Xa ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho liphela ngaphandle kwesigqibo, inkundla ivakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo. Le nkqubo ithe yamiselwa ngokuvala ityala, iimpazamo ezinzulu ezingokwetyala, okanye ukuziphatha okubi kweqela. Amatyala ashiya ummangalelwa kwimo esemthethweni ye-limo ye-limo·amo/ayekwangabanjwa okanye angabi natyala. Ukuqonda into eyenzekayo kufuneka uhlalutyo olulandelayo ngokucokisekileyo phakathi komthetho ongekho mthethweni kunye nokhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko malunga nengozi ephindwe kabini. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iimeko apho ukumangalelwa okungalungisi, imithetho entsokothile elawula ukuqulutywa kwakhona, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzisekayo kubamangalelwa, abatshutshisi, abagwebi, kunye nenkqubo yokugwebi.

Yintoni Ephosakeleyo? Ingcaciso Engokwasemthethweni Nezizathu Eziqhelekileyo

Ityala lityala eliphosakeleyo elithi ijaji ingabi namsebenzi ngaphambi kokuba kufikelelwe isigqibo, siphelise isigwebo. Ityala liyama ngoko nangoko, yaye akukho mgwebo ungenisiweyo. Kodwa, ngokungafaniyo nokugxothwa kwekhethe, ityala alivele lithintele urhulumente ukuba alicikime ityala. Inkundla egwebayo inelungelo eliphangaleleyo lokuvakalisa ukunxaxha, kodwa elo cebo libekwa phantsi ngamalungelo omgaqo-siseko wommangalelwa.

IHung Jury (Isondo Elifileyo)

Eyona njongo iqhelekileyo yetyala eliphosakeleyo liququzelelwa ngokungekho mthethweni. Ngokufuthi ibizwa ngokuba “ngabachopheli-tyala abagwebi abagwebi abatsha.” Emva kokuququzelela kakhulu, ukuba abachopheli bejaji abanakufikelela kwisigqibo esidibeneyo nakuliphi na icala, ijaji ingavakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo. Ijaji inika umyalelo okhuthaza ukuqikelelwa ngokubhekele phaya phambi kokuba bavume intloko efileyo. Ukuba abachopheli-jaji abahlala bengakwazi ukuvuma, ukuqulwa kwetyala kuphele ngaphandle kwesigwebo. Kwinkundla yorhulumente, ityala elidume ngokubhekisele ekuxhonyweni kwejaji lingumzekelo oqhelekileyo “imfuneko enkulu”, elineembeko eziphinda kabini (imeko ezibekwe ngezantsi).

Iimpazamo ezizizo kunye neemposiso ezizizo

Ityala lisenokucinywa ngenxa yeempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni ezibangela ukuba ummangalelwa akhethe ilungelo lakhe lokumangalelwa ngokufanelekileyo. Imizekelo iquka ukuqaliswa kobungqina obungaqondakaliyo, impikiswano engafanelekanga yomtshutshisi, ukusilela ukuchaza ubungqina bokuchaza, okanye ukwaphula ilungelo lommangalelwa lokucebisa. Ukuba impazamo ibaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba ayinakunyangwa ngomyalelo wokunyanga, umgwebi anganika ityala eliphosakeleyo − Ngokufuthi ngokwesicelo sommangalelwa.

Ityala Okanye Ukuziphatha Okuphosakeleyo

Ukuziphatha okubi komtshutshisi okanye kwanejaji kungakhokelela kwityala eliphosakeleyo. Ngokomzekelo, umtshutshisi othetha ngabom ngokuzithethelela ngokuvala izono, okanye ijaji ethetha ityala phambi kwabachopheli-tyala, anganyanzela inkundla ukuba iliphule ityala. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuziphatha okubi akunabungozi kangangokuba ukuqulunqwa kwakhona kuthintelwa ngengozi ephindwe kabini.

Ezinye Iindawo: Ukubulawa Yingozi, Ukugula, Intlekele Yemvelo

Iimeko eziphosakeleyo zisenokuvela kwiimeko ezicacileyo: ukufa okanye ukucazululwa kwejaji okanye igqwetha, ungxamiseko lwezonyango olubandakanya ummangalelwa, okanye intlekele yemvelo eyenza ukuba ityala liqhubeke lingenakwenzeka. Iinkundla zivavanya iimeko ezinjalo ngesiqu senqanawa, zilungelelanisa izilangazelelo zobulungisa nxamnye nelungelo lommangalelwa lokuba ligwetywe ngumgwebi othile.

Ingxaki Ephindwe kabini: Ikhorali Iyayilawula

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu soMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. sinikela ukuba akukho mntu “oza kuthotyelwa ukubekwa kwingozi enye yempilo okanye yelungu elinye.” Olu khuselo, olubizwa njengomthetho ochasene nengozi ephindiweyo, ludla ngokudibanisa xa ijaji ifungile kwaye ifakwe kwindawo yokuhlala. Emva kokuncamathisela, ukuvakalisa iimpazamo ziphakamisa imibuzo ecacileyo engokomgaqo-siseko malunga nokuba ummangalelwa angaphinde abekwe engozini kusini na. Umahluko ongundoqo ngulowo [[FLT:] wabangela ukudityaniswa kwanobucala kunye no-[FLT:]

Xa Izixhobo Eziphindwe Kabini Eziyingozi Zivavanywa Emva Kokwenziwa Kwetyala

Umthetho oqhelekileyo uthi ukuba ityala linikezelwe ngokuphosakeleyo kulwantlukwano lommangalelwa, urhulumente angamvumela ummangalelwa ukuba kuphela ukuba kwakukho [[FLT: 0] “imfuneko enkulu” yokusetyenziswa kwetyala. Lo mgangatho wamiselwa kwityala le-ekwimeko ye-athom Perez v. United States (1824) [FLT] [iiNkundla ePhakamileyo], apho inkundla evavanyiweyo imele ukuba inkundla evavanyiweyo isebenzise khona “ubulumko obupheleleyo” kwaye ukuphinda igwetywe kwakhona kuzakukhutshwe kuphela." Ukuqheliswa, kuyabonakala ngokucacileyo ukuba abagwebi abagcileyo bafile ngequle. Eminye imizekelo ibandakanya inkundla yetyala okanye i-justie. Ukuba ngabagweba igweba i-gedele ngokuphosakeleyo.

Umahluko okhoyo kwimeko apho [[FLT: 0] imvume ephosakeleyo izakubekwa kwityala. Ukuba ummangalelwa uqhubela phambili kwityala eliphosakeleyo okanye akasichasi isindululo sejaji, ubungozi obuphindwe kabini budla ngokungavaleli. Ingcamango kukuba ummangalelwa unikezele ilungelo lokugqibezela ukuvavanywa yilo jaji. Iinkundla zisoloko zivumela ukuqulunqwa emva kokuhamba ngempumelelo kwendlela engalunganga esekelwe kwimibameli engalunganga.

Iimbalasane: Xa Umtshutshisi Ebonisa Ngokungagqibelanga Umbandela Ophosakeleyo

Umahluko obalulekileyo ubakho xa umtshutshisi ngabom ebandakanyeka kwihambo eyenzelwe ukukhuthaza ummangalelwa ukuba acele ityala eliphosakeleyo. Kwimeko enjalo, imivalo ephindwe kabini yengozi iphinde ifumaneke. Lo mthetho wamiselwa kwi Orogon v. Kennedy (19982), apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayisithi ukuququzelelwa komtshutshisi akuvumelekanga ukuba ihambo engalunganga yayicetyiselwa ukuqhubela phambili. Umtshutshisi makabonise ukuba umtshutshisi unenjongo ekhethekileyo yokubangela ityala eliphosakeleyo; ukungakhathali okanye kwanobuqhophololo akwanelwanga ngokwaneleyo.

Hung Jury: Isifundo sodidi “Esona Simfuneko”

Njengoko kuphawuliwe, inkundla yabachopheli-tyala exhonywe phantse isoloko iyisizathu esaneleyo sokufumana imfuneko ecacileyo. Ijaji yetyala inengqiqo ebanzi yokufumana intloko efileyo yokwenene nokubhengeza ityala eliphosakeleyo. Xa ivakalisiwe, iingozi eziphindwe kabini aziyivaleli kwakhona/naxa izinto ezikhohliweyo. kwiUnited States v. Sanford (1967),, iNkuqinisekisa ukuba ukulandela isalathisi esixhotyiweyo, urhulumente ukhululekile ukuzisa ummangalelwa ukuba aphinde avavanyelwe. Le yindlela eqhelekileyo yokuphinda agwetywe emva kokunga.

Izingcelele zokhuselo: Ukuqulunqwa, ukugxothwa, okanye

Kummangalelwa oye wanyamezela ukugwetywa ngempazamo, ikamva aliqinisekanga. Ityala lingakhethwa ukuze liphinde licinywe, licinywe, okanye licelwe ityala. Isiphumo sixhomekeke kwizizathu ezininzi, kuquka amandla obungqina, indleko nomthwalo wetyala lesibini, uhlobo lwetyala eliphosakeleyo, nomdla woluntu.

Ityala lokubuyisa ityala kunye namalungelo okuvavanywa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza

Ukuba umngcipheko ophindiweyo awudibani, umtshutshisi angawafaka kwakhona amatyala afanayo. Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza, kodwa iwotshi idla ngokuphinda iphinde iqalise xa ityala liphinde laxokiswe. Oku kuqheliselwa, abagwebi bangavumela ixesha elongeziweyo ngenxa yokuntsonkotha kwesesibini.

Ukuba uvavanyo oluphosakeleyo lubangelwe yimpazamo ezenzekelayo, ityala lingakhetha ukulungisa isiphako nokuzinzisa kwakhona. Umzekelo, ukuba ubungqina bebungafakwanga ngempazamo, urhulumente angazama ukuyibeka kwityala elitsha. Noko ke, abatshutshisi kufuneka balumke: ukuba ityala lokuqala libangelwa kukuqhatha, ijaji kamva isenokufaka isigwebo okanye ibhatyi ekwaya ityala kwimiqathango efanelekileyo.

Ubeko ngokuphindwe kabini Sele Luncanyathelisiwe

Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, ummangalelwa angathetha ngempumelelo ukuba imivalo ephindwe kabini yengozi iphinde igwetywe ngokupheleleyo. Oku kwenzeka xa ijaji ivakalisa ukuphosa ityala ngaphandle kokubonakala yimfuneko, ngenxa yokuchasa ummangalelwa, kwaye urhulumente akanakuyithethelela ityala. Ummangalelwa angaye aqhubekeke ukukhupha ityala ngekhethe. Ukuba uyavuma, ityala liphela ngokusisigxina. Isibheno esibheno esivela kwityala sinokwenzeka kodwa ngokufuthi asiphumeleli.

Umlinganiselo We - plane Emva Kokwenziwa Kweengxaki

Emva kokunganyaniseki, omabini amacala ahlolisisa imbono yawo. Ummangalelwa “obethwayo kwityala lokuqala usenokuziva eqinile, ngoxa ityala likulungele ukunikela isibongozo esilungileyo kunokuba libeke esichengeni esinye isigwebo esixhonyiweyo. Izigwebo ezininzi eziphosakeleyo ziphumela kwizigqibo eziye zaqulunqwa kunokuba ziqulwe ityala lesibini.

Imiboniso Eluncedo: Ukusuka Kwigumbi Lenkundla Ukuya Kwigumbi Lejury

Iinkundla ezichanekileyo azinto ingaqhelekanga. Ngokwenkcazelo evela kwi-Bureau of Justice Statistics, malunga nama-2-5% amatyala ejaji esizwe aphela kwiinkundla eziphosakeleyo, yaye amatyala axhonywe ziinkundla akhokelayo. Amatyala enkundla yephondo ahluka kakhulu. Kwiingcali ezingokwasemthethweni, ukuqonda ukusetyenziswa kakubi kweqhinga kuyimfuneko kwiqhinga lokuvavanya.

Indima Yomgwebi: Ukugqiba Ukuba Uza Kuvakalisa Umgwebo Ophosakeleyo

Ijaji yetyala kufuneka ilungelelanise izilangazelelo eziliqela ezikhuphisanayo: ilungelo lommangalelwa kwityala elifanelekileyo, umdla woluntu ekugqibeleni, kunye nokusebenza kwetyala. Xa ijaji inikela ingxelo yokufa, iijaji zidla ngokufunda isityholo esitsha sobugxele-mngeni (ukukhuthaza uphando oluthe lwakhawulezileyo). Ukuba oko kungaphumeleli, ijaji iphengululi icela ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuqwalaselwa ngokubhekele phandle okulandelayo kuya kuba lilize. Kuphela oko umgwebi avakalise ityala eliphosakeleyo.

Kwimeko yempazamo okanye ukuziphatha okubi, ijaji kufuneka ivavanye ukuba umyalelo onyangayo uyakwazi ukusindisa ityala. Ukuba akunjalo, ijaji iza kuvumela ummangalelwa ukuba aqhubeke ethetha kakubi. Kodwa kwakhona ijaji ingaqwalasela ukuba impazamo yayibubuxoki kangangokuba ayizange ilikhethe ityala eligwetywayo.

Izibheno Nemidlalo Edityanisiweyo

Ukuba ummangalelwa ugwetywa emva kokuqulunqwa kwetyala emva kwetyala eliphosakeleyo, iimbambano eziphindiweyo zengozi zisenokuphakanyiswa ngokubhenela kwityala. Inkundla yetyala iza kuhlola ukugqiba kwenkundla yamatyala ukuba inyanisekile nokuba ummangalelwa uyavuma kusini na. Ukuba inkundla yesibheno ifumanise ukuba ityala livaliwe, iya kuphelisa ukugwetywa nokuyalela ukugxothwa ngekhethe.

Kwelinye icala, ukuba inkundla yetyala inika inyathelo lokugxotha ummangalelwa ngenxa yengozi ephindwe kabini, ityala lingabhenela ngokukhawuleza phantsi kwe18 U.S.C. 761. Ezi zibheno zixhaphakile kumatyala aphezulu e-profile.

Imeko yembali neyomgaqo-nkqubo

Igalelo lengozi ephindwe kabini yayiyinxalenye ephambili yombono kaTata wokuFunyaniswa kwegunya likarhulumente elisikelwe umda. Inkundla Ephakamileyo iye yamathelela ngokungaguqukiyo ukuba “uRhulumente kunye nazo zonke izinto zakhe namandla akhe akufunekanga avunyelwe ukwenza imigudu ephindaphindiweyo yokubanjwa.” Bhala iNkundla, iJaji eMnyama edumileyo ichazwe kwi- Blugian v. United States (1957) ethi “umthetho oyalela ukukhusela umntu kwingozi ephindwe kabini ukhusela umntu ekucinezelweni nasekuqinisekeni okunokwenzeka okungaphezulu kwesohlwayelwe."

Ngoko ke, amatyala abonisa uxinzeleleko phakathi kwamaxabiso amabini: imfuneko yokuphepha ityala elingenasiphelo kunye nemfuneko yokulungisa iimpazamo zamatyala. Imfuneko ecacileyo yemigudu efunekayo yolungelelaniso lwala maxabiso. Iinkundla zigxininise ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuba urhulumente akamele akwazi “ukuphatha” umgwebi olungileyo ngokuyeka iimvavanyo ezingalunganga, okanye abamangalelwa bangakwazi ukunyanzela ukutshintsha kwimiqathango engeyomfuneko ukunqanda ukuvavanywa kwesibini.

Amacebiso Kukhuselo Nakumaqumrhu

Ukuba uthe waphosakele, waxelelwa ukuba ugwebo luphuthile, khawucinge la manyathelo alandelayo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Uxwebhu olusisiseko sovavanyo olungalunganga. Ukuba ityala livakaliswe ngokungalunganga kuxhathisa kwakho, igqwetha lakho kufuneka liyifakele ngokukhawuleza intshukumo ukukhaba kwimiba ephindiweyo ukuba akukho mfuneko icacileyo.
  • bonisa amandla emeko karhulumente. A exhonywe icebiso ukuba ubungqina bukarhulumente bebubuthathaka okanye ukuba abachopheli betyala bafumana amathandabuzo asengqiqweni. Oku kunokukunika ithuba lokufaka isicelo.
  • Ukulumka ngabatshutshisi abachukumisi abavuyayo. Ukuba ityala libangelwe kukunganyaniseki komtshutshisi, hlolisisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente zazicetyiswe ukuxhokonxa ityala. Ukuba kunjalo, iingcinga ezibini zengozi zingasebenza.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uqheliselo lokuhamba phambi kokuba uqulunqe kwakhona. igqwetha lakho lingakwazi ukukhupha ubungqina obuthile okanye libeke umda izityholo ezisekelwe koko kwenzekayo kwityala lokuqala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Hlala uqaphela iwotshi ekhawulezileyo yokuvavanya. Urhulumente unexesha elilinganiselweyo lokuphinda afake isichasi. Ukuba abaphumeleli ukwenza oko, ungakwazi ukukhusela ukugxothwa okusekelwe kwizenzo zovavanyo ezikhawulezayo.

Isiphelo

Ukungagqibeki kwetyala kungumcimbi onzima kodwa obalulekileyo kwinkqubo yobulungisa. Nokuba uvavanyo oluphosakeleyo luphelisa ityala ngonaphakade okanye lulibaziseko nje kuphela luxhomekeke ekusetyenzisweni ngokugqwethiweyo komthetho, inyani, kunye necebo. Ingxelo ephindwe kabini yengozi inika ukhuseleko olunamandla kwiimeko zikarhulumente ezichuliweyo, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ukugqwetha kukude kakhulu. Abamangalelwa, ukumangalelwa, inokuba lithuba lesibini, kodwa kwakhona kumele ukuba bameme imfazwe entsha esemthethweni. Kubatshutshisi, ibonisa ukuba basulungelele ityala labo okanye ithuba lokuphindaphindeka kwakhona. Kwimeko zonke, imigaqo yokugqibela, ukulunga, namalungelo omgaqo-siseko kufuneka alungelelaniswe kakuhle. Ngokuqonda imithetho elawulayo ngokungafanelekanga nokuphindiweyo, oogqirha boonke abaqeqeqeshiweyo, kwaye banokuyiqonda kakuhle indlela elula yokuvavanywa kwetyala xa kunqandana.