kumaphondo amaninzi lingajongana ngokupheleleyo neemfuno ezahlukeneyo ukwenzela imvume yokusingqongileyo, imithetho yemisebenzi, okanye indawo yogcino-lwazi. Ngoxa oku kwahluka-hlukeneyo kuvumela izisombululo ezilungeleleneyo zasekuhlaleni, kwakhona kudala iinzima ezithobelanayo kunye nokudideka.

Iindleko zonyuso nokuguqulwa kwezibonelelo

Amadabi asemthethweni asebenzisa imali ehlawulwayo kunye nezibonelelo zikarhulumente. Amagqwetha aseburhulumenteni asoloko ethetha ngokumangalelwa kwamasebe karhulumente, yaye maxa wambi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bachitha izigidi zezigidi bekhusela imithetho yabo. Ngapha koko, ezi zinto zinokujoliswe kwimfundo, izibonelelo, okanye kwimpilo karhulumente. Iindleko zemfazwe zinokuba nzima ngokukodwa koorhulumente abancinane basekuhlaleni abanoqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo.

Ukuphelelwa Kwentembelo Kuwonke Wonke

Ukungavisisani okuthe rhoqo phakathi kwemigangatho karhulumente kungayiphelisa intembelo kawonke-wonke kwinkqubo yonke. Xa abemi bebona isixeko sabo sichasa urhulumente, okanye urhulumente elwa norhulumente, basenokugqiba kwelokuba urhulumente akasebenzi kakuhle. Oku kuyinyaniso ngakumbi xa iimfazwe zigqugqisile kwaye zipapashwa ngokupapashwa kwengxelo yamajelo eendaba. Ukuthembana kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente kuye kwancipha kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, kwaye ukungquzulana kwezoburhulumente kusenokuba negalelo.

Ukubuyiselwa kunye novavanyo

Kumacala alungileyo, ukungquzulana kungaqhubela phambili inkqubo entsha. Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanyanzela imida esoloko ivelisa iindlela ezintsha eziphembelela inkqubo karhulumente kamva. Umzekelo, uvavanyo lomgangatho wombuso lwe-inshorensi yempilo kunye nolwandiso lwe-Medicaid lwazi indlela eyakhiwe ngayo iAffordible Care Act. Uxinezeleko phakathi komanyano novavanyo lwasekuhlaleni luyinkalo yendalo yolawulo, kunye nemfazwe ziyinxalenye yendalo yaloo misebenzi.

Ukugqalwa Njengokwahlukileyo Kwezobupolitika Nomanyano

Kwixesha lokwenziwa kwezopolitiko ezinzulu, imfazwe yoorhulumente ikwisixhobo sokulwa imfazwe elwayo. Amazwe alawulwa liqela elinye angayixhathisa ngokukhutheleyo inkqubo yolawulo lweqela eliphikisanayo. Oku kunokudala umjikelo wolwandiso: urhulumente wengingqi usebenzisa amandla akhe okusebenzisa iindleko kunye negunya lolawulo ukunyanzela ukuthobela, lo gama amaphondo ephendula ngokusemthethweni nangokuchasa umthetho.

Isiphelo: Ukupheliswa

Ukungqubana phakathi koorhulumente bengingqi, borhulumente, naborhulumente borhulumente asiyomiqondiso yenkqubo eyaphukileyo; zizalwa ngolawulo lwamaMelika. UmGaqo-siseko udala ngabom amagunya angenazintlu zomthetho kwaye uhlole igunya. Xa kuvela ukungavisisani, bavavanya imida yegunya kwaye banyanzelisa onke amanqanaba karhulumente ukuba akhusele iindawo zabo. Iinkundla, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, kunye nabalawuli bazo zonke iindima ezidlalayo ekucombululeni ezi ngxabano, kodwa akukho nkqubo inye enokuphelisa ukuxabana.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukufundisisa le ngquzulwano, kunika iwindow kwindlela amandla asebenza ngayo kwidemokhrasi entsonkothileyo. Uxanduva phakathi kwenkululeko yobulali kunye nobufanayo besizwe, phakathi kovavanyo lukarhulumente kunye nemigangatho yesizwe, asinto imele isombululwe kanye kwaye igqitywe yonke. Yinkqubo eqhubekayo yengxoxo, i-ligita, kunye notshintsho. Njengoko kuvela imiba emitsha ``ukusuka kumgaqo wobuchule bokuyila ukutshintsha imozulu] imibuzo efanayo iyavela: Ngubani ogqibayo? Kwaye kwenzeka ntoni xa engavumelani? Iimpendulo ziza kuqhubeka zisenza ulawulo lwaseMelika lwezizukuzahluma.

ukwenzela ukufunda okubhekele phaya, bona i Inkonzo yophando lonikezelo lwentengo yengingqi yengxelo yomthetho yokukhululwa , kwaye uhlole i-Oyez isishwankathelo se-Arizona v. United States.