Ukwazisa

Umanyano lomgaqo-siseko wesakhiwo umiselwe kwinkundla yesizwe ngaphandle kwemvume yayo, iSigqeba sesizwe esahlula igunya lobukhosi phakathi korhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe. Oku kwabiwa kwamandla kuchaza ulwalamano phakathi kwamaqumrhu karhulumente kunye neemfundiso eziliqela zomGaqo-siseko, kuquka imfundiso yezokhuseleko lolawulo lombuso oluphezulu. Ukukhusela urhulumente kuxhomekeke ekumangalelweni kwinkundla yezorhulumente ngaphandle kwemvume yayo, ukhuseleko olusekelwe kwiSindululo seshumi elinesihlanu soLawulo noluvo lwamazwe azimeleyo. Ukuqonda ukudityaniselwa phakathi kolawulo lorhulumente kunye nokhuselo lwezolawulo kuyimfuneko ekuqondeni indlela umGaqo-siseko ozinzileyo ozinzileyo ulawulo lwesizwe ngelixa usebenza inkqubo engokomthetho-mthetho wesizwe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imvelaphi yeNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo, ukungacacinezelwa, nokuchasana kwemeko yesizwe yolawulo olulawulayolawulo olubuzwe lonke ngokobuzwe.

Imvelaphi Engokwembali Yokwahlulwa Kolawulo Oluphakamileyo Lwelizwe

Ingcamango yokuzikhusela ekuzilawuleni ngokusemthethweni ibuyela kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, apho isiBhulu sasingenakumangalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yaso. Emva kweMvukelo yaseMerika, amazwana amkela lo mgaqo, ezijonga njengezinto ezizimeleyo kwisakhiwo esitsha sorhulumente. Ukwenziwa komGaqo-siseko ngo-1788 kwadala urhulumente wesizwe onamagunya alinganiselweyo, kodwa amazwe agcina ulawulo lwawo ngaphandle kokuba kunikwe urhulumente wesizwe. Umbuzo wokuba amaziko angamangalelwa kusini na ngabahlali benkundla yephondo kwinkundla yorhulumente karhulumente karhulumente.

IsiHlaliso Seshumi Nenye neChisolm v.

Isiseko esikhawulezileyo soMphetho-Mgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine. INkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yaba sisigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo [FT:0] Chajolm v. Georgia (1793). Ngelo xesha, abemi ababini baseMzantsi Carolina bamangalela iphondo laseGeorgia ukuba bafumane ityala. INkundla yaphakamisa iQumrhu II leenkundla zomGaqo-siseko ezigunyazisiweyo ukuva amatyala phakathi korhulumente nabemi bomnye urhulumente, ngokunempumelelo ivumela ukumelana namazwe ngaphandle kwemvume yawo. Isigqibo sabangela ukuvukelwa kwetyala nokukhuthuka kolawulo lwesizwe. Ukuphendula, icetyo kunye namagunya agunya alishumi elinesi-A1, afundeka: “Umthetho wesizwe saseUnited States, akasayi kuqwalaliswa nakunikwa nangamnye umthetho okanye urhulumente ongomnye, okanye urhulumente waseUnited States.

IsiHlalisi seshumi elinesine sabuyisela ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwamazwana aye anandipha phambi iChhoolm. Ibonakalisa ulwalaniso lorhulumente: ijaji yesizwe ayinakusetyenziswa njenge-foram ukunyanzelisa amazwe ukuzikhusela kwiimfuno zangasese, ngaloo ndlela igcina isidima sorhulumente kunye nenkululeko yokuzilawula. Oku kuhlala kusesona siseko sombhalo sokhuselo lombuso kwiinkundla zelizwe.

Umanyano njengesiseko somGaqo-siseko

Umanyano loLawulo lweMigaqo-siseko asiyongcamango nje esisiseko; ngumgaqo wesakhiwo onika intsingiselo kukhuseleko lombuso. UmGaqo-siseko udala inkqubo ephindiweyo yokulawula apho urhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe anegunya elizimeleyo. ULawulo lweshumi lokuLandliso-mthetho luyixhasa le nto ngokugcina onke amagunya anganikwanga iUnited States. Kule siseko, amazwe awakho amaqela aphantsi kolawulo karhulumente worhulumente; ngamaqela olawulo azimeleyo anelungelo lokukhusela ukulwa nokhuseleko lwamatyala azimeleyo ngaphandle kokuba avume okanye avumela ngenye indlela umGaqo-siseko.

Ulongamo Olumanyeneyo Nomgaqo Ongamanyaniyo

Imfundiso yemithetho engqukuva engoorhulumente borhulumente abahlukeneyo ukuba urhulumente kunye namazwe angawonganye azimeleyo. Njengee-odestrations, ingurhulumente onelungelo elingokwemvelo lokukhululeka kwiinkundla zomthetho. INkundla Ephakamileyo isoloko iqonda ukuba oku kuthintelwa akukokuba ngokomthetho kodwa kusisibonelelo somthetho kodwa kumthetho wemithetho-siseko. uHans v. uLouisi [[FLT: 1] [iiiiiindawo emiselweyo] [iiii-1890], iNkubonele ukuba iSinyuko seshumi elinesitho singubo singumthetho opheleleyo esimele ukulawulwa kwemithetho elawulayo ethetha ukuba abemi bamanye amazwe, nangona umbhalo womphambili ukhankatho ukhankanya ityala ityala ngetyala loburhulumente obungamele i-Graveyithiwe phakathi kwabantu abalawulwa yi-graves, kodwa utsho njalo ngenxa yokuba i-odvidus, ithelela ingum yomthetho elawulayo, itsho ithetha ngokuthe ngokuthe ngokuthelela

Indima Yomanyano Kwimida Yamandla

Kwakhona iFederalism isebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla eBhunga akhoyo okukhusela urhulumente. Phantsi komGaqo-siseko, iKhomishini isenokulawula ulawulo lwesizwe kuphela xa isenza uphatho lwegunya elifanelekileyo lomgaqo-siseko kwaye ichaza ngokucacileyo injongo yayo yokwenza oko. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yawachaza ngokushwankathela la mandla, ingakumbi kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Umzekelo, [FLT]] USonotelelve v. Florida [1966], iNkukholelwa ukuba iNkundleko ayinako ukumelana nemeko yolawulo oluphezulu phantsi kwegunya layo lobuGcinekiso loburhulumente. Isigqibo sagxininisa sigxininisa ukuba imigaqo karhulumente ifune ukulondolo ngaphandle kokuba ukhuseleko lwe-Genebolkbreast, ngokukodwa icandelo le-Genedimesting elingu 5 elingu-Genelkst Coodmist (19666). Inkundla yesizwe sigunya lomthetho lomthetho lomthetho lomthetho lomthetho lomthetho

Amatyala Ayintloko Enkundla Ephakamileyo Ayayiphazamisa Imfundiso

INkundla Ephakamileyo ikhuphe uthotho lwezigqibo eziphawulekayo eziye zaphucula ulwalamano phakathi kolawulo lorhulumente nokhuseleko loburhulumente. La matyala abonisa indlela iNkundla eye yalawula ngayo uxinezeleko phakathi kwamalungelo abantu nolawulo lukarhulumente.

Hans v. Louisiana (1890)

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, Hans v. Louisiana yandisa ulungiso lweziphene lweshumi elinesibhozo lokuzinziswa kwempahla yabemi belizwe. U-Floattiff, ummi waseLouisiana, waququzelela urhulumente ukuba afumane inzala kumaqhina karhulumente. INkundla yalahla isuti, ibambe ukuba uLawulo lweshumi elinesixhenxe loMthethwelo lwalungengomthombo wokhuselo lorhulumente; kunoko, umGaqo-siseko uchaza ukuba ukhuseleko kwisuti yempahla yomntu ozimeleyo kwinkundla yephondo. Esi sigqibo sisesesona sisembilinini semfundiso yokhuselo yale mihla kwaye sicatshulwayo ngokomthetho wesigqeqesho oluthiweyo.

Inxalenye uLutsha (1908)

Umahluko obalulekileyo kumthetho wokuzikhusela ekulawuleni kwesizwe. Inkundla yabonisa ukuba igosa lorhulumente elisebenza ngokungekho mthethweni likhutshwe kwi- (08). Kulo mzekelo, iNkundla yathi ummi wabucala unokumangalela umphathi wesizwe ukuba agunyazise ukunyanzeliswa komthetho karhulumente ongalawulwayo. Inkundla iqikelele ukuba igosa likarhulumente ongenzi ngokomthetho lihlulwe igunya lombuso elilawulayo, kodwa limele elo lizwe lihlale lingenamgangatho, kodwa abaphathi-majoni banyanzelwe ukuthobela i-somGawulayo. Le nto ivumela ukuba inkundla yesizwe ilungise ukuchasana okuqhubekayo komthetho karhulumente ngaphandle kokugweba ngqo. Isigqibo simela indawo enzima phakathi kolawulo lwamalungelo karhulumente kunye nokugcinwa komthetho-rhulumente: urhulumente ngokwawo uhlala umgangatho wokuzikhusela, kodwa abaphathi-ofisi bayo banyanze basebenzisa imigaqo-siseko soburhulumente. Le nkqubo sivavanye esinzima semeko-mthetho, kunye nemithetho yempilo, kunye nomthetho,

Seminole Friest v Florida (1996)

USiminole Tribe v. Florida, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathetha ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingakwazi ukukhusela ulawulo lwesizwe phantsi kwe-Indiya Commerce Claus. Isizwe esiqhelekileyo sayimangalela isizwe saseFlorida ngenxa yokungathethi ngenkolo elungileyo ngokuphathelele ukungcakaza, njengoko kufunwa nguMgaqo-siseko we-Indiyan Gaming Reguralgatation. INkundla, kwisigqibo sombuso ka-5-4, ibambelele kwelokuba iBrongress ingenalo igunya lokhuseleko lombuso phantsi kweSigqeba somthetho I, kuquka noMgaqo-mthetho worhwebo I. Uluvo oluninzi, umbhali, owenziwa nguMphathiswano Rehnquist, wagxininisa ukuba ukukhuselwa kwemeko ye-11 ye-A110 ye-omgalelo lolawulo lolawulo. Oku kungqinelanelo mthetho kumthetho wobucala lobucala lobucala lobucala lobucala lobucala lobucala lobucala obuzimele-

Alden v. Maine (1999)

Emva . [Kulo mba], iNkundla yandisa ubuchule bokuzikhusela kwesizwe kwimithetho yezoburhulumente kwinkundla Alden v. Maine (1999). Kulo mba, abaphathi betyala bafaka urhulumente weMaine ngenxa yentlawulo yoxanduva ehlawulelwa ixesha elongeziweyo phantsi kweMiqathango yeMoir Act. Inkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba uMgaqo-siseko ukwalela ishela ityala labucala kwiinkundla zabo ngaphandle kwemvume karhulumente. Nangona ukuhlaziywa kwe-Profesite kusebenza kwiinkundla zomthetho, iNkundla ifumanise ukuba ukhuseleko oluboniswe kwimiqatha lwemiqathango yemiqatha yemiqathango yezomthetho njengenkundla. Le mbono igxininiswe yokuba umgaqo olawulayo, ingenawo umgaqo womthetho wolawulo lwemithetho yemithetho yemithetho yemithetho elawulayo.

IKhomishini yeFederal Maritime v. uMzantsi Carolina uGunyaziso lweZibonelelo zeLizwe (2002)

IKhomishini yeFederal Maritime v. IPolitime yaseMzantsi Carolina iPolitime yeSizwe [2002], iNkundla yasebenzisa imigaqo yolawulo lwezokhuselo kwimicimbi yolawulo karhulumente. Umgca woomatiloshe ozimeleyo wafuna ukuzisa isikhalazo phambi kweKhomishini yeFederal Maritime echasene neSizwe saseMzantsi Carolina uGunyamezelo sokukhaba likhululwe lilo. Le nkundla yabambelela ekubeni ukhuseleko olunanditshwa ngamazwe kwinkundla yenkundla elawulayo esemthethweni esemthethweni. Isigqibo sagxininisa ukuba amaqela obuqu athethe amatyala aphantsi kolawulo oluphezulu phambi kwamagunya orhulumente orhulumente asemthethweni orhulumente borhulumente borhulumente borhulumente athotyelele isidima nolawulo lolawulo lukarhulumente.

Ezikhethekileyo Neziphene

Nangona ukukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu kuphangaleleyo, akunanto ipheleleyo. Imigaqo yeFederalism ikwavumela amarhamente azimeleyo ukuba afumane isiqabu nxamnye noorhulumente okanye amagosa awo.

Ukuvunywa Kwalo Nowaver

Urhulumente angavuma ngokuzithandela ukuba agwetywe kwinkundla karhulumente. Le mvume inokuboniswa ngemithetho karhulumente, ngokubonakala enkundleni ngaphandle kokuphakamisa ukhuseleko, okanye ngokwamkela izimali zikarhulumente ezifuna umthinteli-majoni. Umzekelo, xa urhulumente ethatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo evumelayo karhulumente, isenokuvuma ukumangalelwa ngenxa yokuphulwa kweemfuno zocwangciso. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ifuna ukuba nayiphi na ingqwalaselo “icace nengenakukhanyelwa, ibonakalisa ukubaluleka kokhuseleko lolawulo lolawulo lorhulumente.

Ukuhlaziywa kweNkcubeko ngaphantsi kweCandelo 5 loMphetho-mda we-14

IKhomishini yeNkqutyana ingalungela ukukhusela ulawulo lwesizwe ukuba yenza uphazamiso oluphezulu lwemithetho-siseko ukuba isebenzise igunya elinikwe emva koMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko weshumi elinesine, ingakumbi iCandelo 5 loMphetho-Mgaqo-mva-mva weshumi elinesine. UMthetho weSindululo we-14nath wenzelwe ukwandisa igunya lesizwe ukuze ukhusele amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kwaye ilungiselelo lawo lokuqinisekisa linika iNgqungquthela amandla okulawula ukunqanda ukhuseleko lwesizwe xa kulungiswa ukungqubana komgaqo-siseko. [[FLT]] [FLT]] [FRIT][FLT][FY: 1] [12], iNkuxhasa amandla eNkulawula ukuthintelwa kwe-broultrate phantsi kweSinyuko soMphetho-Mkhosi we-Genefunjelo, iqikelelo, iqikele ukucinga ukuba i-Royise i-Rose i-Rhomoti ye-Eviti yeN, i-Eviti yeN, i-Ethelv

Isuti Ezichasene Namagosa Karhulumente: Imfundiso Yomhlaba

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, imfundiso ex Young ivumela iisuti ngokuchasene nabaphathi-mikhosi belizwe ukuba bafumane isiphumlisi esitsha sokuphelisa ukwaphulwa okuqhubekayo komthetho karhulumente. Oku kubalulekileyo ekunyanzeleni ukunyanzelisa umGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho karhulumente echasene nezenzo zikarhulumente, ukusuka ekuphuleni amalungelo abantu kwimimiselo yemekobume. Isiqabu silinganiselwe ekuyaleni imiqathango kwaye asinyukeli kwimposiso esebenzayo, enokuthi ikwazi ukumelana norhulumente. Le mfundiso igcina ukukhuselwa komthetho wokhuselo lombuso ngexa iqinisekisa ukuba loo mthetho uhlala ungowona mkhulu.

Isuti YeUnited States Okanye Yamanye AmaMerika

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yeSindululo yeSizwe ayiziphathi iisuti eziziswa ngurhulumente okanye ngomnye urhulumente. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iye yathi uMphetho-mboleko weshumi elinesi-11 wenzelwe ukukhusela iimeko ekumangalelweni ngasese, kungekhona kwizenzo zorhulumente wesizwe okanye wamanye amazwe. Ezi suti ziyavumelana nemithetho yorhulumente kuba zibandakanya ulawulo olujongeneyo, kunokuba abantu ngabanye baphazamisane nolawulo lukarhulumente.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo lwesizwe luyaqhubeka luvelisa iingxoxo eziphambili ezingokwasemthethweni nezomgaqo-nkqubo, ingakumbi kwiindawo apho imimiselo karhulumente izama ukulawula ihambo karhulumente. Isiseko sorhulumente sichaphazela indlela imithetho enyanzeliswa ngayo nendlela efumaneka ngayo iingcaciso zabantu abehlelwe yizenzo zikarhulumente.

ISebe leMicimbi yeNkcubeko neNkxaso

Kuphando loMthetho we-Affordal Care (ACA), uchaza ukuba wawacel ’ umngeni amalungiselelo ahlukeneyo, kuquka ulwando lweMedicaid. Nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaxhasa ugunyaziso luka-ACA lomntu ngamnye kwi- National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [202], yawabeka umda amandla karhulumente karhulumente ukunyanzela urhulumente ukuba anyanzelise uMedicaid ngokusongela ukurhoxa kwemali ekhoyo. Inkundla yathi le meko ibonise ukuba imeko ibandakanya ngokungafanelekanga kwaye ichasene nemigaqo yomthetho-mthetho-siseko. Ukhuselo olulawulayo lwadlala indima ethile kuba amaqela azimeleyo angenayo kubandakanye ukurhoxa okunga okungagunyaziyo nokungagunyaziyo kwe-ABBES. Le meko ibalase igalelo lolawulo lolawulo lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-omntlurn.

Ukunyanzelwa kokusingqongileyo nokulawulwa

Amaqela azimeleyo okusingqongileyo afuna ukunyanzelisa imimiselo esemthethweni karhulumente enjenge-Celean Water Act okanye i-Ceaner Air Act ngokuchasene namasebe karhulumente asoloko ejongene nemiqobo elawulayo. Ex procee Young imfundiso ekhoyo inika indlela yokukhulula, kodwa umonakalo olandelayo wokwaphula umthetho okudlulileyo awufumaneki jikelele. Oku kusikela phantsi kwemiqathango yezobugciko lwemeko-meko-meko-bume, emele ijolise kwinkxaso eqhubekayo kunokuba ifune imbuyekezo zengozi eseyenzile. Umlinganiselo wokwahlula uqinisekisa ukuba akuchaphazakalanga kumonakalo lwabucala, kodwa abagxeki abachani baphikisayo ukuba ingashiya abantu ngokoko ngaphandle konyango lwengozi yemeko-morensitive.

Ukungalawuleki Nolongamo Lwelizwe

Ukhuseleko olulawulayo lwelizwe lukwavela nakwiimeko zokungawi mali. ICentral Virginia Community College v. Katz (2006], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ukuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho akuzithinteli iinkundla zokungabhangi ekusebenziseni ulawulo lomthetho kwipropati yetyala, kuquka nempahla egcinwe ngurhulumente. Inkundla yaqiqa ukuba iBankruptic Clauske ekhuselwe ukhuseleko lombuso ngenxa yokuba ukurhoxa kolawulo akuwo ngembali kuthintelwa kwetyala kunye nempahla equluliweyo. Le meko ibonisa ukuba ukungalinganiyo apho imo yemali yesizwe ixhomekeke ekuphumeleni kwemali yesizwe.

Ukuhlanganiswa kweRhulumente kwiiNkundla eziPhantsi

Iinkundla zomanyano ziyaqhubeka zibambene nomgangatho wokhuseleko lwezolawulo lwezikhuseli-mthetho kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, njengesuti phantsi koMthetho woKhubazeko okanye isiHloko se-VII soMthetho waMalungelo oMdabi. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba iKhontrala ingalungela ukuxhathisa kweMpatho-Mpatho-siseko, kodwa kuphela ukuba unyango lwequanto lungangqubaniswanga kwaye lulungelelaniswe kwingozi yemithetho-siseko. Umzekelo, [FLT: 0] umlinganiselo we-Board yamatyala othenwayo. [2001], iNkuvo ikholelwa ukuba iBhunga lomthetho abekwengagunyazenziswanga phantsi kwemeko yesiphene ngenxa ye-ADADA ngenxa yokuba ingxelo yemithetho yemithetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko somthetho ingazange ibonise imodeli ye-edemodentili. Le mithetho imisela imilinganiselo ephezulu yemiqatha yemithetho ye-oventili ye-opatitiventili ye-opatiti ye-ograntine.

Isiphelo

Imfundiso yokuzimela ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo oluphezulu isekelwe ngokunzulu kumgaqo wesakhiwo wolawulo lwesizwe. Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yayo kuMphetho-mvandedwa weshumi elinesithoba ukuya kwiinkqubo zawo zale mihla, ukulawulwa kolawulo oluphezulu kubonisa ukuzimisela komGaqo-siseko ukugcina amazwe njengabo bazimeleyo kwinkqubo yesizwe. INkundla ePhakamileyo igxininise ngokuqhubekayo ukuba ukunqanda ukuthintelwa kuyinxalenye esisiseko yolawulo, exhomekeke kuphela ekubekeni ityala ngaphandle kokubekwa phantsi kwegunya. Igunya lesizwe liya kuhlala lingumqondiso ongundoqo oqinisekisa ukuba angakwazi ukulawula ngaphandle koloyiko lwamatyala azimeleyo, ngoxa iExre Young efundisa kunye nomthetho olawulayo phantsi kolawulo olubalulekileyo phakathi kolawulo lwesizwe. Njengoko umthetho waseMerika uyaqhubeka uzama ukuphembelela ukuxhasa ulawulo lwesizwe.

[[FLT: 0] ufundo oluphinda-phindiweyo: [FOLT]] Iqumrhu lolwazi loMgaqo- siseko - Inani lenani elipheleleyo le- qha [FLT] Oyez – Chizolm v. Georgia . . .] [[FLT]]] [2] Oyez – Seminole yohlanga v.[FLT]] Florida[12:7] ... ... ...[FLTYM ... ... ... ... ... HTML [FLT] – Alverne v[FLT]