Unxulumano phakathi kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente nezigqibo zikarhulumente luphawu oluchazayo lolawulo lwamaMelika. Ukuqonda indlela izigunyaziso zikarhulumente eziphembelela ngayo izenzo zikarhulumente kubalulekile kubafundisi, kubafundi, nakumntu nabani na olandela inkqubo kawonke-wonke. Eli nqaku linikela uluvo olusebenzisekayo kule mizekelo ingundoqo, intsebenziswano, inkqubo, kunye neziphumo zokuyila izigqibo zikarhulumente.

Ukuqonda Umanyano LwaseMelika

Umanyano lulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente besizwe. Luvumela oorhulumente ukuba basebenzise igunya kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni ngoxa bebambelela kwimithetho yorhulumente. Olu lungelelwano lungakhokelela kwinkxwaleko esebenzayo, ingakumbi xa imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente ingqubana nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente okanye izithethe zezobupolitika.

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. unika urhulumente worhulumente wesizwe amandla akhethekileyo, afana nokulawula urhwebo lwamazwe aphakathi kunye nokuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe. UMthetho woLawulo lweSindululo weSihlalo ugcine onke amanye amagunya kumazwe okanye kubantu. Esi sakhiwo sidala inkqubo egqunyweyo apho amazwe esebenza njengeelaboratori zedemokhrasi, iinkqubo zokuvavanya ezinokuphembelela iindlela zoluntu kamva.

I-Federalism ayimi nje. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ulungelelwaniso lwamandla luye lwatshintsha ngenxa yezigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo, izenzo zombutho, kunye nezenzo zolawulo oluphezulu. Imithetho yorhulumente yale mihla isoloko ibandakanya unxulumano oluntsonkothileyo apho inkxaso-mali yengingqi idityaniswe ngezibophelelo, ifuna ukuba amazwe ahlangabezane neemeko ezithile ukuze afumane imali.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yoManyano ePhakamileyo echaphazela izigqibo zikaRhulumente

Imigaqo-nkqubo emininzi yesizwe iye yaphembelela kakhulu izigqibo zikarhulumente kwiicandelo ezahlukeneyo. Nantsi imizekelo ebalulekileyo:

  • Umthetho we-Affordcuble Care ACA : Lo mthetho wesibonelelo wandisa ukufikelela konyango nowafuna amazwe ukwandisa iMedicaid okanye ukusika inkxaso-mali. INkundla ePhakamileyo yenza ukuba iMedicaid inyuke ngokungakhethiyo kumaphondo ngo-2012, nto leyo eyakhokelela kwimpendulo ezahlukahlukeneyo kulo lonke ilizwe. Amanye amazwe akhetha ulwandiso, acaphula iziphumo eziphuculiweyo zempilo neenzuzo zezoqoqosho. Amanye ayayeka, aphikisana ngeendleko kunye neenkokeli zorhulumente.
  • Wonke umfundi u-FedueSeeds Act (ESSA): Lo mthetho wemfundo watshintsha ukuphendula kumgangatho karhulumente ukuya kumgangatho karhulumente, uvumela amazwe ukuba aphuhlise imigangatho yawo yemfundo kunye neenkqubo zohlolo. Amazwe afumana ububhetyebhetye ekulinganiseni ukusebenza kwesikolo ngoxa egcina iimfuno ze-oventi yephondo zokuvavanya nokunika ingxelo.
  • UMthetho woMtho woMoya ococekileyo noGcwethekileyo wamanzi: Le mithetho yesizwe igunyazisa ukuba ivumelane nemilinganiselo ethile yemeko-bume, ichaphazela iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni kulawulo longcoliso, ukukhutshwa komoya, kunye nomgangatho wamanzi. Ama-United States kufuneka anikezele iinjongo zokuzalisekiswa kwi-Agency yoKhuselo lweNtlalo-bume
  • I-Picomnigcies: imithetho yengingqi yokufuduka isoloko ibeka iimeko kwiindawo ezilucelomngeni. Amanye amazwe aye adlulisela imithetho efuna intsebenziswano nokunyanzeliswa kokufuduka korhulumente, ngoxa amanye efumene imithetho yengcwele ethintela ukubandakanyeka kwasekuhlaleni. Oku kungavisisani kubonisa iimbono ezidityanisiweyo ngezinto eziphambili zikarhulumente.
  • UMthetho wendlela ephakamileyo yesizwe woyilo lwendlela yolawulo: Lo mthetho wawudibanisa inkxaso yemali yohola wendlela karhulumente ehambelana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo, kuquka imida yesantya kunye nemithetho yokuqhuba enxila. Xa iBhunga laphinda laphakamisa isantya somhlaba ngo1995, amanye amaphondo aphakamisa ngokukhawuleza imida ngexa amanye ezigcina zisezantsi.

Impembelelo Yemigwebo Yenkundla Ephakamileyo

Izigqibo zenkundla yomanyano zikwabumba inkqubo karhulumente. Imithetho engachanekiyo iquka:

  • NFIB v. Sebelius (202): Ukwenza ulwandiso lwe Medicaid lukhethelwe iimeko, kudala umsebenzi wangoku wesiziba sokugquma unqumla iimeko.
  • [[NTL:0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Ifuna onke amazwe aqonde umtshato-oxxhunyiweyo, unyanzelo lwemithetho karhulumente kunye neziphelo zomgaqo-siseko.
  • South Dakota v. Wayfair (2088): Iimeko ezivunyelweyo zifuna abathengisi-zomtunyana ukuba baqokelele irhafu yentengiso, bakhuphe ingeniso entsha ngaphandle komthetho omtsha wezwe.

Indima Yezibonelelo Nenkxaso

Imali yomanyano yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Amazwe axhomekeke kwinkxaso-mali yesizwe ukuxhasa iinkqubo ezininzi, ukwenza i-Vercio ephembelela ukwenza isigqibo sikarhulumente. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezingundoqo zezibonelelo zikarhulumente:

  • Iminikelo ejolise kuMgaqo-mali : iiNgxowa-mali ngeenjongo ezithile ezineemeko ezingqongqo. Ama-United States kufuneka asebenzise imali njengenkokelelo kunye nokufikelela iimfuno zikarhulumente. Imizekelo iquka iMedicaid, iSihloko semali yemfundo ye-I, kunye nezibonelelo zolwakhiwo lwendlela.
  • Udweliso lweeMarkers: Ingxowa-mali yemimandla ebanzi yenkqubo enemiqathango encinci, inika ulwamkelo oluthe vetshe. Inkqubo yexeshana yoncedo lwe Netsfaces (TANF) ngumzekelo ophawulekayo.

Imimandla engundoqo yeNkuthazo yeNkxaso yoManyano

  • Inkxaso-mali: Imali elungiselelwe iindlela zohola-ndlela kunye neenkqubo zothutho lukawonke-wonke ifuna inkcazo yesiseko sobume. Ama-United States kufuneka athobele imilinganiselo yesizwe kwiplani, kukhuseleko, kunye nohlalutyo lwemeko-bume ukuze afumane imali. I- Interstate Highway System yesona sikhokelo sibonakalayo sobudlelane borhulumente kwisiseko soshishino.
  • Imfundo: Imali ehlawulwa zizikolo ezifumana imali ephantsi iqhubela izigqibo zikarhulumente kwiinkqubo zobuzwe neenkxalabo. Ama-United States kufuneka asebenzise iimvavanyo ezisemgangathweni kunye neziphumo ukuze afumane inkxaso yemfundo karhulumente. I-IDEA (Abantu abanoMthetho wezemfundo ekhubazekileyo) iphuma nemali efunekayo ekuncedeni abafundi abaneziphene.
  • I-Health care : I-Medicaid yeyona nkqubo enkulu enika urhulumente inika unikezelo lwempilo kumaMelika angenayo. Urhulumente wengingqi uhlawula isantya esihambelanayo (FMAP) esihlukayo ngokwemeko, ukusuka malunga namashumi amahlanu eephesenti ukuya ngaphezu kwama-80%. Oku kufaka inxaxheba kurhulumente kodwa kwakhona kwenza uxinzelelo lwemali xa uqingqo-mali lukarhulumente luqinile.
  • Impilo entle: Imali edityanisiweyo ngeCDC kunye namanye amasebe abumba iimpendulo zorhulumente kwiimeko zempilo kawonke-wonke, ukusuka ekujongweni izifo ukuya kumaphulo okugoma. Ama-United States kufuneka ahlangabezane nemigangatho karhulumente ukuze afumane inkxaso-mali elungiselelweyo.
  • [[NTLA] Unyanzeliso lwasemthethweni: Inkqubo yeByrne Justice Active Grant inika inkxaso-mali yesizwe yomthetho worhulumente kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni, kunye neemeko ezinxulumene nokulahlekelwa kwempahla yasekuhlaleni kunye nezinye izenzo.

Ubuchule Bempembelelo Yomanyano

Ngapha koko, urhulumente wengingqi usebenzisa iindlela eziliqela ukuphembelela izigqibo zikarhulumente:

  • Intelekelelo : umthetho weFederal ungawugqitha umthetho karhulumente kwiindawo apho iBhunga linegunya khona. Umzekelo, umthetho wolawulo oluwiselw'orhulumente uthintela iimeko ekudaleni iinkqubo zabo zokuwiswa kwemali.
  • Izivumelwano zoMbutho : Amasebe azimeleyo angena kwizivumelwano namazwe ukuzalisekisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente, ezifana nokuvumela imekobume okanye ukugcinwa kokhuseleko emsebenzini.
  • Amathupha angabhaliswanga: Urhulumente wengingqi angafuna ukuba kubekho oorhulumente abathatha izenzo ngaphandle kokubonelela ngemali. UMthetho weMandadays Reformation ka-1995 ojolise ekuthinteleni lo msebenzi, kodwa uchaza iindleko ezibalulekileyo ezivela kwiimfuno zikarhulumente.
  • Imali esetyenziswayo epheleleyo: Urhulumente wengingqi usebenzisa amandla akhe okuchitha izinto ukudibanisa iimeko ukuze anike, uphembelela ukuziphatha kukarhulumente kwimimandla efana nokhuseleko lohola wendlela (umz., ufuna imithetho yesihlalo esibekiweyo ukuze afumane inkxaso-mali yohola wendlela).

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: IiNkcubeko zoLawulo Neempendulo Zelizwe

Ukuhlolisisa amatyala athile kubonisa indlela imigaqo karhulumente evelisa ngayo iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo zemeko.

Uhlolisiso Lwezimo 1: Ulwando Oluyimitha Phantsi KweACA

Emva kokwenziwa kwenkqubo ye-ACA, amazwana ajongene nokhetho lokwandisa iMedicaid kubantu abadala abafumana ingeniso ukuya kutsho ku-88% yomgangatho wobuhlwempu obumanyeneyo. Urhulumente wengingqi wathembisa ukuhlawula ikhulu elinamashumi alithoba leendleko zolwandiso ekuqaleni, ukuhla ukuya ku 90% ngo-202020 nangaphaya. Amazwe enza ukhetho olwahlukileyo olusekelwe kwimeko zobupolitika, zezoqoqosho, nezeengqiqo.

Imithetho ekwandisiweyo yemithetho echaziwe iingcebiso ezithi zithotywe njengexabiso eliphantsi elingakhange likhanyiswe, iziphumo eziphucukileyo zempilo, kunye neengenelo zezoqoqosho ezifumaneka kwinkxaso-mali yezwe. Uphando lubonisa ukuba amatyala athe afumana uphuhliso lwemali esibhedlele kunye nonciphiso kwiindleko zokhathalelo ezingahlawulwanga.

Imo yesizwe engayandisanga yaphakamisa inkxalabo malunga namaxabiso exesha elide, ukuphanga okungurhulumente, kunye nendlela yodweliso lwenkqubo. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi ulwando lungaphazamisa ezinye izinto eziphambili zikarhulumente okanye ukuba urhulumente wezwe uzakunciphisa isantya salo esilinganayo kwixesha elizayo. Njengango 2024, malunga namaphondo angama-40 kunye ne-Ofisi ye-Columbia, lo gama amanani alishumi engandiswanga.

Le meko ibonisa indlela inkqubo karhulumente enokuthi yenze ngayo indawo yomahluko wemeko ngexa isenza iinjongo ezibanzi zokugquma. Ulwandiso oluzenzekelayo lwemeko luvumela ukuba luphendule kwiimeko zezobupolitika ezisekuhlaleni ngexa ulungiselelo lwengingqi luqinisekisa ubuncinane bemigangatho.

Uhlolisiso lwetyala 2: Imithetho yokusingqongileyo kunye nokhokelo lukaRhulumente

Imimiselo yemekobume idla ngokunyanzela amazwe ukuba athabathe amanyathelo okulwa nongcoliso, kodwa amazwana akwakhokelela ekuveliseni imilinganiselo engqongqo ngakumbi.

Ukhokelo lweCalifornia lungowona mzekelo ubalaseleyo. Umthetho ococekileyo wemoyezo uvumela iKhalifoniya ukuba imisele imilinganiselo yayo yezithuthi kuba ibikho phambi kokuba urhulumente wezwe asebenze. Amanye amaphondo angakhetha ukwamkela imigangatho yeKhalifoniya kuneyarhulumente. Okwangoku, amazwe ali-17 amkele imithetho yezithuthi zeKhalifoniya, edala icandelo elibalulekileyo le-U.S.

IKhalifoniya iye yasebenzisa eli gunya ukuqhubela ekucutheni kwegesi eshushu, izigunyaziso zezithuthi zombane, kunye neemfuno zezithuthi ezingekhoyo. Le nkqubo yomgangatho karhulumente iphembelele inkqubo karhulumente kunye nemigangatho yezizwe ngezizwe, njengokuba abenzi beenqwelo-mafutha beqhelanisa norhwebo olukhulu lwamazwe.

Ezinye iimeko zithathe iindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye zidibene neenkqubo zekompyutha yekhabhan, njengerejiyoni yeGreenhouse Gastinitive (RGI) kumNtlampuma. Ezinye ziye zaxhathisa imimiselo yemeko-bume yengingqi, imigaqo evavanyayo enkundleni kunye nokusebenza okulibazisayo. Isiphumo siseko lwemigaqo-meko-bume ebonakalisa zombini iimfuno zikarhulumente kunye nengqiqo zikarhulumente.

Isifundo setyala 3: Imigangatho yemfundo nokuphendula

Indaleko yenkqubo yemfundo karhulumente ibonisa ukutshintshatshintsha kwemilinganiselo karhulumente nolawulo lukarhulumente.

Akukho mntwana ushiyiweyo emva (2002) emisele iimfuno ezinamandla zokuphendula urhulumente, kuquka ukuvavanywa kwaminyaka le, ireyithingi yomsebenzi wesikolo, kunye neziphumo zezikolo ezisebenza kancinci. Amatyala amaninzi akhalaza ukuba umthetho wawubhalwe ngokungqongqo.

Wonke umfundi Umthetho Wempumelelo (2015) ubuyele umva le ndlela, ubuyisela igunya elibalulekileyo kumazwe. Ngoku azenzela iinkqubo zokuphendula. Amazwe ayila ezawo iinjongo zokuphumelela komfundi, kwaye amisele ungenelelo kwizikolo eziqhuba kancinci. Noko ke, kufuneka aqhubeke enika iimvavanyo zezwe eliseluntwini kwaye anike ingxelo yokurhoxiswa kogcino-lwazi olususiweyo ngumfundi osezantsi.

Le meko ibonisa indlela inkqubo karhulumente enokuthi iqhubeke ngayo phakathi kokubekwa kwesiseko nokuhlaziywa, ukusabela kwinkxalabo zikarhulumente ngeli lixa ugcina izinto eziza kuqala kurhulumente ngokubhekiselele kwi-ethematika nokuziphendulela.

Ucelomngeni Nezingquzulwano KwiiNdlela zoLawulo

Nangona iinkqubo zikarhulumente zinikela ukhokelo, zikwakhokelela kwiimfazwe, eUnited States asenokuchasa imiyalelo yokuba akholelwa ukuba aphule amalungelo awo okanye angayithobeli imilinganiselo yasekuhlaleni.

  • Impikiswano zeLegal: Ama-United States asoloko ecell ’ umngeni imithetho yequmrhu enkundleni, ekhokelela kumadabi angowona made. Imizekelo yakutshanje iquka imingeni kwimigaqo-nkqubo yengingqi yokufuduka kwengingqi, imigaqo yemekobume, kunye neemfuno zonyango. La matyala adla ngokufikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, echaza imida yegunya likarhulumente.
  • I-Political Resistance: Iinkokeli zikarhulumente zingayichasa imithetho karhulumente ngenxa yezizathu zengqondo, ukuphunyezwa komsebenzi. Amanye amazwe adlulise imithetho efuna imvume karhulumente phambi kokuzalisekisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente, lo gama iirhuluneli zingavumi ukunyanzelisa umgaqo karhulumente ziwugqala njengongabaphangi.
  • Imithombo yeMida: Ama-odolo angazama ukuthobela izigunyaziso zikarhulumente ngenxa yokungahlawulwa koqingqo-mali okanye ubuchule obulinganiselweyo bolawulo. Oku kulucelomngeni ngokukodwa kumazwe amancinci anezinto ezimbalwa ukunikezela kwimisebenzi yokuthobela.
  • Uguqu-guquko: Kwanaxa oorhulumente behambelana neemfuno zikarhulumente, bazalisekisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Oku kwenza uguquko kwinkqubo kwiziphumo zeziphumo kumazwe ahlukeneyo, kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga ne-equctive kunye nokusebenza.
  • Izakhono kunye nokungaguquguquki: Urhulumente wengingqi anganika abanikezeli-mthetho abavumela ukuba bazame amazwe avumela ukuvavanya iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukufikelela iinjongo zorhulumente. Ngoxa abanikezeli benika ubhetyebhetye, bakwadala ukungaqiniseki kwaye banokurhoxiswa ukuba izinto eziphambili zolawulo zitshintshile.

Izicelo ezisebenzisekayo zabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kaRhulumente

Abenzi benkqubo yesizwe basebenzisa unxulumano lwaseburhulumenteni ngobuchule obuninzi:

  • Inkqubela-phambili yesizwe ye-: Ama-United States afumana imigaqo-mthetho yorhulumente, ulawulo, kunye nezenzo zokugweba ezichaphazela izilangazelelo zawo. Amaphondo amaninzi ane-ofisi ezixhasa ezona zinto zibalulekileyo.
  • Ukwakha umsebenzi wolawulo: ama-odoli afaka ubuchule ekuzalisekiseni iinkqubo zesizwe nokusebenzisa iimali zokhuphiswano. Amazwe amakhulu ngokufuthi anabasebenzi abazahlulele ulwalamano norhulumente kwaye anike izicelo.
  • ifaka kwintsebenziswano yorhulumente : ama- States aba nenxaxheba kwiikomiti zombutho zesizwe, agqabaze ngemimiselo ecetyisiweyo, kwaye axoxisane namaqumrhu karhulumente ukubumba iinkcukacha zokuzalisekisa.
  • Ilungisa ububhetyebhetye ngokwendlela elungeleleneyo: Ama- States asebenzisa luncedo lwezixhobo ze-oyiletive, iiprojekthi zokubonisa, kunye nokucwangcisa urhulumente iindlela zokuyila iinkqubo ezifanele iimeko zobulali.
  • [[NTLA] Ukufuna ukungaqiniseki: Inkqubo yomanyano ingatshintsha ngonyulo, ngemithetho yenkundla, kunye nokutshintsha kwezinto eziphambili. Ama-odolo kufuneka akhe iinkqubo ezinokuqhelanisa nokutshintsha kweemfuno zikarhulumente okanye amanqanaba enkxaso-mali.

Isiphelo

Ukudibana kwemigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente nezigqibo zikarhulumente kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yolawulo lwaseMerika. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano kubalulekile kubafundisi, abafundi nabemi njengoko luchaphazela inkqubo kawonke wonke echaphazela impilo, imfundo, imekobume, izibonelelo, nezinye izinto ezininzi.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yomanyano imisela imimiselo kunye nokubonelela ngemali, kodwa amaphondo agcina ubuchule obubalulekileyo ekuzalisekiseni. Oku kudala amathuba kunye nocelomngeni. Amazwe anokuyila iinkqubo kwiimfuno zasekuhlaleni kunye novavanyo ngendlela ezintsha. Noko ke, ukuntsonkotha kweemfuno ze-ovential kunye nokukwazi ukuqhuba imfazwe yezobupolitika kufuna uqhutyo ngocoselelo.

Njengoko amagunya egunyazisa ulawulo lwamagunya, kufuneka balungelelanise iimfuno zasekuhlaleni neenjongo zobuzwe. Isiphumo yinkqubo yengingqi enamandla ebhenela ngokuncokola, ukulingwa, kunye novavanyo lwenkqubo. Kubo bafunda inkqubo kawonke-wonke, ukuqonda ulwalamano lwesizwe norhulumente kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela iMelika ezilawula ngayo.

Ikamva lolawulo lukarhulumente liza kuqhubeka libunjwa zisigqibo senkundla, ukutshintsha kwezobupolitika, kunye nokuvela kweengxaki zenkqubo. Iimpikiswano ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ulawulo lobugcisa, kunye nongxamiseko lwempilo yoluntu ziya kuvavanya imida yegunya nozimele-mthetho. Abo baqonda amandla asebenzayo olwalamano lwesizwe norhulumente baza kuxhotyiswa bhetele ukuba babe nenxaxheba kule ngxoxo ibalulekileyo.

Oovimba Abanokufundwa Ngokubhekele Phaya

  • Iphepha loluhlu loManyano (ingakumbi uluhlu loManyano No. 45 kunye noNo. 51): Iindinyana ezisisiseko kwimigaqo yemithetho yorhulumente, ebhalwe nguJames Madison, uAlexander Hamilton, noJohn Jay.
  • Isimo noRhulumente wasekuhlaleni kwinkqubo yeNkqubo yoManyano nguDaniel R. Mandelker et al.: Uhlalutyo lweendima ezisemthethweni nezisebenzayo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngokokunxulumene negunya lorhulumente elilawulayo.
  • IsiFederalism saseMelika: A Concise Introduction nguJohn Kincaid: Ucatshulo olufundekayo lwembali yequmrhu lorhulumente, imigaqo, kunye nemiba yamaxesha alo.
  • IGovernments nengingqi nguKevin B. Smith noAlan Greenblatt: Yincwadi esetyenziswayo egquma amacandelo ezobupolitika, iinkqubo, kunye nobudlelwane boburhulumente.
  • Ingqungquthela yesizwe yemithetho yesizwe (ncsl.org): Icebo lokufumana imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente echaphazela iimeko kunye neempendulo zikarhulumente.
  • U.S.Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations: Ingxelo zembali ngolwalamano lorhulumente olukhoyo kwiYunivesithi yaseMntla Texas.