Ukwazisa: UMthetho Onyanzelisweyo WaseMerika

Inkqubo yomthetho yaseUnited States isebenza phantsi kwesakhiwo solawulo olumabini, apho oorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente, bobabini bebonke banamandla ahlukeneyo okugcinwa komthetho. Ngoxa le migangatho mithathu iqinisekisa imithetho, imigaqo-siseko, izinto eziza kuqala, kunye neendlela ezingafaniyo. Ukuqonda oku kungafani kubalulekile kubafundi bezomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, abafundisi abaphuhlisayo abakwizifundo zemfundo yeli lizwe, kwaye nabani na ofuna ukuqonda ukuba okusesikweni kulawulwa njani kweli lizwe. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa isiseko somgaqo-siseko sale mintluntlu-siseko, lihlolisisa indlela ngamnye asebenza ngayo ekusebenzeni, kwaye lihlazingisisa izinto ezithiweyo ezibangelwa yinkqubo yomthetho ephuma kule nkqubo intsokothile.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko soBuzwe noMthetho onyanzelwayo

Ummiselo womthetho waseMelika usekelwe kumgaqo wolawulo, owahlula amandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente. UMthetho-siseko weshumi olawulayo kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ugcino lwawo onke amagunya angaphathiswanga urhulumente wesizwe, ukudala isiseko somthetho wegunya lombuso kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, ngokwahlukileyo, kuxhomekeke kumandla adweliswe kakhulu njengoMphathiswa kaClaus, amandla okulawula ukufuduka, kunye negunya lokunyanzela imimiselo yomthetho womthetho womthetho. Lo mgaqo-siseko uchaza isizathu sokuba amapolisa asekuhlaleni ajongene macala amaninzi oqhelekileyo, ngoxa amasebe ajongeneentambo zikarhulumente okanye izilangazelelo zikarhulumente ezibandakanya izilangazelelo zikarhulumente okanye izilangazelelo zikarhulumente. [FLD].[FU.[FFUlT] [1]

IsiHlomelo Seshumi Namandla Amapolisa

ISinyuso seshumi leSihlaziyo seMigaqo-siseko sithi amagunya angagunyaziswanga eUnited States, okanye angavunyelwanga yiyo eUnited States, ngokulandelelanayo, okanye ngabantu. Oku kuye kwachazwa ukunika amagunya aphezulu amapolisa .Igunya lokuwamisela imithetho kwaye awanyanzelele ukuba abe sempilweni, ukhuseleko, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi bawo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bafumana igunya labo lokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usebenza kwimithetho karhulumente, abathumagunya oomasipala noomatshini. Oku kucacisa isizathu sokuba amapolisa asekuhlaleni anyanzele imithetho yeetrafiki kwaye aphendule kwimidanganiso yamakhaya, ngoxa amagosa aseburhulumenteni engawahlali kakuhle. Ukwahlulo olusemthethweni luqinisekisa ukuba uluntu lulawule imicimbi yokhuseleko yomhla-suku-luluntu.

Umthetho wasekuhlaleni: Umthetho ophambili wokhuseleko loluntu

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni kubandakanya amasebe amapolisa kamasipala, iiofisi zomgwebi wephondo, kunye namasebe akhethekileyo asekuhlaleni anjengendawo yamapolisa ethutha abantu okanye amapolisa eekolishi. Ngooomasebe bamapolisa abangaphezu kwe-18,000 kulo lonke elo lizwe, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni kulelona nani libonakalayo kwaye lixhaphakile. Ngokwe-Bureau of Justice Statistics, amapolisa asekuhlaleni asingatha malunga nama-70% awo onke amabanjwa eUnited States, ngokuyintloko ngenxa yolwaphulo-mthetho olufana nobusela, ukuhlasela, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi, kunye nokuziphatha okungalungelelani.

Iindima neembopheleleko zeZiko

Amagosa amapolisa asekuhlaleni ngamagosa asekuhlaleni, asabela kwii-asethi ezininzi eziya kwinkonzo.

  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Ukusabela xa kutyelelwa ngexesha likaxakeka, kuquka ugonyamelo lwasekhaya, ukuqhekeza neengozi zeemoto
  • Ukumisela imithetho yeemoto nokufaka imicaphulo
  • Ukuqhuba uphando lokuqala lwezono ezincinane neziphakathi
  • Ukuncedisa kwizenzo zobupolisa zoluntu ukuze abantu bathembane

Abaphathi-mikhosi baselunxwemeni, njengamagosa anyuliweyo, basoloko beneembopheleleko ezongezelelekileyo ezifana nokusebenza kwiintolongo, ukulungiselela amaxwebhu asenkundleni, nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko kwiinkundla zenkundla. Kwimimandla yasemaphandleni, iofisi yomphathi-mikhosi isenokuba lisebe eliphambili lokunyanzelisa umthetho, eliphethe iindawo ezingasetyenziswanga ngamapolisa esixeko.

Imigaqo-nkqubo yoLuntu

IProtho yoLuntu yintanda-bulumko egxininisa ukuphuculwa kwengxaki eqhubekayo kunye nomanyano lwamapolisa. Imisebenzi eyamkela le mizekelo yabaphathi abayabelwe kwimimandla ethile, ibakhuthaza ukwakha ulwalamano nabemi kunye nabaninizo shishino. Le ndlela ingakhokelela kulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu, intsebenziswano engcono, kunye nokuncitshiswa koloyiko lwamapolisa. Noko ke, imingeni engapheliyo idla ngokuthintela ukulinganiselwa koqingqwa koqingqo-mali kweenkqubo zoluntu, kwaye ifuna iinkonzo zisuse amagosa ekumakhanyeni nolwalamano. Isebe leJaji yeSebe leMitheliso ye-Calviations

Ucelomngeni Lokunyanzeliswa Komthetho Wasekuhlaleni

Amasebe amaninzi amapolisa alwa neengxaki zemali, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezincinci. Amasebe amaninzi amapolisa akanazo ubugcisa bezi mini, njengekhamera yesiqu kunye nogcino-lwazi lwezixhobo zokubonisa imbonakalo yomzimba, ezinokuphucula ukubonakala nokusebenza. Uqeqesho lunye uxanduva: ngoxa amanye amazwe egunyazisa isiqinisekiso esibanzi, amanye afuna iiyure ezincinci. Iziphumo zesifo se-COVID-19 ezithe zakhutshwa ngabasebenzi abanqolobi abanqongopheleyo kunye neengxaki zempilo yengqondo phakathi kwamagosa. Ngaphezu koko, amapolisa asekuhlaleni kufuneka alwe nokufuna ukuphenduliswa, njengeziganeko zokusetyenziswa kwemimiselo ye-octiveat international mential ments. Utshintsho olufana nemithetho engokwayamkele imigaqo-o abaveleli, kodwa ukuphumeza kwawo kuyahluka ngokubanziswa ngokubanziswa.

Unyanzeliso lomthetho weRhulumente: UMthetho oMphathiswayo

Amagosa agunyazisa umthetho karhulumente ahlala kwithala eliphakathi, ngegunya elimalunga neengingqi kodwa elima kwimida yephondo. Amaphondo amaninzi anemikhosi yamapolisa karhulumente okanye umkhosi weendlela, ngokufuthi athelelwa nguphando lwephondo olusingatha ulwaphulo-mthetho olukhulu. Amasebe ezorhulumente anikela inkxaso kumasebe asekuhlaleni angenazo izixhobo zokuphanda okuntsonkothile, kwaye anyanzelisa imithetho karhulumente kwiindlela zohola-ndlela nakwimimandla yasemaphandleni. Imizekelo iquka i-Sulgarnia Way Patrol, i-Texas Rangers, kunye neSebe loMthetho-Efractive.

Imisebenzi yokuqala yamapolisa karhulumente

Ukugcinwa komthetho wephondo kuyahluka ngokwemisebenzi yephondo, kodwa iimbopheleleko eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

  • Ukuqengqeleka kweendlela eziphakathi kwemimandla nokumisa imithetho yeenqwelo-mafutha
  • Ukuphanda ngokuthengiswa kweziyobisi, ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, nokunganyaniseki
  • Ukulawula ii-data zolwaphulo-mthetho neeklabhu zolwaphulo-mthetho
  • Ukubonelela ngamaqela obuchule (SWAT) kwiimeko zokuthinjwa okanye abarhanelwa
  • Ukubonelela ngelifa lemveli kunye nolawulo longxamiseko

Amapolisa aseburhulumenteni asoloko esebenza njengeyona ndawo iphambili yomthetho engekho semthethweni kwimimandla engagqunywanga ngamapolisa esixeko. Kwamanye amazwe, amapolisa aseburhulumenteni ahlola imvume yezixhobo ezifihliweyo kwaye alawula ukuthengiswa kwezixhobo zokugembula okanye zotywala. Igunya lawo lisuka kwimimiselo karhulumente, kwaye asebenza phantsi kolwalathiso lwerhuluneli okanye ikomishini yokhuseleko lukarhulumente.

Umanyano nezoKhuseleko

Amaziko karhulumente asoloko esebenza njengeenkonzo phakathi komthetho wasekuhlaleni noworhulumente. Umzekelo, amaziko asebenzayo eziyobisi asoloko efumana inkxaso yorhulumente kunye nobuchule kwi-DEA, ngeli xesha esabelana ngenkokeli namapolisa asekuhlaleni. Le ntsebenziswano imiselwe kwiiMil-Juristianical Tom Forces (MTF) ezijolise kwiingxaki zolwaphulo-mthetho oluthile. Noko ke, ukulungelelanisa kusenokuba nzima ngokwahlukahlukana kwezinto: abameli basekuhlaleni bangaqwalasela kwityala lemigangatho yesitrato, ngelixa urhulumente kunye namaqabane orhulumente bajolise kwimiba yemiba emikhulu. Uphando oludityani lufuna imithetho ecacileyo ukuze kuphetshwe iingxoxo ezifanelekileyo kunye nobungqina obuqinisekileyo bunokusetyenziswa kwiinkundla ezifanelekileyo.

Ucelomngeni Kwimeko Yaseburhulumenteni

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wephondo kujongene neseti yayo yemiqobo. Imiqathango yoqingqo-mali isenokuthintela iimeko ekulondolozeni intelekelelo eyaneleyo kwiindawo zasemaphandleni, apho amaxesha okuphendula anokuba made. Iingcinezelo zezobupolitika . "ezifana nokunyanzeliswa komthetho wokufuduka okanye ukwenziwa komjuxuzo womthetho-mthetho"(create ukulungelelanisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho-mthetho okungatshintshiyo kwiimeko zokuzonwabisa, kodwa umthetho karhulumente useyibeka kwicandelo elikwicandelo leShedyuli I, nto ekhokelela kwimfazwe phakathi korhulumente nabaphathi-ofisi. Amagosa aseburhulumente akwazama ukuqeqesha abasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo, ingakumbi kwimibutho ekhethekileyo efana ne-iterternecrim okanye ityala lobugcuntstiki, apho imivuzo yorhulumente yobuqu idla yokuhlawula.

UMthetho woManyano: Uwiso-mthetho weSizwe neGunya eliPhakamileyo

Amasebe agunyazisa ulawulo lomthetho asebenza phantsi kwegunya likarhulumente wase-U.S. kunye nemithetho enyanzelisa ukusetyenziswa kwemida yorhulumente okanye ebandakanya izilangazelelo zikarhulumente. Amasebe amakhulu aquka i-Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), i-Digremement Administration (DEA), iBungameli be-Dhostling, i-Damod Alcoholms, i-Foxiactives ne-Ecomment (CB). I-URGOTS, i-Fomatilavesss, idlala indima ebalulekileyo kukhuseleko lorhulumente nokhuseleko lomthetho, kunye nokungabaza kwe-omatiliyo e-omthetho, i-Advicegoriesties, ibandakanya i-IMyubhini elipheleleyo le-DH (ICOM) kunye ne-R.

Isiseko somanyano lokunyanzeliswa

Ulawulo lomanyano lusekelwe kwimiqathango yegunya loMgaqo-siseko. Ulawulo lwezorhwebo lwezorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, kuquka ukuthengiswa kweziyobisi kunye nokuthengiswa kwemipu. Urhulumente kwakhona ukwandisa ulwaphulo-mthetho oluwenziwe kwimpahla karhulumente, ulwaphulo-mthetho olubandakanya abasebenzi besizwe, kunye namacala anqumla imigca karhulumente (umz., ukuqweqwedisa, ubusela imoto). Amaqumrhu ajongene nolawulo lwezoshishino anegunya eliphambili lokulwa nenkqubo yezobugrobha, i-ecel, i-icecrige, i-crime, kunye nokunganyaniseki kukawonke. Umzekelo, i-FBI, i-opera, ihlola ukuphulwa kwemithetho yomthetho-orhulumente e-onke anegunya lomthetho-mthetho-mthetho; kodwa amagosa-orhulumente abanako ukulawula izitratograti okanye ukunyaniswa kwemigrato ngaphandle kweemeko ezithile.

Umanyano olungundoqo lwezongxamiseko kunye nothumo lwazo

  • FBI:[ ukhuseleko lwesizwe, ubugrogrisi, ulwaphulo-mthetho olukwikhompyutha, ulwaphulo-mthetho olumhlophe, ulwaphulo-mthetho olulungelelanisiweyo, ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.
  • DEA: i-Empumelelo yemithetho elawulwa yimveliso, iphazamisa imibutho ethengisa iziyobisi, ilawula uphando lokusebenzisa iziyobisi.
  • [[UMTL:0]ATF: uphanda nokuphanda ngemipu, iziqhushumbisi, utywala, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olunxulumene necuba.
  • ICII: izama ukuqhuba imithetho yokufuduka, ukulwa nokurhwebelana kwabantu nokurhweba ngokungekho mthethweni, ukuphengulula amaqela amazwe ngamazwe.
  • Inkonzo yeRhashes yase-U.S.: ukhuseleko lwenkundla yeFederal, ukungqina ukhuseleko, ukubhadula koloyiko, ukulahlekelwa zizinto.

Umbutho ngamnye unee-arhente ezikhethekileyo, kuquka ii-abrejic ze-onesic, ubugcisa bokuhlola, kunye neenkqubo zobuntlola ezingaphaya koko uninzi lwamasebe aseburhulumenteni kunye nawasekuhlaleni anokukuthenga. Amagosa omanyano akwarhulumente akwafumana uqeqesho olungqongqo: Abameli beFBI baya kwiFBI Academy eQuantico, eVirginia, inkqubo egxininisa umthetho, imigaqo yokuziphatha, imipu, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle komzimba. Oku kunokuthi kukhokelele kwiziphumo ezahlukeneyo zokunyanzelisa xa kuthelekiswa namapolisa asekuhlaleni.

Ukulungelelaniswa Kwamandla Omsebenzi

Ukulungisa ulwaphulo-mthetho oluntsonkothileyo, amaququzelela adibeneyo emisebenzi kunye norhulumente kunye namaqabane asekuhlaleni. Imizekelo iquka imikhosi yobuBuororism Task (JTFs), imikhosi ePhakamileyo yeMisebenzi ye-Drugsting Areat (HIDTA) imikhosi ephakamileyo elawulayo yeMisebenzi yezeMisebenzi yeMfuno-Diski (i-HIDTA) kunye nemikhosi yolwaphulo-mthetho enogonyamelo. Le misebenzi ivumela ukuba kubekho ubuchule bokwabelana ngezixhobo, kunye namaqhinga ahlangeneyo. Noko ke, amajoni asebenza anganyusa inkxaso malunga nolawulo lwasekuhlaleni kunye nenkululeko yabemi, ingakumbi malunga nokunyanzeleka kolawulo kunye nokufuduka. Imikhosi yesizwe ekwinkqubo yokunika ingxelo yengxelo yeNIBRG.[FLD:1] ibonisa ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba koomati yoluntu kwi-omatiko yasekuhlaleni eNtshona kwishumi lesizwe, ingakumbi leencwadi zeziyobisi neyezomkhosi.

Umahluko onyanzelisayo: Umahluko weFederal v. Izinto eziza kuqala zikaRhulumente

Enye yezona zizathu ziphawulekayo kukugwetywa. Izigwebo zomanyano lwetyala leziyobisi, umpu, kunye nokuqhatha zisoloko zinde kunezo zibekwe ziinkundla zikarhulumente, ngenxa yemithetho emincinci eqikelelwayo kunye nemigaqo yokugweba. Umzekelo, umntu ogwetywe ukuba ne-crack cocaine ekwinkundla yequare yephondo zisenokujamelana neprojekthi encinane yeminyaka emihlanu yokuvalelwa, ngoxa icala elifanayo enkundleni lingaphumela ekucinyweni okanye kwisigwebo esifutshane. Oku kunikezele kwimithetho esezantsi yesizwe nakwezemali ekhoyo ekwindawo ephantsi kwemali evaliweyo evalelweyo. Ngokutsho kweprojective ye-c cocainess. [[FLT.FLT:]] , iintolongo zorhulumente zikhotholo eziphezulu zeBlaltsene ze-Scapenistiki ezithenjiweyo, ezithenjiweyo.

Ukuthelekisa uqheliso lokunyanzelisa ngaphesheya kwamanqanam

Uthebe olungezantsi lushwankathela umahluko ongundoqo phakathi komthetho wasekuhlaleni, karhulumente, nowasekuhlaleni:

Aspect Local State Federal
Jurisdiction Cities, towns, counties Entire state Nationwide (interstate or federal)
Primary focus Community safety, traffic, minor crimes Highway patrol, major crimes, support National security, organized crime, federal violations
Resources Variable, often limited Moderate, with state budget High, federal budget
Training standards State-certified; varies State academy, specialized tracks Federal academy, advanced specialization
Sentencing severity Generally lower Variable by state Often longer, mandatory minimums

Ungquzulwano Nengxabano Ekwahlukaneni Nezityholo

Ngoxa intsebenziswano ixhaphakile, ukhuphiswano lungavela ngenxa yezinto eziza kuqala ezingqubanayo. Umzekelo, ukuxabana phakathi kwemithetho yokunyanzelisa abantu abangenayo kunye nemithetho yengcwele yasekuhlaleni kubonisa indlela amasebe athile amapolisa asekuhlaleni angangqubana ngayo. Amanye amasebe asekuhlaleni awafuni ukuhlonela i-ICE, ephikisa ukuba ukunyanzeliswa kwabantu abafudukayo kunciphisa ukuthenjwa koluntu kunye nokhuseleko lukarhulumente. Ngokufanayo, ukubekwa komchamo ngomthetho kubangele ukurhoxiswa apho umthetho wesizwe uvumela ukuthengiswa kwemali kunye nokuba nempahla ye-ofisi yengcwele, kodwa umthetho weSebe uyaqhubeka uwisa umthetho uvume ukuba uthintele. Isebe lomthetho likhuphe ukhokelo oluhlukeneyo phantsi kolawulo olunolwazi olunolwazi lwezigwebo-deprioritiesss kwiimeko ezisemthethweni, kodwa iingxabano ezikhoyo phantsi kwemiqatha aziphelo.

Ubandakanyeko loLuntu nokwakhiwa kweTrust--okanye

Ukuthembana phakathi komthetho kunye noluntu abalusebenzisayo kusisixhobo esisebenzayo sobupolisa. Amagosa asekuhlaleni anethuba elithe ngqo lokwakha ukuthembana ngamapolisa ahamba ngeenyawo, iinkqubo zokugada, kunye nabemi abasebenza kunye neebhodi zolawulo. Urhulumente kunye noorhulumente kunye noorhulumente abasoloko bengenalo ulwazelelelo oluhle ekuhlaleni, kodwa asenokukhuthaza ukuthembana ngokusetyenziswa kobuchule, njengokupapasha icandelo lobugqwesi-mali okanye ukukhuthaza uluntu ukuba lufumane iprojektha. Ingcamango yokulawula i-produracture projectal , --flar ekwenziweni kwesigqibo kunye nokusetyenziswa ngentlonelo. Uphando oluninzi lukhokelele ekuboneni iinkqubo zoqeqesho. [[FLT:] Icandelo lobuzwe loburhulumente [FLT] [ig] icebisa ukuba amalungu oluntu aqonde ukuba amapolisa afanele, athobela umthetho, kunye nophando lweziko, luye lwamanyuselane, oluninzi lwezinzo olukho lwezi.

Ucelomngeni Nemigudu Yotshintsho

Onke amaqondo amathathu okugcinwa komthetho ajongene neengxaki. Kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, iingxwabangxwaba zokuthoba uqingqo-mali lwamapolisa oluye lwakhuthaza ukulingwa kweminye imiboniso yempendulo yamapolisa okanye yezempilo engokwasengqondweni abasebenzi bezentlalo-ntle okanye iingcali zengqondo abanokufowunela abangenalogonyamelo. Amasebe karhulumente ajongene nokuwa ekumangaleleni kolwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi nokubiza ukuphendula koxanduva, ukukhokelela kwemiqathango yamapolisa, ukukhokelela kwezinye iimeko, ukukhokelela kwezinye iimeko zobuchule bokwenza ulawulo, ukuvala imiqathango yemithetho ekhoyo, ukuvala imiqathango yempatho yezo zobuchule obungaqhelekanga, ukuvala imiqobo, ukuvalwa kwemiqathango yempatho yempatho, nokuqwa kobungcangcangca yobuso, nokufuna ukuphenduliswa kwemithetho-mthetho we-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-siseko (iProvile) edluliselwe kwimithetho ye-mthetho ye-mthetho ye-ofisi ye-Romisburg, kunye nemithetho yesizwe, i-oglobane, i

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Umahluko Onyanzelisayo

Ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho eUnited States asiyonkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho esetyenziswayo yohlobo olunye kodwa yinkqubo exhotyiswe yinkqubo elawula ulawulo lomgaqo-siseko, imizekelo engokwembali, kunye nezinto eziluncedo. Ukunyanzelisa ulawulo loluntu lulawula ukhuseleko olukhulu loluntu; amasebe ebhulorho ajongene neengxaki ezinkulu zolwaphulo-mthetho; kunye namagunya ajongene nezisongelo zesizwe kunye nezigwebo. Umgangatho ngamnye uzisa izinto ezahlukileyo, uqeqesho, kunye nezinto eziphambili, ezikhokelela kwiziphumo zomthetho ezahlukeneyo. Kubafundi kunye nabafundisi-mthetho, ukuqonda oku kuyimfuneko ekuhlolisiseni imigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuqonda imicimbi evalweni nokugwetywa, nokukhuthaza izindululo. Abemi abanolwazi olusemgangathweni bayazi kakuhle indlela ekufuneka ngayo ukuxhotyiselwa kwedemo-demo-demokhrasi kunye neendawo ezihlala zikho. Njengoko inkqubo yezomthetho iyaqhubeka iinguqu-projectives, kunye nemithetho yezo-ofisi yamapolisa, kunye nemithetho ephakathi kwezentententene, i-og.