AmaPhepha omanyano angaphezulu kakhulu kunengqokelela yamaphecana eshumi elinesibhozo enkulungwane yeshumi elinesibhozo ezobupolitika. Ziyiplani ephilayo yendlela inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko waseMelika eyayenzelwe ngayo ukuhlala ilungile, ibekelw'iso, kwaye ibhala phantsi kweenkulungwane. Ibhalwe phantsi kwefayile----psenym "Publius," ezi zincoko zingamashumi asibhozo anesihlanu zapapashwa phakathi koOktobha 1787 noAgasti 1788 ukuze zakhe inkxaso kawonke wonke ukwenzela ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko weUnited States osandul' ukubhaliswa.

Ungxamiseko Lwembali

Ukwenziwa kwemiqathango kwakukude kuqinisekiswe. Inqaku loMgaqo-siseko, uxwebhu lokuqala olulawulayo lwesizwe, langqineka libuthathaka kakhulu ukugcina ucwangco, ukulawula urhwebo, okanye ukukhusela ilizwe. Uthotho lweziganeko ```````Kuvukelwa''' Ukulwa amatyala aphakathi kwengingqi yengingqi ``ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yorhulumente eqinileyo yayifuneka. Kodwa amaMelika amaninzi, ngokutsha, ngenxa yokwaphulwa kolawulo lokumkani, ayesoyika ukuba urhulumente onamandla uza kukhokelela kwigunya elikhulu.

Kulo qhawuko kwangena uAlexander Hamilton, uJames Madison noJohn Jay. Hamilton bathabatha iprojekthi baza babhala uninzi lwezincoko (umgangatho om-5), kunye noMadison ebhala amashumi amabini anesine kunye no Jay amahlanu. Intsebenziswano yabo yayibalasele: la madoda amathathu ayemela amaphondo awahlukeneyo kwaye aba neentanda-bulumko zezobupolitika ezahlukeneyo, ukanti adibanisa usukelo olunye: ukuchaza isizathu sokuba umGaqo-siseko ocetyisiweyo ugcine inkululeko kunokuba uyitshabalalise.

Izincoko zapapashwa kumaphephandaba aseNew York phantsi koxinzelelo olunzulu lwexesha, ngokufuthi ngomlinganiselo wesithathu okanye ezine ngeveki. Zazingezonkcazelo zemfundo kodwa zazingxamisekile, zingqiniso ezijoliswe kuluntu oluthandabuzayo. Oku kungxamiseko kunika amaphepha amandla awo akhethekileyo. Isincoko ngasinye sichaza inkcaso ethile okanye sichaza inkalo ethile yomGaqo-siseko, ukusuka kwimfuno yokuba ngumphathi omnye ukuya kwisakhiwo seBhunga kunye nendima yejaji.

Idabi lokhuthuzo kunye nendima ecwangcisiweyo

INew York yayiyindawo yedabi enzima. Imikhosi yemfazwe elwa noFederali yayinamandla, ikhokelwa yiRhuluneli George Clinton. AmaPhepha aFederali ayenzelwe ukushenxisa indibano karhulumente, eyakugqiba ukuba indibano idityaniswe ngezixhobo zokubophelela. Ngexesha lazo ezingazange zitshintshe enye ivoti . Ngeminyaka elishumi, iNew York ekugqibeleni yavunywa ngokunciphileyo yi-30/27 layini yendlela ecacileyo yokuqiqalisela komGaqo-siseko. Yaphinda yashicilelwa kwamanye amazwe yaze yacatshulwa ngabathunywa kwiingxoxo zayo zokwahlulwa komgatho. Kwiminyaka elishumi, yayigqalwa njengenkcazelo enegunya ngentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko.

Namhlanje, ingqokelela epheleleyo ikhona kwi-intanethi nge- ikhombari yeBhunga , eqokelela iinguqulelo ezidityanisiweyo zamaphephandaba amandulo. Oku kufumaneka kuqinisekisa ukuba iingxoxo ezisisiseko zihlala ziyinxalenye yentetho yesidlangalala, hayi umxholo weklasi yesikolo somthetho.

Ukukhuthaza Iindlela Zokujonga Nolungelelwano

Eyona ngcamango ibalulekileyo yokwakha kumaPhepha oManyano lucwangciso lokuhlola nolwamathelo. Abasebenzi baqonda ukuba indalo yomntu ibuthathaka, njengokuba uMadison wabhala ngokudumileyo ku u-Federali No. 51, "Ulwamkelo malwenziwe ukulwa nephulo." Lo mgaqo ngumbombo karhulumente olungileyo. Akukho sebe linokuqokelela amandla aneleyo okwenza izinto ngooooooogqwabango kuba isebe ngalinye lineenjongo zokwalatha ezinye.

Izincoko zichaza indlela oku okusebenza ngayo. Isebe lowiso-mthetho (iKhonrefer) lenza imithetho, kodwa umongameli uyakwazi ukuwabophelela. Imithetho enyanzelisayo, kodwa ijaji ingawabetha njengengagunyaziyo. IBhunga liyakwazi ukuwatyumba lize lisuse abaphathi-ofisi nabagwebi. Umongameli umisela abagwebi, kodwa iNdlu yeeNjongo iyawaqinisekisa. Le nkqubo yokudibanisa ivelisa amandla apho amandla asoloko evavanywa khona, kwaye akukho lungiselelo lisebenza ngaphandle kokuvelela.

Uludwe lomanyano No. 51 luqhubeka, luthetha ngendlela okwahlula amagunya okukhusela ngayo amaqela amancinane. "Ukuba uninzi lumanyaniswe nomdla oqhelekileyo," uMadison ubhala, "amalungelo abambalwa aya kukhuseleka" ngokwahlula amandla kungekuphela kumasebe amathathu kodwa phakathi korhulumente wesizwe, umGaqo-siseko udala umaleko omninzi wokhuseleko. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kubizwa ngokuba "kukhuseleka okuphindwe kabini" la maphepha enza ukuba ukuntsonkotha oku akuyonto eyingozi kodwa kungumqondiso ocetyelwe ukulondoloza okusesikweni.

Uludwe lomanyano uNo. 10: Inyaniso Elawulayo

Akukho ngxoxo yokusesikweni enokuthi ingahoyi uFederal List No. 10, apho uMadison asingatha ingxaki yamaqela ``amaqela'' aqhutywa ngumdla oqhelekileyo onokuthi unyathele amalungelo abanye. Uphikisa ngelithi iriphabliki enkulu ilunge ngakumbi kunencinane ekulawuleni amaqela. Kummandla omkhulu, imfuno ekhuphisanayo izakukhangelana ngokwemvelo, iyenze kube nzima nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukulawula. Oku kuqonda kwabhenela. Yaphikisa ngqo i Anti-Federalist ithi i-Riphabliki ezincinci, ezidibeneyo ziyakwazi ukukhusela inkululeko.

Iingcinga zikaMadison zisasebenza namhlanje. Ukuhlaziywa kwezobupolitika kwale mihla kuye kwavelisa amaqela anzulu eengcamango, kodwa inkqubo yomgaqo-siseko iye yazilawula ezi ngcinezelo ngokwenxenye ngenxa yokhuseleko lwesakhiwo esichazwe nguMadison. IMandela e-Macape anikela isiseko sengcamango yokuqonda isizathu sokuba inkqubo ye-U.S., kunye nonyulo lwayo olwahlulweyo, imelana nolawulo olunyanzelekileyo.

Uludwe lomanyano No. 78: ISikhuseli esizimeleyo

Urhulumente olungileyo ufuna ukuba kubekho ijaji engakhethi buso. KuFederallist No. 78, Hamilton wenza ityala lokuzimela geqe, kuquka ukumiswa kwekomiti yezomthetho kubomi bayo bonke. Uphikisa ngelithi iinkundla "eziyingozi kakhulu" isebe ngenxa yokuba azilawuli krele okanye isikhwama semali, kuphela umgwebo. Kodwa amandla azo okuvakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho ayimfuneko ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Eli gunya, elaziwa njengentlola yezomthetho, alibhalwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa lachazwa yisakhiwo uHamilton. Isincoko sanika iNkundla ePhakamileyo yezobulumko ukuthethelela kwayo imithetho.

Ukuzimela ngokwayo kwejaji kukukhusela okuthe ngqo ekungekho sikweni. Xa amasebe ezobupolitika ephangalalisiwe, abemi bangaphethukela kwiinkundla ukuze bathethelele amalungelo abo angokomGaqo-siseko. IFederalist Papers ichaza ukuba lo msebenzi usebenza kuphela ukuba abagwebi bakhuselekile kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Ukuyila leyo, ikhethelo oluthi luxhomekeke kwindlela elungileyo yokuziphethe.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Nenkululeko

Isichasi esiqhelekileyo somGaqo-siseko ngexesha lokudityaniswa komGaqo-siseko sasisithi yayingenawo uxwebhu lwamalungelo. Abachasi-Anti-Federali baphikisa ngelithi ngaphandle kokubhalwa okucacileyo, urhulumente wesizwe uya kubacinezela abantu ekugqibeleni. IPhepha loManyano loLuntu laphendula ngentsebenziswano entsonkothileyo. Hamilton, kuFederalist No. 84, imigxalanisa ukuba umthetho wamalungelo awungongaluleki nje kuphela kodwa uyingozi. Ngenxa yokuba uMgaqo-siseko unika amandla adwe ngokulula, urhulumente akanalo igunya lokuphazamisanamalungelo angadweliswanga. Ukongeza uluhlu olukhethekileyo, uHamilkle, ungathathwa ukubonisa ukuba nawuphi na onguwo na olungileyo ongenakudweliswa.

Le ngxoxo ayizange ithwale usuku olu-$10 lokulungisa kwafakwa ngokukhawuleza emva kokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo. kodwa ingcaciso yomkhosi ibalulekile. Ibalaselisa umgaqo wokuba umGaqo-siseko luxwebhu lwamagunya alinganiselweyo, anikezelweyo. Urhulumente ungenza kuphela oko umGaqo-siseko ugunyazisayo. Le ngcamango sisixhobo esinamandla sokukhusela inkululeko. Ukuba urhulumente usebenza ngaphaya kwamandla akhe adweliswe, abemi bangalicel ’ umngeni elo nyathelo enkundleni.

Indima Yolongamo Lwasehlabathini Lonke

Omnye umxholo ongundoqo kula maphepha ngowokuba urhulumente osemthethweni ufumana igunya lakhe ngokuvuma kwabalawulwa. IMaphethiswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo igxininisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko awusibo ugunya elivela kumaphondo kodwa yimbonakaliso engqalileyo yokuthanda kwabantu. Isingeniso siqala "Thina bantu" ngesizathu. Esi siseko solawulo oluqhelekileyo siqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uhlala emele aphendule abemi abasebenzayo. Imida, imida, kunye nokwahlulwa kwawo onke amandla aphuma kulo mgaqo ubalulekileyo.

Kwakhona la maphepha athetha ngendlela isakhiwo sokumela esithintela ngayo ukungabikho kokusesikweni. Kwiriphabliki enkulu, amagosa anyuliweyo kufuneka abhenele kwintsebenziswano ebanzi yezilangazelelo. Le mikhosi ilalanisa kwaye ilungelelanisa, ikwenza kube nzima nayiphi na inkcazo ukunyanzela ukuthanda kwayo kweminye. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuvelisa iziphumo ezintle kungekhona ngokuthembela kwisidima seenkokeli kodwa ngokuzibonelela ngempumelelo kwiphulo elifanelekileyo kukhuphiswano olwakhayo.

Uludwe loManyano No. 10 noKhuselo lwaMalungelo eMisebenzi

Phakathi kwamalungelo agxininiswa ngamaphepha kukukhusela impahla. UMadison uthi injongo yokuqala karhulumente kukukhusela amandla awahlukeneyo nangalinganiyo okufumana impahla. Oku akuthethi ukuba urhulumente ukho ukuze atyebise izityebi; kunoko, kuthetha ukuba urhulumente osesikweni kufuneka akhusele ilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokufumana iziqhamo zomsebenzi wakhe ngaphandle kokuthathwa ngokusemthethweni. Lo mgaqo uxhasa isivumelwano somGaqo-siseko, ukuthatha igalelo, kunye nenkqubo efanelekileyo yokukhusela. Basebenza njengokhuselo oluchasene nohlobo lokungabikho kobulungisa kwezoqoqosho olunokuvela xa inkoliso karhulumente isebenzisa igunya lokuhambisa ubutyebi kubantu abambalwa.

Ukunyamezela Impembelelo Kulawulo Lwanamhlanje

AmaPhepha oLungela akhankanywe ngokufuthi kakhulu ngabagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo kunawo nawaphi na umthombo wokutolikwa komGaqo-siseko ngaphandle komGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Basetyenziselwa ukuqonda intsingiselo yantlandlolo yamalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, ukusombulula imicimbi esisiseko, nokusebenzisa imigaqo esisiseko kwiimeko ezintsha. Amatyala angoku aphawula izinto ezahlukileyo njengegunya lomongameli, ukuqhomfa, urhulumente, kunye nemida yegunya lengqungquthela bonke baye bacaphula lamaphepha.

Ngokomzekelo, Printz v. United States (1997), eyawisa umthetho karhulumente oyalela ukugcinwa komthetho karhulumente ukuba wenze uvavanyo lwesiqalo, uMahluleli uAntonin Scalia uluvo lwabaninzi luxhomekeke kakhulu kuFederalst No. 78 kunye namanye amaphepha okuphikisa ukuba urhulumente wesizwe uthintela amagosa orhulumente olawulayo. INS v. Chachaha v. [19983], iNkukhaphela amaphepha akhankanyiweyo ngokubulala i-Gagi yomthetho omthetho olawulayo. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba amaxwebhu angekho projectivestiki aphilayo kodwa akhokelayo.

Amaphepha akwabumba indlela abamisi-mthetho abayila ngayo umthetho. Xa besenza imithetho emitsha, iikomiti zombutho zisoloko zibhekisela kwiMapa aManyano oManyano ukuqinisekisa ukuba izicelo zabo ziyakuhlonela ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Amagosa esebe alawulayo azisebenzisayo ukuqonda ulawulo lomongameli. Kwaye abafundisi- ntsapho basebenzisa bona ukufundisa abafundi ngentanda-bulumko karhulumente waseMelika. Ugcino-Malikelelwano lwesizwe [ lunecandelo elinikezelweyo lobuGawula-majoni, eligxininisa ukuma kwabo kufutshane noMgaqo-siseko kunye noMgaqo-siseko weSindululo njengoxwebhu olubalulekileyo lokusungula.

Amaphephandaba Njengesixhobo Semfundo Yomthetho

Kwixesha lolwahlulo lwezopolitiko, amaPhepha eFederali anika amagama ahlukeneyo okuxubusha ngolawulo. Akhumbuza abemi ukuba abasebenzi abanoluvo olungenangqiqo ngendalo yomntu. Baseka inkqubo eyenzelwe ukusebenza naxa abantu bezingca, amahlelo akrakra, kwaye igunya lisetyenziswa kakubi. Ukuqonda le ndlela kunceda abemi ukuba bagcine urhulumente wabo enetyala. Amaphepha afundisa ukuba okusesikweni akuzenzelizenzekelayo; kufuna ukulungiswa ngokuqhubekayo ngobuchule bomkhethe, ngokhetho, nangendlela yokuhlola isigwebo.

Izikolo ezininzi zemfundo yamabanga aphakamileyo nezekholeji zifuna abafundi ukuba bafunde izincoko ezikhethiweyo zobuFederalli. UNo. no 10 kunye noNo. 51 ziphakathi kwemibhalo ebabalwe kakhulu kumaphondo aseMerika. Ezi zincoko zifundisa ukucingisisa ngendlela amaqela anezi ziphumo ezifanelekileyo ngayo. Zikwanikela isiseko sembali esisekelwe ekulinganiseni izicelo zotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko. Nokuba lo mba yimida yephulo, imali yezephulo, okanye igunya eliphetheyo, lamaphepha anikela isiseko esingqongqo sezobugcisa.

Impembelelo Yazwenibanzi

Impembelelo yamaPhepha oManyano abhaliweyo, kwaye ingcamango yokuhlola imigaqo-siseko yayamkeleka ngamazwe amaninzi. Abenzi bomGaqo-siseko bamazwe anjengeIndiya, iJamani, uMzantsi Afrika, kunye neBrazil baye bafunda izincoko zolwazi lokwakha imigangatho yedemokhrasi eqinileyo. Ingcamango yokuxilonga kunye nolungelelwaniso, ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo, kunye nengqiqo yokuhlola imigaqo-siseko ebhaliweyo, kunye nengqiqo yokugweba igcinwe ngamazwe amaninzi. Amaphepha asebenza njengencwadi yenkqesho yendalo yoyilo karhulumente olinganiselwe. IZiko loMgaqo-siseko wezoMgaqo-siseko wesizwe unika oovimba abahlola okuchaphaphaphazathyo okuchaphazela okuchaphazela okuchaphazela oku, kubonisa indlela ezikhoyo ngayo izingxoxo zenkqubo zenkqubo zenkqubo ezisekwenkulungwane ezingamashumi amabini anesibini.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Amaphepha Omanyano Asenengxaki Ngobulungisa Nokusesikweni

AmaPhepha angooFederali angona kuphosakele. Zibonisa ukulalanisa kwexesha labo, kuquka ukwamkelwa kobukhoboka nokususwa kwamabhinqa ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Kodwa imigaqo ayenza icace ngezantsi (ukubekwa kwamandla, uvavanyo nokulungelelaniswa, ukuzimela, ulawulo olulawulayo, urhulumente olinganiselweyo, zizixhobo ezithandwayo eziye zavumela uMgaqo-siseko ukuba ulungiswe kwaye ucaciswe kwakhona ngexesha elithile ukuze unyusele amalungelo abo bagxothiwe ekuqaleni. Amaphepha acacisa umatshini karhulumente ocetyiweyo ocetyiselwe ukuba ulunge nobulungisa, kodwa akwabonisa ukuba okusesikweni kufuna ukuhlala uthe qwa.

Xa abemi beyiqonda indlela abaqiqa ngayo ukuhlukaniswa kwamagunya, baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuba baqonde xa isebe ligqitha imida yalo. Xa beqonda ingqiqo yokuhlola okusesikweni, bayasiqonda isizathu sokuba iinkundla zimele zizimele. Xa bebona indlela amaqela alawulwa ngayo kwiriphabliki enkulu, bayabuqonda ubulumko benkqubo enyanzela inkqenkqeza phambili kwizinto ezifuna ukuxoxa. Amasebe anika isiseko sobulumko sokuthelekisa, abemi abanolwazi, abanolwazi.