Table of Contents

Inkundla yomanyano yenkundla ekhethekileyo esemthethweni edlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yezomthetho yaseMerika. Ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo xa uya kwinkundla yenkundla yephondo kunganceda abantu, amashishini, kunye neengcaphephe zomthetho zisebenzisa le nkqubo intsonkothileyo ngentembelo engakumbi. Nokuba ngaba ubandakanyekile kwingxoxo yengingqi, ujongene nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ufun ’ ukwazi ngendlela inkqubo yenkundla yelifa lesizwe, olu khokelo lunentsingiselo luza kukuhambisa kwinqanaba ngalinye lenkundla yesizwe.

Yintoni Inkundla Yomanyano Nesizathu Sokuba Ibalulekile?

Iinkundla zomanyano "ziinkundla zolawulo olulinganiselweyo" ngokuchasene neenkundla zikarhulumente, ezithe ngokuqhelekileyo zathatyathwa njengolawulo lombandela oluphantsi kwityala. Lo mahluko usisiseko uchaza indlela amatyala aphathwa ngayo kwaye ukuba yeyiphi indawo esemthethweni elungele iindidi ezahlukeneyo zempikiswano.

Ulawulo lweenkundla zelifa lemveli luchazwe ngumGaqo-siseko, imimiselo yequmrhu, nezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States. Oku kuthetha ukuba iinkundla zephondo zinokuva kuphela iintlobo ezithile zamatyala awela kwigunya lazo elisemgceni nelomthetho.

Ukwakhiwa kweNkundla yoManyano

Iinkundla zesithili ziinkundla ezingoonotyala jikelele benkqubo yenkundla yelifa lesizwe. Kukho iinkundla zesithili ezingama-94 kulo lonke elaseUnited States, yaye lonke iphondo linobuncinane obunye.

Kukho iziphaluka ezilishumi elinesibini zephondo ezahlula ilizwe zibe yimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Isekethi yesihlanu, umzekelo, iquka ummandla waseTexas, Louisiana, kunye neMississippi. Ityala elivela kwiinkundla zesithili zezo mimandla libhenele kwiNkundla yezibheno yaseUnited States yeSiphaluka sesihlanu, esikhuselwe kwiNtlanganiso yesihlanu eNew Orleans, eLouisiana.

Encotsheni yequmrhu lezahlulelo zequmrhu lowiso-mthetho lorhulumente lihleli kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, esebenza njengomxhasi wokugqibela womthetho wesizwe nomgaqo-siseko. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ithetha nje inxalenye encinane yamatyala afuna ukuhlolisiswa.

Iintlobo zamatyala Athethwayo kwiNkundla yeFederal

Asiyombambano yomthetho ekwinkundla karhulumente. Ukuqonda amatyala afanelekele igunya likarhulumente kubalulekile kuye nabani na ocinga ngokumangalelwa okanye ukumangalelwa.

Isigqibo sombuzo womanyano

Iinkundla zesithili zephondo ezilawula imibandela ebandakanya amatyala omthetho wephondo: "Iinkundla zesithili ziya kuba negunya lokuqala lazo zonke izenzo zabemi ezivela phantsi komGaqo-siseko, imithetho, okanye izivumelwano ze-U.S.C. 28 7631.

Ukuze inkundla karhulumente ibe nolawulo lwetyala lwamaqumrhu, le mbambano kufuneka iphakame phantsi komthetho wesizwe. Imfuneko yomGaqo-siseko inika ulawulo lweenkundla zesizwe phezu "konke amatyala, kumthetho nakubulungisa, kuvela phantsi kwalo mGaqo-siseko, imithetho yaseUnited States, kunye nezivumelwano eziza kwenziwa, okanye eziya kwenziwa, phantsi kwegunya lazo."

Imizekelo iquka ukwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu, ukukhutshwa kwamalungelo abo, izivumelwano zorhulumente, imibandela yerhafu, amatyala okufuduka, nokuphulwa komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho wesizwe.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwamaqela Ahlukahlukeneyo

Ulawulo lwentlalo-ntle yelizwe elinye luvumela ummangalelwa afake ityala kwinkundla yorhulumente xa ummangalelwa ekwimeko eyahlukileyo. Ukuzisa umthetho karhulumente kwinkundla yephondo, zonke ii-potlaff kufuneka zibekwe kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunabo bonke abamangalelwa, kwaye "ikwimpikiswano" kufuneka ibe ngaphezu kwee-$75,000.

Ulawulo lweendawo ezahlukeneyo luyasebenza xa amaqela evela kumazwe awahlukeneyo, kwaye iqhayiya lingaphezu kwee-$75,000. Ukuhluka-hluka okupheleleyo kufuna ukuba akukho mmangalelwa unokuba kwimo enye njengaye nawuphi na ummangalelwa.

Olu hlobo lolawulo luvumela amaqela ukuba angene kwinkundla karhulumente naxa ingxubusho yawo ibandakanya umthetho wesizwe, ukuba kuhlangatyezwane neemfuno zemali ezahlukahlukeneyo. Isizathu esibangela ukuba kubekho imimandla eyahlukeneyo kukubonelela ngobundilele xa amaqela asuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo esenokujamelana nekhethe elinokwenzeka kwiinkundla zikarhulumente.

Isigqibo esiqukumbelayo

Iinkundla zomanyano zinegunya elipheleleyo kumbandela othile wento yesizwe, ingakumbi imiba efana negunya elisemthethweni kunye nomthetho olawulayo. Olu lawulo luzimeleyo lubonakalisa umdla opheleleyo wesizwe kwimibandela enjalo kwaye lunceda ukuphuhliswa kwequmrhu elimfutshane lomthetho wesizwe ukulawula imibandela entsonkothileyo kunye neziphumo ezinxulumene nezomthetho.

Le miba yeyona lungelo liphela leenkundla zesizwe kwaye iquka ezi ntlobo zilandelayo zamatyala: Aschemis phakathi kwamatyala `Amatyala amabini okanye ngaphezulu apho amaphondo angamalungu. Iityala ezibandakanya ii-ofire kunye namanye amanani aphezulu kawonke-wonke. Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthelekisayo ``ICrimes' oluchazwa yiU.S. umGaqo-siseko okanye ezo zichazwe kunye/okanye ezo zohlwaywa ngomthetho karhulumente. Ezo zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho ziquka ukungcangcazelela iUnited States, i-piracycy, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ngokungekho mthethweni, ngokuchasene nomthetho wezomthetho welizwe onxulumene nezorhwebo eziququlukileyo.

Ukumangalela Ityala Kwinkundla Yomkhosi

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo iqala xa iqela liqalisa ukuthatha inyathelo elingokwasemthethweni ngokufaka amaxwebhu afanelekileyo enkundleni. Iinkqubo ezichaziweyo ziyahluka kuye ngokuthi ngaba ityala lingokwabantu okanye libubugqwirha.

Amatyala Asekuhlaleni: Ikhalazo

Umthetho uqala ngokufaka isikhalazo enkundleni. Esi sikhalazo sixwebhu esisemthethweni esichaza iingxelo eziyinyaniso, esibonisa izityholo ezisemthethweni ezivakaliswayo, sichaze abo babandakanyekileyo, size sicele isiqabu okanye amayeza akhethekileyo avela enkundleni.

Esi sikhalazo kufuneka simisele ukuba inkundla yesizwe inegunya kwityala, mhlawumbi ngolawulo lwetyala okanye ngemithetho yentlalo-ntle. Kufuneka kuboniswe ukuba indawo ifanelekile kwisithili esithile sorhulumente apho libekwe khona elo tyala.

Emva kokugqiba isikhalazo, ummangalelwa kufuneka akhonze ummangalelwa ngekopi yesikhalazo kunye nesicelo. Isicelo sichaza ummangalelwa ukuba umangalelwe umangalelwe kwaye unika ulwazi malunga nommiselo wokuphendula. Inkonzo yenkqubo kufuneka ihambisane neMithetho yePhondo yaMasipala ukuqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa ufumana isaziso esifanelekileyo.

Xa egqibile, ummangalelwa udla ngokuba neentsuku ezingama-21 zokubhala impendulo okanye enye impendulo kwisikhalazo. Impendulo ithetha ngesityholo ngasinye esimangalelwayo kwaye ingazingqina ivuma okanye imelane nommangalelwa.

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho: Ityala Nenkcazelo

Ekuqaleni kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lorhulumente, abadlali abaphambili yigqwetha (umtshutshisi) lase-U.S. kunye negcisa elizukileyo labachopheli-tyala. Igqwetha lase-U.S. limela iUnited States kwiinkundla ezininzi, kuquka zonke iinkundla zamatyala. Abasemagunyeni abachophele ityala. Abachopheli-tyala abaphezulu bahlola ubungqina obunikelwa ligqwetha lase-U.S. kwaye bagqiba ukuba bukho na ubungqina obaneleyo bokuzisa ityala. Amatyala amaninzi karhulumente aqala nge-"div." Ityala liyisiqinisekiso esisemthethweni esikhutshwe ngabachopheli-tyala abakhulu kwaye satyoliswa ngumtshutshisi-tyala ongomnye okanye abaninzi.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamatyala azukileyo ejaji ukumangalela abamangalelwa akuyomfuneko kuwo onke amazwe, kodwa kuyimfuneko kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho zikarhulumente ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa urhoxa kwityala elikhulu labachopheli-tyala.

Inkundla ezukileyo yabachopheli-tyala ihlola ubungqina obunikelwa lityala ize igqibe enoba kunokwenzeka kusini na ukuba kubekwe ityala. Ukutyhola umntu, ubuncinane abagqwesi-tyala abali-12 kufuneka bavume.

Ngetyala lomgangatho ophosakeleyo, abatshutshisi bangasitsiba isigqeba esizukileyo sabachopheli-tyala baze bafake ifayile yesikhalazo solwaphulo-mthetho okanye ulwazi lolwaphulo-mthetho. Abameli abathathi tyala ngokusemthethweni bacela ukukumangalela. Ezi zinokubekwa ityala ngoxwebhu olungephi olusemthethweni olusaziwa njengolwazi okanye isikhalazo. Noko ke, uninzi lwamatyala abandakanya amatyala ahlasileyo kwaye ngoko ke awenziwe ngokubekwa ityala.

Imbonakalo yenkundla yokuqala noLungelo

Emva kokuba kumangalelwe okanye kudluliselwe isimangalo, amatheko aqalisa ukuvela phambi kwenkundla.

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho: Ukubonakala Kokuqala Nokubiwa Kwamathambo

Ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseburhulumenteni liqala ngokubanjwa. Kwiiyure ezingama - 48 emva kokuba ubanjiwe, ufanele uvele phambi koMgwebi oMtyibilizi waseUnited States ukuze ufumanise enoba unokukhululwa ngebheyile okanye ngelakho ithuba lokuphinda ubonwe.

Ekuqaleni, ijaji icebisa ummangalelwa ngezityholo ezibekwe kwityala kunye nelungelo lokucebisa. Abameli abangakwaziyo ukunikela icebiso bacetyiswa ngelungelo labo kwigqwetha elimiselwe yinkundla.

Kwinkundla yakho yokuqala emva kokumangalelwa, inkundla ikuxelela ngezityholo, amalungelo akho, nezigwebo ezinokwenzeka. Uya kucelwa ukuba ungene kwisibongozo setyala, ungabi natyala, okanye ungabi namdla wokhuphiswano. Inkundla ingathetha ngebheyile okanye iimeko zokukhululwa kweli nqanaba.

Inkoliso yamacala karhulumente abandakanya ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu. Ngaloo ndlela, abagwebi badla ngokukhanyela iqhina kummangalelwa ngenxa yomngcipheko wenqwelo-moya okanye ingozi kuluntu. Ummangalelwa uya kuba nedabi elinyuke kakhulu ukuze akhululwe kwityala lokubanjwa, ingakumbi kwityala elikhulu leziyobisi okanye kulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo.

Indima YaBagwebi Abangamaqhawe

Amajaji angoorhulumente asetyenziswa kumatyala karhulumente ukuva imicimbi yokuqala (efana nokuhamba ngesantya esiphezulu ngaphambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala), kodwa akasoloko egqiba ngamatyala.

Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, amajaji asenokungamela amatyala athile, imvume yokuphendla nokufaka ingxelo, ukuvalwa kwetyala, ukuqhuba iityala, ukumisela ibheyile, ukugqiba ngezenzo ezithile (njengokushukuma kobungqina), nezinye izenzo ezifanayo. Kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, abaphathi-mikhosi badla ngokusingatha imibandela eyahlukahlukeneyo efana neyokubandakanywa kwangaphambi kwemicimbi nokufunyanwa kwetyala.

Ukufunyanwa: Ukuqokelela Ubungqina Nenkcazelo

Ukufunyaniswa kweyona migangatho ibalulekileyo nenika ixesha lokudityaniswa kwemithetho yesizwe. Ngethuba lale nqanaba, omabini amaqela atshintshisana ngenkcazelo kwaye aqokelele ubungqina bokwakha iimeko zawo.

Inkqubo Yokufumana Iimeko Zamakhaya

Kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, ukufunyanwa kwamaqela kuvumela ukuba afumane inkcazelo enxulumeneyo kumaqela alandelayo nawamathathu. IMithetho yeNkqubo yeSizwe ilawula inkqubo yokufunyanwa kwayo ize imisele umlinganiselo nemilinganiselo yoko kunokufunyanwa.

Izixhobo zokufumana eziqhelekileyo ziquka ii-arhente (imibuzo ebhaliweyo emele iphendulwe phantsi kwesifungo), izicelo zokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu, izicelo zokuvuma (ukucela omnye umntu ukuba avume okanye aphikise izibakala ezithile), kunye neziqinisekiso (okanye ubungqina obubhaliweyo obuthatyathwe phantsi kwesigwebo).

Ukufunyanwa kwenkundla yephondo jikelele kuphangalele, kuvumela amaqela ukuba afumane ulwazi olunxulumene nayiphi na into okanye ukhuseleko kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweemfuno zetyala. Noko ke, inkcazelo ethile isenokukhuselwa ekufumanekeni ngamalungelo afana nelungelo elisemthethweni, imfundiso yemveliso, okanye ezinye izikhuseli ezinokunconywa.

Ukufunyaniswa Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ityala, ukumangalelwa nokuzikhusela kungadala inyathelo langaphambili lokuthetha ngemibandela emininzi, efana nokungaqiniseki kobungqina okanye ukugxothwa kwezityholo. Eli candelo likwabandakanya inkqubo yokufumana, apho amacala omabini atshintshisana khona ulwazi nobungqina obunxulumene nemeko.

Abatshutshisi boMasipala bafuna ubungqina bokuxhasa ityala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokuthandabuza, ngoxa igqwetha elithethelelayo lifuna ubungqina bokungabi natyala okanye lithandabuza ngokusengqiqweni. Abatshutshisi bamaPhondo kufuneka banike ummangalelwa ubungqina obuphathekayo, amaxwebhu, okanye eminye imiboniso abazimisele ukuyisebenzisa enkundleni kodwa banokuthintela inkcazelo ethile de kube ngaphambi kokuba kufike ityala okanye ebudeni betyala.

Ukuthetha namangqina asenokubizwa ukuba angqine enkundla linyathelo elibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokufunyanwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamangqina kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho karhulumente, njengala alandelayo: Amangqina anikela inkcazelo ekhethekileyo kumava okanye kwimfundo ethile kummandla othile; amangqina ophawu adla ngokwazi ixhoba okanye ummangalelwa aze anike inkcazelo ngobuntu bawo; amangqina aLayle ngumntu owabona isiganeko esibalulekileyo esinxulumene nolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye aya kukuchaza oko bakuphawule.

Iinkqubo zangaphambili zoqikelelo kunye nentshukumo

Ngaphambi kokuba ityala liqhubeke livavanywa, kukho amanyathelo amaninzi namathuba amaninzi okucombulula imicimbi okanye kwanokulahla ityala ngokupheleleyo.

Intshukumo Yokuyikhupha

Intshukumo yokuphelisa ukudideka okusemthethweni kokuthelekisa kweqela elichasayo. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, abamangalelwa badla ngokupheliswa ngemiqathango yefayile ukuphikisa ukuba nokuba zonke izibakala ezixelwe kwisikhalazo ziyinyaniso, ummangaleli akawachazi amazwi asemthethweni.

Kwinkundla yorhulumente, phantsi kweMithetho yeCandelo loMgaqo-siseko, inyathelo lokugxotha ngenxa yokungabi nagunya laphantsi lithathwa njengendawo elungileyo yokuzikhusela. Ingaphakanyiswa nakweliphi na ixesha kwinkqubo yokucalucalula, nokuba amaqela ayekhe aphikisane ngaphambili ukuba ulawulo lwesihloko lukho. Enyanisweni, inkundla ingaligxotha ityala elithi sua sponte (kulo) ngenxa yokungabi nagunya laphantsi.

Intshukumo zomgwebo wesishwankathelo

Inyathelo lokugweba ngokufutshane licela inkundla ukuba igwebe ngaphandle kwetyala ngenxa yokuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yenyaniso yezinto. Iqela elishukumisayo liphikisa ngelithi ngokusekelwe kwizibakala ezingenakukhanyelwa, banelungelo lokugweba njengombandela womthetho.

Intshukumo zomgwebo woshwankathelo zixhaswa bubungqina obusuka ekufunyanisweni, kuquka ukubekwa kobungqina, amaxwebhu, ii-affidavits, kunye nezinye izinto. Iqela elingashukumiyo kufuneka liphendule ngobungqina obubonisa ukuba kukho iimpikiswano zokwenene ezifuna ukuvavanywa ukuze kuconjululwe.

Ukuba inkundla inikela isigwebo esifutshane, ityala liphela ngaphandle kokuchotshelwa. Ukuba inkundla iyasikhaba, elo tyala liqhubeka lijoliswe kwityala.

Intshukumo Yangaphambili Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Iintshukumo zoqikelelo ziyindlela ebalulekileyo yokukhusela amalungelo akho enkqubo yomgaqo-siseko (njengokukhusela kwakho uMphetho-siseko wesi-45 ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni nasekuxhuzuleni) kwaye linyathelo elibalulekileyo lokuthintela ubungqina obuza kuziswa (ngokusuka kwiNtshukumo yeLimine). Iintshukumo zovavanyo zinokutshintsha ukunyanzelisa kwemeko yakho kwaye kubalulekile ukuba umlungisi-zimvo onolwazi ngobu bungqina bokukhangela ubungqina bakho ukuba kukho nayiphi na loo miba yomthetho. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo yemicimbi yemicimbi ihamba kwilimine (ukugcina iingxelo ezithile ezenziwe nguwe okanye ngamangqina), ukuthatha imiba ukucinezela (ukucinezela inxalenye yobungqina), kunye nokukhupha inyathelo lokunga.

Amaxwebhu angaphambili abhalwe ngamagqwetha akhuselayo acela ukubekelwa umngeni ngokomthetho weenkalo ezithile zetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ukurhwaqeka okanye ukusabela kwinyathelo lokuthatha inxaxheba yenye yeenyathelo lokugqibela ngaphambi kokuba aye kuvavanywa. Xa umtshutshisi okanye igqwetha lenkundla lifuna ukuba inkundla igqibe kwimbambano ethile phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, ingenza isicelo sayo ngokuqhuba inyathelo.

Ingqungquthela Yangaphambi Komthetho

Zonke iinkundla zesithili zikarhulumente zifuna ukuqokelelwa komyalelo wokugqibela ocetyiswayo wengqungquthela yangaphambi kwetyala. Umyalelo wokugqibela wentlanganiso yangaphambili ubalulekile ngenxa yokuba uququzelela kuLawulo loManyano loMgaqo-siseko 16(e), umyalelo wokugqibela wangaphambi kwetyala uthatha indawo yazo zonke izibongozo zangaphambili kunye "nolawulo lwendlela elandelayo yesenzo kulwamkelo ngaphandle kokuba ilungiswe ngomyalelo olandelayo.

Kwingqungquthela yokugqibela yangaphambi kwetyala, kufuneka uqinisekise imida yexesha iza kunyanzeliswa ngumgwebi kwicala ngalinye ukunikela ityala labo. Abagwebi abaninzi baza kubeka ixesha elingqongqo ngokwetyala lakho. Umlinganiselo wexesha uzakuba kuhlobo lweeyure, eziquka amazwi okuvula, uvavanyo olungqalileyo, ukunqamla, kunye neempikiswano zokuqukumbela. Kwingqungquthela yokugqibela yangaphambi kwekomiti, kufuneka, nokona, uzame ukucela ixesha elininzi kunalowo ucinga ukuba ucinga ukuba ucinga ukuba uqule ngako kuba abagwebi baza kuqinisekisa ukuba ixesha elipheleleyo ngexesha lokuvavanywa.

Ukuthethana Ngemiba Yezaphuli - mthetho

Amatyala amaninzi olwaphulo-mthetho karhulumente aconjululwa ngezivumelwano apho umtshutshisi avuma ukuyeka okanye anciphise izityholo ngenxa yokuvuma kwakho ukungena kwityala okanye ungabi nasicelo sokhuphiswano. Isivumelwano simele siye kumajaji, angasamkeli okanye angasamkeli.

Uthethwano luyinxalenye ephambili yenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho aseburhulumenteni aconjululwa ngezivumelwano eziqulunqweyo kunokuba aye kwityala. Ezi ngxoxo zidla ngokuthethwa emva kokumangalelwa naxa kufunyanwa.

Kwisivumelwano sesingqiniso, ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela ityala elinye okanye ngaphezulu ekuhlawuleni ityala lokubanjwa. Ezi zibonelelo zisenokuquka ukugxothwa kwezinye izityholo, ukunconyelwa kwesigwebo esincitshisiweyo, okanye isivumelwano esingendlela ezimele zibalwe ngayo izikhokelo zesigwebo.

Ukuba ummangalelwa ugqiba kwelokuba amangalelwe ngetyala, kuza kulungiselelwa ukuba kungene isibongozo setyala. Ngexesha loku kuchotshelwa kwetyala, ijaji kufuneka iqinisekise ukuba ummangalelwa uyakuqonda oko kumangalelwa, iziphumo zokucela unetyala, nokuba isibongozo sisenziwa ngokuzithandela.

Inkqubo Yokuchotshelwa Kwetyala Kwinkundla Yomanyano

Ukuba ityala aliconjululwanga ngokugxothwa, ngokugwetywa ngokufutshane, okanye ngokuqukunjelwa, liqhubekeka licinywa. Iimvavanyo zoManyano zilandela iinkqubo ezithile ezilawulwa yiMithetho yeMimiselo yaMazwe yaMazwelonke yamatyala asekuhlaleni kunye neMimiselo yoMbutho woLawulo lobuCaphula-mthetho kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukhetho

Inkoliso yamatyala karhulumente abandakanya inkundla yabachopheli-tyala, nangona amaqela akwityala lasekuhlaleni enokulirhoxa ilungelo lawo lokuchophela ityala yaye eli tyala ligqitywe ngumgwebi yedwa (ukuchotshelwa kwebhentshi). Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, abamangalelwa banelungelo elisemthethweni lokuchophela amatyala anzulu.

Inkqubo yokukhetha abachopheli-tyala, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-voir ekhwankqisayo, ivumela abagwebi namagqwetha ukuba babuze amajaji anokuba ngabagwebi ukuba banokukhetha isidima na. Ii-attorney zingacel ’ umngeni abagwebi ukuba babonise ikhethe okanye bangakwazi ukungabi namkhethe.

Inani elingenasiphelo leejaji lingahlaselwa ngenxa yesizathu, kodwa inkundla kufuneka iqale inike imvume, kodwa omabini amacala angabetha inani elisikelwe umda leejaji ezisekelwe kwisigwebo sazo kuphela. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba ziingxaki zokucinezela kwaye zivumela amagqwetha ukuba asuse abagwebi abanokubakho ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu, ngokokwandiswa kwemiqathango echasene nocalucalulo.

Ukuvula iNgxelo

Amagqabaza okuvula omtshutshisi nawamagqwetha anikela inkcazelo ngetyala lolwaphulo - mthetho, izibakala ezisisiseko kwicala ngalinye elithi ziya kungqina. iingxelo zokuvula azibobungqina kodwa kunoko zinikela imaphu yoko kwicala ngalinye lilindele ukuba ubungqina bubonise.

Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, igqwetha le-posttiff linikela ingxelo yokuqala, ilandelwa ligqwetha lommangalelwa. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ityala liqala, kwaye ingxengxezo ingakhetha ukunikela ingxelo yokuvula ngokukhawuleza emva okanye ilinde de ityala ligqibe ukuveza ityala layo.

Ukunikelwa Kobungqina

Okokuqala, ityala elimele lingqinelwe ngaphandle kokuthandabuza; ityala likaRhulumente kuqala apho baza kubiza amangqina nokubonisa ubungqina obuxhasa inkundla yokuchophela ityala. Bayakusoloko becela ubungqina kumphathi-tyala wequmrhu likarhulumente owaphanda ngetyala. Bangazisa ubungqina obuthe ngqo okanye obulandelelanayo.

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, umthwalo wobungqina useburhulumenteni. Abameli akufuneki babonise ukuba abanatyala. Endaweni yoko, urhulumente kufuneka anikele ubungqina ukuqinisekisa abachopheli-tyala lommangalelwa ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza.

Kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, umchasi-mthetho uthwala umthwalo wokungqina ityala lakhe ngokuqwalasela ubungqina, obusezantsi kunomgangatho osengqiqweni wokuthandabuza kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Emva kokuba ummangalelwa elele, ummangalelwa unikela ityala lakhe. Ummangalelwa angabiza amangqina, azise ubungqina, aze avavanye ityala leqela elichasayo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, abamangalelwa banelungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokungangqinisi, yaye abachopheli-mthetho abanakufumana iingcaso ezingalunganga kwisigqibo sommangalelwa sokungathathi tyala.

Ungcoliseko

Umtshutshisi wengingqi uza kufuneka abonise izityholo ozenze kuwe ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni phambi kwejaji okanye abachopheli-tyala. Iqela lakho lokhuselo liya kukwazi ukunqumla amangqina karhulumente, kwaye ukhuseleko luya kubeka nabuphi na ubungqina ukuba uyathanda.

Ukuxilongwa komnqamlezo kuyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokuvavanya. Emva kokuba ingqina lingqinelana novavanyo oluthe ngqo, iqela elichasayo linethuba lokunqumla i-examine ingqina. Ukuxilonga umnqamlezo kuvumela amagqwetha ukuba acel ’ umngeni ukuthembeka kwamaNgqina, abhence ukungangqinelani, kwaye akhuphe ubungqina obuvumayo kwicala lawo.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Xa amacala omabini efumene imeko yawo, lixesha lokuvala iimpikiswano. Njengokuba kuqalwa, imida yexesha iya kubekwa. Umlinganiselo wexesha uzakuquka ixesha lokuphikisa.

Xa kuqukunjelwa iimpikiswano, amagqwetha ashwankathela ubungqina, achaze indlela obuxhasa ngayo ukuma kwawo aze aphikisane nesizathu sokuba abachopheli - tyala bafanele balawule ngokuxhasa wona. Ngokungafaniyo neengxelo zokuqala, amagqwetha anokuphikisana nobungqina aze athethele ukuba babuchaza njani ubungqina.

Kwimiba yolwaphulo - mthetho, abatshutshisi baqala bathethe ngempikiswano yokuqukumbela, balandelwe, baze ke abatshutshisi bafumane ithuba lokumangalelana.

Imiyalelo yengoma kunye nonikezelo

Abanye abagwebi abagwebi ngaphambi kokuba bagwebe, ngoxa abanye bengayaleli.

Imiyalelo kaJury icacisa umthetho osebenzayo ize ilathise abachopheli - tyala ngendlela yokusebenzisa loo mthetho kwiinyaniso abazivile.

Abachopheli bejaji baququzelela ngasese ukugqiba ngetyala okanye ngokungekho mthethweni. Ukuba ijaji ifikelela kwisigqibo esingqinelanayo, abachopheli-mgwebi bafunda isigwebo enkundleni. Ukuba abachopheli bejaji abanakufikelela kwisigqibo esidibeneyo, inkundla ingamangalela ityala elitsha, elikhokelela kwityala elitsha nabachopheli betyala abahlukileyo.

Kwimiba yolwaphulo-mthetho yequmrhu kufuneka sihlangane. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, amaqela angavuma ukuba amkele isigqibo esingangeni mithetho, nangona izigwebo ezihlanganyelweyo zisaxhaphakile.

Izindululo ezinokwenzeka nezigqibo

Emva kokuba abachopheli bejaji begqibile okanye emva kokuba ijaji igqibe kwityala elikwisihlalo, inkundla ikhupha isigqibo, isigwebo sixhomekeke ekubeni ityala lingokwabantu okanye libubugqwirha kusini na, yaye ubungqina bubonisa ntoni.

Iziphumo Zetyala Laburhulumente

Kwimiba yasekuhlaleni, abachopheli-tyala okanye abagwebi bagqiba enoba umchopheli-tyala uye walingqina ityala lakhe ngokuqwalasela ubungqina. Ukuba umcholacholi-mthetho uyaphumelela, inkundla ifumana isigwebo kwaye imisela unyango olufanelekileyo.

Ukunyangwa kwemicimbi yamakhaya kungaquka ukonakaliswa kwemali (umonakalo wokuhlawula okukoqobo, yaye kwezinye iimeko isohlwayo sokohlwaya ukusohlwaya ihambo engafanelekanga), isiqabu esifuna okanye esithintelayo izenzo ezithile), isiqabu (ukuzimisela kwamalungelo amaqela), okanye ukwenza okuthile (ukuzama ukufezekisa iqela ukunyanzela iimfuno zombutho).

Ukuba ummangalelwa uyaphumelela, inkundla ingena kwisigwebo esigatya ityala lommangaleli. Kwezinye iimeko, iqela elilawulayo linokuba nelungelo lokufumana kwakhona iindleko zegqwetha nendleko, kuxhomekeke kumthetho osebenzayo nakuwo nawuphi na amalungiselelo omnqophiso.

Kuvela Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Ukuba ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala bakufumanisa ungenatyala, ngoko inkqubo yokuchophela iphelile. Igalelo eliphindwe kabini lomGaqo-siseko likhusela ekucinyweni kwakhona kwityala elifanayo. Ukuba ufunyaniswe ngokufanelekileyo nakweliphi na inani, iNkundla iza kumisela umhla wokugwetywa.

Ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyaniswe engenatyala, izityholo ziyarhoxiswa, yaye ummangalelwa uyakhululwa. Ukugwetywa kungokugqibela, yaye ummangalelwa akanakubhenela okanye aphinde amangalele ummangalelwa ngenxa yetyala elifanayo.

Noko ke, ukuba, umzekelo, urhulumente uzisa isityholo sokubulala kwaye akafumani siqinisekiso, kunokwenzeka ukuba urhulumente karhulumente kwiimeko ezithile afake izityholo kummangalelwa ukuba isenzo sikwangekho mthethweni phantsi komthetho wesizwe. Oku kungenxa yokuba oorhulumente bakarhulumente noorhulumente bathathwa njengabalawuli abahlukeneyo ngeenjongo eziphindwe kabini.

Ukugwetywa Kumatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho Ezimanyeneyo

Xa ummangalelwa egwetywa kwinkundla karhulumente, mhlawumbi ngetyala okanye emva kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, inkundla kufuneka imisele isigwebo esifanelekileyo. Isigwebo somanyano sisenzo esintsonkothileyo esilawulwa yimigaqo, imigaqo kunye nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko.

Ingxelo Yophando Olukhoyo

Ngaphambi kokuba agwetywe, ijaji iza kuyala ukuba uphando lwakho lube luhle. Ngokusekelwe kulwaphulo-mthetho lwakho, kwimbali yakho yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nempembelelo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nezinye izinto eziliqela ezingokwasemthethweni, ukuvavanywa kuya kubalwa imigaqo enconyelweyo yokugweba inkundla.

Emva kokuba ummangalelwa ekhalazele ityala okanye efunyaniswe enetyala echongeni, ijaji imisa isigwebo sommangalelwa ngokuqwalasela izinto zomthetho kwi 18 U.S.C. 76 3553 (a) kunye nemigaqo yokugweba yesizwe ekhutshwe yiKhomishini yeSendensig. Iofisi yeNkundla elungisa iPrence Investigation Report (PSR) yeNkundla ngaphambi kokuba igwebe isebenzisa imigaqo yesigwebo kummangaleli ngamnye nolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ingxelo ekhoyo luxwebhu olubanzi oluquka ulwazi malunga netyala, imbali yolwaphulo-mthetho lommangalelwa, imvelaphi yobuqu, iimeko zemali, nezinye izinto eziyimfuneko. Ityala nezokhuseleko zinethuba lokuhlola ingxelo nento kwizinto eziphosakeleyo okanye ukuphikisa iingcebiso zegosa elilityala.

Ukuva Kwetyala

Ijaji inokuqwalasela izinto eziliqela ezibangela ukuba ungabi nasizathu ezifana neminyaka yakho, iimeko ezikufutshane nolwaphulo-mthetho, kwanenxaxheba. Isigwebo sinika amacala omabini ithuba lokunikela ubungqina neempikiswano malunga nesivakalisi esifanelekileyo.

Amaxhoba asenokuba nelungelo lokuthetha impembelelo yamaxhoba ngendlela achukunyiswa ngayo. Ummangalelwa ukwanelungelo lokuthetha ngokuzimeleyo, eyaziwa ngokuba kukugweba, ngaphambi kokuba ijaji ibeke isigwebo.

Ekupheleni kwesigwebo, inkundla iza kukhupha isigwebo. Oku kusebenza ngokukhawuleza, nangona kukho okungamkelekanga.

Ukukhululwa Okuphezulu

Amatyala amaninzi karhulumente anesigxina sokukhupha izicelo. Ukukhutshwa okuphezulu kuyafana nokuvavanywa kommangalelwa kufuneka asoloko enikela ingxelo kwi-ofisi yeProjekthi yase-United States, aze ahambisane neemeko ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuba iNkundla ifumanisa ukuba ummangalelwa uphule iimeko zokukhutshwa okujongwe, iNkundla isenokumhlutha ukukhululwa okujoliswe kuyo ize igwebe ummangalelwa ngexesha lokubanjwa nolongezelelweyo.

Inkqubo Yezibheno

Emva kwesigqibo sokugqibela, umbutho ophulukana nesigqibo usenokuba nelungelo lokubhenela kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Le nkqubo inika uvavanyo olubalulekileyo kwizigqibo zenkundla echongiweyo kwaye inceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba umthetho karhulumente awuhambelani.

Ukubhala Isaziso Sesibheno

Ukuqalisa isibheno, ummangalelwa makafake isaziso sesibheno ngexesha elibaluliweyo. Kwimeko zabemi, isaziso sesibheno kufuneka sigcinwe ngokuqhelekileyo kwientsuku ezingama-30 zokungenisa umgwebo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, abamangalelwa baneentsuku ezili-14 zoku faka isaziso sesibheno, lo gama urhulumente eneentsuku ezingama-30.

Ukungasifaki ixesha eliseleyo isaziso sokubhena kusenokuphumela ekulahlekelweni lilungelo lokubhenela, nangona kwiimeko ezilinganiselweyo iinkundla zisenokunikela ulwandiso okanye zivumele iiplagi ezithe zafika emva kwexesha.

Inkqubo Eza Kufikelelwa Ngayo

Ukuba unesizathu sokukholelwa ukuba impazamo engokwasemthethweni yakhokelela kwisigqibo sakho — ngokomzekelo, abachopheli - tyala bahlolisisa ubungqina obungazange buvunywe — unokubhenela kwiNkundla Yezibheno yaseUnited States.

Izibheno zigqitywe ngamacandelo eejaji ezintathu ezisebenza kunye. Isigqibo seNkundla yezibheno sidla ngokuba lilizwi lokugqibela kweli tyala, ngaphandle kokuba liphinde lisithumele kwinkundla yamatyala ukuze kuthethwe ezinye ityala, okanye amaqela acela iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U. Kwezinye iimeko isigqibo singahlolisiswa ngokuvalwa kwetyala, oko kukuthi, ngeqela elikhulu leejaji (ngokuqhelekileyo lonke) leNkundla yezibheno.

Inkqubo yokugweba ijolise kwiimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni, hayi kwiimpikiswano eziyinyaniso. Iinkundla zetyala zidla ngokuthobela iingxelo eziyinyaniso zenkundla echongiweyo kunye nezigqibo ezingqineke zithembekile. Umgwebi kufuneka abonise ukuba inkundla egwebayo yenza impazamo engokwasemthethweni eyachaphazela iziphumo zetyala.

Omabini amaqela abeka iimpinda ezibhaliweyo eziphikisayo ngokwendawo zawo. Ukuchaza kafutshane kwemposiso zenzekile kwaye kutheni zifuna ukuguqulwa. Ukukhusela okufutshane kwenkundla evavanyayo isigqibo. Umgwebi angafaka impendulo emfutshane kwimpikiswano ye-applee.

Emva kokuqwalasela ezi ngxelo zifutshane, inkundla enika ingxelo ingacwangcisa impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo, apho amagqwetha amacala ngamanye anikela iingxoxo zawo aze aphendule imibuzo evela kubagwebi. Asizizo zonke izibongozo ezibandakanya impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo; ezinye zigqibelwe ngokusekelwe kwiingxelo ezibhaliweyo.

Iziphumo

Inkundla yezibheno ingasiqinisekisa isigqibo senkundla egwetyiweyo, iphinde isibuyisele esi tyala emva kwinkundla yamatyala ukwenzela ukuququzelela ezinye iinkundla. Ukuba inkundla yetyala ifumanise ukuba iimpazamo zenzeka kodwa azinabungozi (ngokuba ayizange ichaphazele isiphumo), iya kuluqinisekisa ugwebo nakanjani na iimpazamo.

Isiqinisekiso singabhenwa ukuba ummangalelwa ukholelwa ukuba ugwetywe ngokuphosakeleyo okanye isigwebo siqatha kakhulu. Ukukholelwa kusenokubhenela kwakhona ukuba iimpazamo ezithile zenzeka ebudeni betyala. Iimvo zikaManyano-/ezimbalwa kakhulu, zinokubhenela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States.

Impinda yeNkundla ePhakamileyo

Inkundla ephakamileyo ephulukana nenkundla yezibheno karhulumente, okanye kwinkundla ephakamileyo yeli lizwe, ingafaka isicelo sokuba "ityala letyala le-cerestiari," esiluxwebhu olucela iNkundla ePhakamileyo ukuba ihlole eli tyala. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo, akuyomfuneko ukuba inike ingxele uhlolo. Inkundla iyavuma ukuva ityala kuphela xa libandakanya umgaqo obalulekileyo kakhulu, okanye xa iinkundla ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zenkundla zephondo zitolike umthetho ngokwahlukileyo. Xa iNkundla Ephakamileyo ithe yaphula ityala, amaqela aya kufunwa amaphepha abhaliweyo kwaye inkundla isenokuva impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo.

INkundla Ephakamileyo ifumana amawaka ezicelo zecertiorari nyaka ngamnye kodwa inikela uhlolo kwityala elincinane kuphela.

Isicwangciso sokuLungisa

Nokuba ubanjwa kwaye isibheno sakho asiphumeleli, usenokuba nezizathu zokubhala isicelo sentambo yehabeas okanye usukela ezinye iintlobo zokukhululeka emva kokuququzelela.

Izicelo zeSizwe zivumela abo bagwetyelweyo ukuba bavavanye ityala labo okanye isigwebo esisekelwe ekuphulweni komgaqo-siseko.

Izizathu eziqhelekileyo zokuhlangula i-habeas ziquka ukungaphumeleli koncedo lwesiluleko, ukuziphatha okubi kwabatshutshisi, ubungqina obusandul' ukufunyanwa, nokuphulwa kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, kunzima ukufumana isiqabu sokukhululeka, kwaye iinkundla zisebenzisa imigaqo engqongqo nemilinganiselo yokuhlola.

Ukwingcali Ezikhethekileyo Kwinkundla Yomkhosi

Imithetho yomanyano neenkqubo

Le mithetho ilawula inkqubo kuzo zonke izenzo zasekuhlaleni nakuzo zonke iinkundla zesithili zaseUnited States. Kufuneka zicaciswe, zisetyenziswe, zisetyenziswe yinkundla nangamaqela ukukhusela ukuzimisela okusesikweni, okukhawulezayo nokungabi naxabiso laneleyo kwesenzo ngasinye nenkqubela.

Imithetho karhulumente yamatyala olwaphulo - mthetho isenokufunyanwa kwiMimiselo Yezaphuli - mthetho, elawula zonke iinkalo zokuvavanywa kwezaphuli - mthetho.

Iinkundla zomanyano zikwanemithetho yasekuhlaleni eyahluka ngokwesithili. Le mithetho yasekuhlaleni ithetha ngemibandela enjengenkqubo yokufakela ityala, isimilo senkundla, kunye neemfuno ezikhethekileyo zokuthatha inyathelo kunye nezinye iifayile. IiAttorney namaqela kufuneka aziqhelanise nemithetho yorhulumente kunye nemithetho yasekuhlaleni yesithili esithile apho ityala lawo lihleli khona.

Ukukhutshwa kweNkundla kunye noBuqhetseba

Ukongeza kwimithetho ecwangcisiweyo esebenzayo enkundleni yorhulumente, kukho nesimilo esahlukileyo esinyanzeliswa ngokungqongqo. Iinkundla zoManyano zigcina umgangatho ophezulu wowiso-mthetho nomsebenzi. IiAttorney kufuneka zinike ijaji intetho njenge "Imbeko Yakho," misa xa uthetha, kwaye ulandele isimilo esifanelekileyo senkundla.

Kwakhona amatheko nababukeli kufuneka baphawule indlela efanelekileyo yokuziphatha, kuquka ukunxiba ngokufanelekileyo, ukucima izixhobo ze-elektroniki, nokuhlala uthe cwaka nokuzihlonela ngexesha lemicimbi. Ukungathobeli kakuhle kwenkundla yezono kusenokuphumela ekuvunyweni okanye ekususweni enkundleni.

Ukuthutha i-elektroniki

Iinkundla zomanyano zisebenzisa iifayile zoLawulo lwetyala/Inkqubo yetyala letyala (CM/ECF) ukwenzela ukugcinwa kwamaphepha nge-elektroniki. Amaxwebhu amaninzi kufuneka agcinwe ngombane, kwaye amaqela angafumana iifatyi zenkundla kunye nee-dokisi kwinkqubo ye-Provial Access to Court Electronic Records (PACER).

I-attorney kufuneka ibhalise i-CM/ECF yofikelelo kwaye ihambelane neemfuno zobuchule be-elektroniki. Amanye amaxwebhu, njengalawo agcinwe phantsi kwemijelo yokutywina okanye aqulathe ulwazi olunobungcathu, anokuba neemfuno ezikhethekileyo ze-screen.

Umahluko Phakathi kweNkundla yoManyano neNkundla yeLizwe

Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwemithetho yenkundla yeli lizwe neyaseburhulumenteni kunceda amaqela asebenzisa inkqubo yomthetho ngendlela ephumelelayo yaye enza izigqibo ezibonisa ukuba anokuwabhala phi amatyala xa kufuneka akhethe.

Igunya

Iinkundla ezininzi zephondo ziinkundla zegunya jikelele, oko kukuthi zinegunya lokuphulaphula amatyala awo nawuphi na umbandela. Noko ke, iinkundla zelifa lemveli zithathwa njengeenkundla zolawulo olulinganiselweyo. Ukulawula okusikelwe umda kuthetha ukuba iCongress imisela imiqathango yetyala elinokuviwa ziinkundla zikarhulumente. Iinkundla zeSizwe kuphela ezinegunya lokuphulaphula amatyala ukuba amaqela ahlukeneyo okanye imbambano ivela phantsi komthetho wesizwe.

Urhulumente norhulumente wesizwe unemithetho yokwenza izenzo ezithile zibe zezobugqwetha, yaye igunya ngalinye libeke ityala lokumisela isohlwayo ngenxa yokwenza ezo zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Urhulumente usenokuba netyala elingqwabalala ngakumbi kunorhulumente (okanye ngokuchaseneyo) wesizwe), kodwa ummangalelwa unokubekwa ityala aze agwetywe phantsi kwazo zombini ezi nkqubo.

ABagwebi Nedinga

Abagwebi boManyano (neNkundla Ephakamileyo "esesikweni") bakhethwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe "ngecebiso kunye nemvume" yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanga kunye "izakubamba ii-ofisi zabo ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle". Abagwebi basenokuhlala bekwisikhundla sabo bonke ubomi babo, kodwa abaninzi barhoxe okanye bathathe umhlala-phantsi ngaphambi kwexesha. Bangasuswa ngokungathobeli yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeMkhosi kunye nokuthembeka kweNdlu.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, inkoliso yabagwebi benkundla yephondo inyulwa ngabavoti okanye ityunjwe ngabalawuli ngokweemfuno ezisigxina. Lo mahluko usisiseko kukhetho kwaye usenokuba nempembelelo kukwenziwa kwesigqibo somthetho kunye nophawu olupheleleyo lweenkundla zikarhulumente ezimelene norhulumente.

Umahluko

Inkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho olumanyeneyo yahlukile kwinkqubo yomthetho karhulumente, kuquka imigaqo emele igwetywe yijaji ngexesha lokugwetywa. Iinkundla zoMasipala zilandela imithetho yePhondo yoLawulo lwaMasipala neMimiselo yoManyano yoMphathi-mthetho, ngoxa iinkundla zikarhulumente zilandela imithetho yazo yesithethe.

Iinkundla zomanyano zityekele ekuqhubeni amatyala ngokukhawuleza kuneenkundla ezininzi zikarhulumente, zisebenzisa imiqathango engqongqo nemithetho engqongqo elawula amatyala abajaji.

Amacebiso Asebenzisekayo Kwinkundla Yomkhosi

Ukubaluleka Komelo Olusemthethweni

Ityala lenkundla yomanyano lintsonkothile kwaye lingobuchule. Ukuba nomelo olusemthethweni olunamava kubalulekile ekukhuseleni amalungelo akho nasekufikeleleni iziphumo ezingcono ezinokwenzeka. Amagqwetha enkundla yomanyano kufuneka avunywe ukuba aqhubeke kwisithili esithile sorhulumente apho ityala limi.

Kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, abamangalelwa abangakwaziyo ukuhlawula igqwetha banelungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokumisela isiluleko. Iofisi yomkhuseli karhulumente inika imvume kubamangalelwa abamangalelwa kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukuqonda Ixesha Elilinganiselweyo

Inkundla yomanyano isebenza phantsi kwemiqathango engqongqo yokufaka amaxwebhu, ukusabela kwintshukumo, nokuthabatha isibongozo. Ukungawugqibi ummiselo kunokuba neziphumo ezinzulu, kuquka ukugxothwa kwezicelo, ukungena komgwebo ongagqibekanga, okanye ukuphulukana nelungelo lokubhenela.

Imithetho yoManyano loMgaqo-nkqubo waMasipala neMimiselo yoMgaqo-nkqubo wePhondo yoMphathi-mthetho ichaza imida yexesha yezenzo ezahlukeneyo. Imithetho yasekuhlaleni ingamisela imiqathango eyongezelelweyo. Amacandelo kufuneka alandele ngenyameko yonke imisebenzi esebenzayo ecwangcisiweyo kwaye afune ulwandiso xa kuyimfuneko phambi kokuba imiqathango iphele.

Ukulungiselela nokulungelelanisa

Ukuphumelela enkundleni yesebe kufuna ukulungiselela nokulungelelaniswa ngokucokisekileyo.Oku kuquka ukuqonda umthetho osebenzayo, ukuqokelela nokulungiselela ubungqina, ukulungiselela amangqina nokuvelisa iqhinga elicacileyo elingokwasemthethweni.

Ii-athorney kufuneka ziqhelane nekhethe lejaji kunye noqheliselo lwayo, olunokwahluka ngokuphawulekayo phakathi kwabagwebi besizwe. Iijaji ezininzi zesizwe zipapasha imiyalelo okanye iinkqubo ezinika ukhokelo ngendlela ezisingatha ngayo amatyala kunye nezenzo.

Imithombo yeNkundla yoQoqosho loQonda

Zininzi ii-asteres ezikhoyo ukunceda abantu baqonde baze baqhube inkqubo yenkundla yelifa lesizwe. I-United States Courts website ( www.ustouts.gov) inika iinkcukacha ezibanzi ngeenkundla zelifa lesizwe, kuquka izinto zokufundisa, iifomu zenkundla, kunye noqhagamshelwano kwii-webhsayithi nganye yenkundla.

Inkundla nganye yesithili yephondo igcina i-website yayo enemithetho yasekuhlaleni, icandelo lolwazi, iinkqubo zokuqokelela kunye nezinye izinto. Inkqubo yePACER ivumela uluntu ukuba lufumane iirekhodi zenkundla yelifa lemveli kunye needokisi ngentlawulo encinane.

Imibutho yoncedo esemthethweni kunye neenkampani ezincedisa abantu abafumana uncedo lunika abantu abangakwaziyo ukuthenga amagqwetha.

ISiko lezeMigwebo soManyano loManyano ( www.fjc.gov) lisebenza njengombutho wophando kunye nowemfundo yeenkundla zesizwe kwaye linika oovimba bemfundo malunga nenkqubo yezomthetho yesizwe.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ngenkundla Yomanyano

Inkundla Yomanyano Isoloko Ingoyiki Ngqo

Ngoxa amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho karhulumente ngokufuthi ebandakanya izityholo ezinzulu, asingawo onke amatyala karhulumente abaluleke ngakumbi kunawo amatyala karhulumente. Inkundla yoManyano ilawula ngokwahlukileyo, yaye iimbambano ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zamakhaya zinokuviwa kwinkundla yelo lizwe ezisekelwe kwimithetho eyahlukahlukeneyo.

Unako Ukukhetha Inkundla Yomkhosi Okanye Yesizwe

Iipali azinako ukukhetha nje kuphela ukukhomba kwinkundla yorhulumente kuba zikhetha yona. Ulawulo lwenkundla yeFederal kufuneka lumiselwe ngokusekelwe kulawulo lwetyala lorhulumente, ulawulo lwentlalo-ntle, okanye esinye isiseko solawulo lorhulumente. Ukuba ulawulo lwamaqumrhu lungekho, ityala kufuneka ligcinwe kwinkundla yephondo.

ABagwebi Abamanyeneyo Baxabiseke Kakhulu

Abagwebi abangoorhulumente ngokwemvelo abakholiswa kwicala elinye okanye elinye. Ngoxa abagwebi besizwe bephila ubomi obungcono yaye besenokujonga amatyala ngokwahlukileyo kubagwebi bakarhulumente abanyuliweyo, imiphumo yayo nayiphi na ityala ixhomekeke kwizibakala, kumthetho, nakumgangatho wengxoxo engokwasemthethweni enikelwayo.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo xa uya enkundleni yephondo kunika abantu amandla okulawula inkqubo yomthetho ngendlela ephumelelayo. Ukusuka kwicandelo lokuqala lokuchophela ityala, ukubhena, nangaphaya koko, inkqubo yenkundla yelifa ibandakanya amacandelo amaninzi, ngamnye unenkqubo neemfuno zakhe.

Nokuba ngaba ubandakanyeke kwimpikiswano yamakhaya, ujongene nezityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ufune nje ukuqonda indlela iinkundla zelifa lemveli ezisebenza ngayo, ulwazi lwenkqubo lunceda ukudambisa ixhala kwaye lunceda ukwenzela ubuchule obungcono ukwenza izigqibo. Ngelixesha inkundla yengingqi isenokubonakala yoyikisa, isebenza ngokwemithetho emiselweyo kunye neenkqubo ezilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kulungile nokusesikweni.

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika, ukutolika umthetho karhulumente, ukucombulula iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela asuka kumazwe awahlukeneyo, nokukhusela amalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Ngokuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo le nkqubo, abemi banokukuqonda kakuhle ukubaluleka kwayo baze bayisebenzise ngempumelelo xa kuyimfuneko.

Kubalulekile ukuba uthethe negqwetha elinamava eliqhelene nomgaqo - siseko, kunye nemiphumo enzulu enokubangelwa kukubekwa kwetyala korhulumente, ukuze ukhokelo olusemthethweni lubaluleke.

Ulwazi olongezelelekileyo olumalunga neenkundla zequmrhu kunye neenkqubo lungafunyanwa nge-ofisi yoLawulo lweNkundla yase-U.S. ( www.ustouts.gov), olunika ubuncwane obupheleleyo bokuqonda inkqubo yezomthetho yequmrhu. ISebe leWebsite yeJaji ([FLT]2] www.gracy.gov) likwanikela ulwazi malunga nokugcinwa komthetho nomthetho kunye nokuchotshelwa.