Imeko-ntle yenkxaso-mali yezobupolitika iye yatshintsha kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kwaye akukho ndawo apho icace kakhulu kunakumgangatho wesizwe. Inani elandayo leekomiti zezenzo zezobupolitika lisebenza ngaphandle konxulumano oluqhelekileyo nomntu oza kubhaptizwa, umbutho wezobupolitika, okanye iqela elimiselweyo labanomdla. Ezi zaziwa njengee-PACs ezingadityanisiweyo, kwaye ukunyuka kwazo kuphinda kuguqule indlela unyulo olulwiwa ngayo, indlela imigaqo yemigaqo ephenjelelwa ngayo, nendlela abemi ababandakanye ngayo nenkqubo yezobupolitika. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukunyuka kwee-PACs ezingezo ezidityaniswe kwizobupolitika zelizwe, ukuvavanya iziseko zazo ezingokwasemthethweni, amandla aqhuba ukukhula kwazo, kunye nezicinezelo zolawulo lwedemo-demo-demokhrasi.

Ziyintoni iipari ezingadibaniyo?

IKomiti yePistical Action (PAC) yintlangano ekhupha igalelo lephulo elivela kumalungu kwaye inikela ngaloo mali kubathathi-nxaxheba okanye iyisebenzisa ekusebenziseni imali yezopolitiko. I-PAC iwela kwiindidi ezimbini ezibanzi: i-PACs, ebotshelelwe ngokusemthethweni kumbutho, umbutho wabasebenzi, umanyano lorhwebo, okanye iqela lamalungu; kunye nee-PAC ezingeyondibaniso, ezinganxulumaniyo. Ii-PAC zisoloko zisekwa ngamaqela abantu abanolwazi olufanayo, inkqubo ethile, okanye abagxininisa ngokusemthethweni kwirhafuthelo lobumente, okanye abanxibelelana noorhoxiso lwerhafu.

Ngaphantsi komthetho karhulumente kunye nemithetho emininzi karhulumente, ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga kufuneka zibhalise ngegunya elifanelekileyo lonyulo, zityhile iimfanelo zazo kunye nenkcitho, zihlale kwimiqathango yomnikelo kunye nezicwangciso zokunika ingxelo. Noko ke, imithetho yahluka kakhulu kwiimeko ezithile. Kwezinye iindawo, ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zinokulwamkela iminikelo engenamda evela kubantu ngabanye, kwimibutho, kwimibutho, kunye namaqumrhu, ngoxa kwezinye ziphantsi kweminye imiphezulu efanayo ne-PACs. Le mithetho idityaniswe yakha amathuba okumiselwa ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo kwimithetho engekho ngqiqweqwelekweni engekho ngqiqwele.

Iimpawu ezingundoqo ze PAC ezingaqhakamshelwanga

  • Azimele kunoma liphi na iphulo lokuya kubhaptizwa, iqela lezobupolitika okanye iqumrhu lezorhwebo.
  • Baqokelela imali kwisiseko esibanzi sabanikelayo, ngokufuthi kuquka abo banikelayo ngabanye, imibutho, nezinye iiPaCs.
  • Bachitha imali kwimisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yezopolitiko: igalelo elingqalileyo kubathathi-nxaxheba, inkcitho ezimeleyo yabathathi-nxaxheba okanye abajoliswe ekungeneni, ukukhupha ubhengezo lwentengiso, kunye nemigudu yokuphuma.
  • Kufuneka benze iingxelo zokwamkelwa ngamaxesha athile kunye norhulumente okanye unyulo lweziko, nangona umgangatho wenkcukacha ofunekayo wohluka-hlukene kakhulu.

Ngeli nqaku, ii-PACs ezingadityaniswanga zahlukile kwii-PCACs eziphezulu, ezinganyusa kwaye zichithe imali engenasiphelo kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo kodwa azivumelekanga ukunikela ngqo kubaqwalaseli. Nangona ii-PCs ezininzi ze-C azinxulunyaniswanga, igama elithi “ngezodityaniso ze-PAC” ngokwesithethe libhekisela kwimibutho esebenza phantsi kwemiqathango esezantsi yomnikelo (umzekelo, zinganikela ngqo kumaphulo ngaphakathi kwemisonto). Noko ke, ngokusebenza, iimodeli ezininzi ze-projekthi zikho, ingakumbi kumgangatho wezwe, apho iinkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni zingafani.

Ukusingqongileyo Okusemthethweni Nokulawula

Isakhiwo sePaCs esingeyoyondawo sisekelwe kumthetho wezemali wephondo, uqala ngoMthetho weCandelo loKhuselo loMkhosi (FECA) ka-1971 kunye notshintsho olulandelayo. Ingqikelelo yango- 1976 iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo buckley v. Valeo[ wamisela ukuba ukuchithwa kwezopolitiko kuluhlobo lokukhusela intetho kwaye iinkcitho ezizimeleyo azinakulinganiselwa. Oku kwavula ucango lwePACs ukuze kusetyenziswe imali kwizibhengezo nezinye izinto zezobupolitika ngaphandle kokuzingeniswa nabaququququzelela.

Kumgangatho wesizwe, ii-PAC ezingeyontsebenziswano zilawulwa yiKhomishoni yoNqumo loManyano (FEC). Kufuneka zibhalise kwientsuku ezilishumi zokwamkela iminikelo okanye ukwenza inkcitho ezingaphezulu kwe-R1, kwaye kufuneka zifake iingxelo ezithe rhoqo ezidwelisa abanikeli nabamkeli. Noko ke, umgaqo womgangatho karhulumente wahluka kakhulu. Amanye amazwe, anjengeKhalifoniya neNew York, anemfuno yentelekelelo eqinileyo kunye nemiqathango yomnikelo. Eminye, enjengeTexas neFlorida, anemiqathango encinane, evumela ii-PAC ezingadityaniyo ukuba zisebenze ngemiqathango encinci.

Izigqibo ezibini zenkundla ezinzima zakhawulezisa ukukhula kwe PACs engazidibanisiyo: Zinzisa ama-United v. FEC (2010) kunye ne[FLT]Speech Ngoku.org v. FEC (2011] .] .[FLT]]]][FLTY]]][[4]] .Cizenns United[[[[FLTLT:5]]] inqanda imiqathango ezimeleyo yokusebenzisa ngokwezo zezobupolitika ngemibutho nangeento echaphazeneyo kuphela. Ngexa beyelelana, [FFLT]] Ngokuthelekelela izigwebo ezininzi.[FLT]

Ngenxa yoko, iPACs ezingeyoyondawo ezidityanisiweyo qha ezo zijoliswe kwinkcitho ezizimeleyo, -- ziye zanda. Kumazwe angenamida kwimiqathango yeshishini okanye yeminikelo yomntu ngamnye kwii-PAC ezinjalo, zinganyusa kwaye zichithe imali eninzi, ngokufuthi zinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweekomiti ezifuna ukubhaptiza.

Izinto Ezibangela Unyuko Kumgangatho Welizwe

Oonobangela abaliqela abanxulumeneyo baye bafak' isandla kukwanda kweePaCs ezingezozidibanisi kwizobupolitika zikarhulumente kwiminyaka elishumi edluleyo.

Inkcitho ecwangcisiweyo

Amaqela ezobupolitika aqhelekileyo aye aphelelwa yimpembelelo, lo gama i-PAC engomnye namaqela eengcamango enziwe abaluleke kakhulu. IiPaC ezingazidibanisiyo zivumela la maqela ukuba abandakanye ngqo kunyulo nakumadabi owiso-mthetho ngaphandle kokuthintelwa kweqela. Umzekelo, imibutho ejolise kutshintsho lwemfundo, utshintsho lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye inkqubo yamandla ingenza i-PAC engadibaniyo ukuze ixhase iimbono zawo ukuba abo batshatiswayo abahambelani neqela elikhulu.

Imithetho yeRhulumente ekhululekileyo yePost-[[FLT: 0] I-Citizens United[[FLT: 1]

Amazwe amaninzi asabela kwigalelo lokukhulula urhulumente ngokuthoba imithetho yawo yezemali yephulo. Amanye amazwe, njengo-Arizona kunye noColorado, ngoku avumela ukusetyenziswa okungenasiphelo kwemali nge-PACs. Amanye, njengeMissouri neGeorgia, anemfuno ezincinci zentelekelelo, eyenza kube lula ukuba i-PACs isebenze ngokubona ngaphaya okulinganiselweyo. Oku kunyuse i-reguralargence kukhokelela “kufumana umzantsi” kwamanye amazwe, apho abadlali bezobupolitika bafaka khona ii-PAC kumagunya aphantsi emithetho embalwa.

Izithintelo Ezisezantsi Zokungena

Ukwenza i PAC engadityaniswanga kulula. Kumazwe amaninzi, umntu okanye iqela linga faka ifomu yobhaliso olulula, limisele umgcini-mali, livule ityala lebhanki, liqalise ukunyusa imali. Ngokuthelekiswa nokuqhuba iphulo lobalo okanye ukuphatha ikomiti yeqela, umthwalo wolawulo usezantsi. Oku kufikelelo lukhuthaze udweliso olubanzi lwamaqela .[1] ukusuka kumaqela asekuhlaleni ukuya kumaqela esizwe eqela lesizwe kwimibutho elinolwazi lwe-PC.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nokuthotywa Kwehlokondiba

Njengokuba unyulo lusiba lusuka lungabi nantsingiselo, abanikeli bakulungele ukunikela ngezizathu ezidityaniswe neenkolelo zabo ezinzulu. IPAC engadityaniswanga zisebenza njengezithuthi zokunika oku, ivumela amaqela amancinane abanikeli abazizityebi okanye amanani amakhulu abanikelayo abancinane ukuba baqokelele izibonelelo kunye nokunyusa amazwi abo. Unyuko lwengingqi yengingqi ye-intanethi efaka iqonga elifana nomthetho weBluedi kunye noWin Red luye lwanyusa umqobo wePACC ongazidibanisileyo ukunyusa imali kwisiseko esithengiseleli.

Ukuqhambuka ‘ Kwemali Yomlilo'" Ingxaki

Ngelixesha ii-PAC ezingeyoyo-odityaniswayo kufuneka zityhile abanikeli bazo kumazwe amaninzi, ezinye ii-PAC ziye zasebenzisa iindlela zokuphepha. Zingafumana inkxaso-mali evela kuma-501(c)(4) emibutho yoluntu, engafunwanga ukuchaza abanikeli bayo, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela imithombo yokuqala yemali. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo samaMelika e Process for Procession Foundation v. Bontata [2021]

Impembelelo kunyulo nomgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente

Ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga ngoku zidlala indima ephambili kunyulo lomgangatho karhulumente, ukusuka kwi-primerigeries ukuya kwintlanga yerhuluneli. Ngokwenkcazelo evela kwiNational Institute on Money in Politics, ukusetyenziswa kwee-PAC ezingadityaniswanga kunyulo lwaseburhulumenteni kuphinda-phindeke kathathu kwishumi leminyaka elidluleyo, ukufikelela kumakhulu ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka. Oku kuthuthwa kwemali kuneziphumo ezininzi eziphawulekayo.

Ukhuphiswano Olungakumbi Nophulo Olungafanelekanga

I-PAC engadityanisiweyo isoloko ibandakanyeka kwizibhengezo ezingalunganga ukuba amaphulo abangenele anokuphepha ukoyika ukuphazanyiswa. Ngenxa yokuba zisebenza ngokwawo, i-PACs ingahlasela abachasi ngeli lixa ivumela abaxhasiweyo ukuba bahlale ngaphezulu kwemfazwe. Le ntshukumo ikhokelela ekunyukeni kwezibhengezo ezingalunganga neziqhathayo kwimijaho yemithetho-mthetho, ingakumbi kwimijikelo yephondo.

Amandla Atshintshayo Kumthetho Karhulumente

Kumaphondo anemida yexesha, ii-PAC ezingeyoyonkqubo edityanisiweyo ziye zaba ngabadlali abaphambili ekufumaneni nasekuxhaseni abatshatiweyo. Amaqela afana neAmerican Federation for Children (abaxhasi) okanye iSivumelwano seSizwe se-Rifle sisebenzise ii-PAC ezingadityanisiweyo ukuxhasa okanye ukuchasa abamisi-mthetho besizwe, ngokunempumelelo iziphumo eziguqukayo. Umzekelo, kunyulo-Texas oluphambili, unyulo olungadityaniswanga ngqubananga ne-PAC exhaswe zizinto ezithelelwa yiNtshona Texas i-oyile ezichithe ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-R4 ukuya ekungangeni kwi-Riphabliki yeBCM.

Ukufundisisa Ngetyala: Iphulo Lokubala IKhalifoniya

Inkqubo yedemokhrasi engqalileyo yaseKhalifoniya inika umboniso ocacileyo. I-PAC engadityanisiweyo ilawula amaphulo omlinganiselo we-colot. Ngo-2020, iProposition 22 (ulwano lomsebénzi) yabona i-PAC engadityaniswanga nenkxaso ye-Uber, Lyft, kunye nezinye iinkampani ezisebenzisa imali eninzi zichitha ngaphezu kwama-$200,000 ezigidi (iizigidi). Ngelixa i-PAC ibingadityaniswanga nabani na, ilawula ngokunelisayo i-impumelelo kunye nesiphumo sonyulo.

Isifundo Setyala: Ibhodi Yesikolo Nohlanga Lwasekuhlaleni

Le ntsingiselo ayipheleliselwanga kunyulo lwe-profile ephezulu. Ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zijolise kwibhodi yesikolo kunye nentlalo yebhunga lesixeko. Amaqela esizwe anjenge 1776 iPCAC yeProjekthi yeLiberty kunye noMama wePacs achithe imali kukhuphiswano lwasekuhlaleni, iguqula iinguqu eziphantsi ngokwesithethe, iintlanga ezinganxulunyaniswanga zibe ziingqungquthela zengqondo. Oku kuphakamise imibuzo ngempembelelo yemali yangaphandle kwimikhosi yasekuhlaleni.

Inkxalabo Ecace gca Nezingalo

Ukwanda kwe-PAC okungeyoyo-ophakamo kunyusa inkxalabo ebalulekileyo ngokubonakala. Ngelixesha ezi paC zifuneka ukuba zikhuphe ingxelo, ubunjani kunye nokuchana kwexesha lokutyhilwa kobungqina kuyahluka. Kumazwe amaninzi, iingxelo zigcinwa kuphela, zishiya izithuba ezinkulu ngexesha lephulo elinzima. Ngaphezu koko, iindleko zokuphepha zivumela izixa-mali ezininzi ukuba zihambe ngemingxuma yezinto ezikhoyo, zifihle abanikeli bokuqala. Uhlolisiso lwama-2023 lwe Brennan Center yeJaji lufumanise ukuba ubuncinane kumaphondo ali-15, ii-PACs ezinganxulumani zinokufihla ngokusemthethweni ukunikezelwa komnikeli-mntlukwano ngokusebenzisa ii-acimbi.

Oku kungabikho kokubonisa ngaphaya kombane kulula ukukwazi kwabavoti ukuvavanya intshukumisa ephambili yemiyalezo yezopolitiko. Kwakhona kuvelisa amathuba okunganyaniseki, njengoko abanikeli benokufuna iziphumo ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle kokuqwalaselwa nguwonke-wonke. Kwezinye iimeko, ii-PAC ezingadityaniswanga zisetyenziswa njengezithuthi zokunxibelelana okungekho mthethweni kunye namaphulo angekho mthethweni. I-Enthorced, ngoko ke, idla ngokuyekelela phantsi kwemigaqo karhulumente.

Imigudu Yokuphucula Indlela Yokuzimela

Amaphondo aliqela aye azama ukuqinisa imithetho yokutyhila. Umzekelo, uMaryland kunye neNew Jersey ziye zamisela imithetho efuna i-PACs ukutyhila umthombo wantlandlolo weminikelo edluliselwe ngengeniso. Kwaye ngo-2023, iKhalifoniya yandisa “yokwenene” ukuchaza iimfuno zenkcitho ezinkulu ezizimeleyo kwiiveki zokugqibela phambi konyulo. Noko ke, ezi zinyathelo zijongene neengxaki ezingokwasemthethweni ezisuka kumaqela aphikisanayo ngokukhululayo ekuthetheni.

Ubugcisa, ugcino-lwazi kunye nokuqhubekeka kobuncinane

I-PAC engadityaniswanga ifumene izixhobo zamanani zale mihla ukwandisa impembelelo yazo. Ukusebenzisa ugcino-lwazi lovoti olusuka kwimithombo efana ne Voter Stativation Networket (VAN) okanye abahluli bogcino-lwazi, bayakwazi ukuncinane amaqela athile amanani ajoliswe kuwo abantu ngemiyalezo elungisiweyo. Oku kusebenza kakhulu kwimiqolo yombuso apho umgangatho wokhetho jikelele uncinana uncinci kwaye unobudlelane ngakumbi. I-PAC engadityaniswanga kumalungelo esibini eMpalizeleyo ingathumela iiposi kwizindlu kwisithili selizwe apho inalathisi yemipu iphezulu, ngexa enye i-PAC ixhasa imigaqo yemeko-bume yengingqi netsha.

Amaqonga asebenzisa amanani afana noFacebook noGoogle avumela iiPaC ukuba zichithe imali encinane kwizibhengezo ezijoliswe kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngokwazo kube nempembelelo engakumbi kunanini na ngaphambili. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yokuba la maqonga asoloko engalawulwa kakuhle ngokwenkcazelo yezopolitiko, kunokuba nzima ngabavoti ukuba bazi ukuba ngubani obangele lo myalezo.

Ikamva Notshintsho Olunokuvela

Njengokuba ii-PAC ezingeyo-adityanisiweyo ziqhubeka zifumana ukuvelela kwezobupolitika zikarhulumente, abenzi benkqubo nabameli bacinga ngoluhlu lweenguqu ukulungelelanisa impembelelo yezobupolitika kunye nedemokhrasi yokuthembeka.

Ukuqinisa Iimfuno Zokukhusela

Ukufuna ukutyhilwa kwexesha lokwenene kweminikelo emikhulu kunye nenkcitho ezizimeleyo zizakunika abavoti ulwazi olufike ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Amanye amaphondo ahlola “iilebhile eziphezulu” kwizibhengezo zephulo, ezifana“ nezinyuswayo ze-"iidrakshi ezivela ngoku kwizibhengezo zentengiso zikarhulumente kodwa ngolwandiso lwemvelaphi yokuqala yama-PAC afumana imali kumaqela amnyama emali.

Imida Yentabalala

Ngoxa iNkundla ePhakamileyo ithintele amandla okumisela inkcitho ezimeleyo, amatyala asenokunyanzelisa imiqathango yomnikelo kwii-PAC ezinikela ngqo kubathathi-nxaxheba. Amanye amazwe, anjengeConnecticut neMaine, aye asebenzisa iinkqubo zenkxaso kawonke-wonke ezinika enye indlela yokusebenzisa imali yabucala, ukunciphisa isibheno seminikelo emikhulu yePAC. Ukwandisa iinkqubo ezinjalo kunganceda kumgangatho wokudlala.

Ukunyanzelisa

Amagosa amaninzi agunyazisa unyulo angaphantsi kwemisebenzi naphantsi. Ukunika oovimba abongezelelekileyo nokunika amandla azimeleyo angaphantsi kwe-poena kuya kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiPaC ezinganxulumaniyo ziyavumelana nemithetho ekhoyo kunye nemigaqo yomanyano.

Isenzo sikarhulumente

IKhomishini isenokukhupha umthetho ofana noMthetho we-DISCLOSE ukuze kufuneke ukucaciswa okungakumbi kokusetyenziswa ngaphandle konyulo, kodwa isenzo somgangatho karhulumente sisoloko sikhawulezile kwaye sijoliswe ngakumbi. Amanye amazwe ahlola ukuhlanganiswa kwemithetho ephakathi ukulungiselela imithetho esesikweni, ukuthintela ii-PAC ukusuka ekuthengeni kwemithetho yesisa.

Isiphelo

Unyuko lwePACs ezingeyontsebenziswano kwimicimbi yezopolitiko yomgangatho wephondo lubonisa intsingiselo ebanzi kwimali yephulo lephondo eMelika: ukupheliswa kwemithetho, ukuhlahlelana kweengcamango, kunye nempembelelo ekhulayo yokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zobupolitika. Ezi PaC zinika indlela eluncedo yokukhupha imbambano kunye nokubotshwa kwemibutho engaphandle kwezithethe zephondo. Noko ke, ukungabonakaliswa kwazo nokungaphicoceki kubangela ubungozi bokongamela kwedemokhrasi. U Voter, iintatheli, kunye nabenzi bemithetho-nkqubo kufuneka basebenzele ukuqonda la maqela kunye nabameli bezi inguqulelo ezikhusela iziphumo zezobupolitika ngexesha lonyulo. Njengoko ukukhusela ingqibelelo yemeko yezopolitiki kukhula, indima ye-PAC engazidityalwayo iyakhula ngakumbi kunanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nanini nangoko.