Ukuqonda Impinda Yomgwebo

Uhlolo lwezeejaji lungamandla enkundla okuhlola izenzo zamasebe owiso-mthetho kunye negunya eliphetheyo likarhulumente nokugqiba enoba ezo zenzo ziyavisisana nomgaqo-siseko. Xa umthetho okanye isenzo solawulo oluphezulu sifunyenwe sichasene namalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, inkundla ingaluphelisa. Eli gunya lilelona lisisiseko sedemokhrasi yedemokhrasi yale mihla, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe likarhulumente lisebenza ngaphaya kwemida emiselwe luxwebhu lokuseka. Ngaphandle kokuhlola kwezomthetho, indlu yowiso-mthetho ingakhupha imithetho echasene namalungelo asisiseko ngaphandle kokuzihlola okuzimele.

Umlinganiselo wohlolo lomthetho uyahluka-hluka ngokolawulo. Kwamanye amazwe, iinkundla zingahlola kuphela umthetho, ngoxa kwezinye zikwazi ukuhlolisisa izenzo zolawulo kunye nemiyalelo yezolawulo. Le nkqubo idla ngokubangelwa lityala okanye yimpikiswano eziswa linkundla liqela elizimeleyo. Inkundla ephindayo ngoko ichaza umgaqo-siseko ngokuqwalasela isenzo esicetyisiweyo. Le nkqubo ifuna ukuba abagwebi balungelelanise ukunyaniseka kombhalo wesiseko kunye nemigaqo-siseko esekelwe kwimithetho-siseko, ngokufuthi ekhokelela ekuvumiseni iimpikiswano zomthetho.

IiNqanawa Zokuhlalutya Izeejaji

Ukusebenza ngokunempumelelo, uhlolo lokugweba luxhomekeke kwimiba emininzi:

  • [[FLT: 0] IChonsigational Supremacy: Umgaqo-siseko ngumthetho ophezulu welizwe. nawuphi na umthetho okanye isenzo esingqubana nayo siphuthile.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Inkundla ezizimeleyo: kufuneka zingabi nangcinezelo yezobupolitika okanye ukungenelela ukunikeza imigaqo engakhethi buso.
  • Imithetho esesikweni: Asiyomibuzo yonke engokomGaqo-siseko ephinda ihlolwe. Iinkundla zifuna impikiswano yokwenene, ukuma, nokuvuthwa.
  • Inkcubeko yendlela ebanzi:[ Abagwebi basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo /iinkcazelo zoqobo, ukubhalwa kombhalo, ukuhlaliswa komgaqo-siseko, ukutolika imimiselo.

Ezi ziqalelo ziqinisekisa ukuba uhlolo lokugweba lunemigaqo kwaye lulungelelaniswa. Ukufaneleka kwamandla kuxhomekeke ekuthembeni uluntu kwijaji kunye nokuzibophelela ngokwabelanayo ekulawuleni umthetho.

Isiseko Sembali Sohlalutyo Logwebo

Ingcamango yokuba iinkundla zingazenza kungabikho zenzo zowiso-mthetho ayizange ivele eUnited States, kodwa yayilapho apho yafumana khona esona sigqibo sayo sidumileyo. Umthetho oqhelekileyo waseNgilani wawuyiqaphele kudala ingcamango yomthetho osisiseko, yaye iinkundla zamakoloni ngamanye amaxesha zazihlola izenzo zezindlu zowiso-mthetho zamakoloni. Noko ke, yayiyiNkundla ePhakamileyo i-̱ isigqibo kwi- [Marbury v. Madison [183]

IJaji enkulu uJohn Marshall, ebhalela inkundla edibeneyo, wabambelela kwinkundla yetyala yephondo neyomsebenzi wesebe lokugweba ukuchaza oko umthetho ukukuko. Ityala lavela kwimbambano yezopolitiko phakathi koMongameli John Adams kunye noMongameli ozayo uThomas Jefferson. UWilliam Marbury, umiselwe phakathi kobusuku, unobhala weSizwe uJames Madison ngenxa yegunya lakhe. Nangona iNkundla yafumanisa ukuba uMarbury unelungelo lomsebenzi, yavakalisa ukuba ilungiselelo leSigqi somthetho sephondo sowe-179 esanika igunya leNkuNkulawula iNkundla ye-Writamus. UWilliam uWilliam uG. UWilliam Marshallsbey wayengenamgalelo lomthetho wesizwe, wasungula iNkungalo mthetho wesizwe, wasungula i-Marshalls.

Uphuhliso Kwamanye Amazwe

Ngokulandela umzekelo waseMerika, amazwe amaninzi aququzelela uhlomelo lwezomthetho-siseko wawo. Indiya, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yenza uhlolo logwebo phantsi kweManqaku 13, 32, kunye no 226 woMgaqo-siseko. Ijudiary yaseIndiya iye yagatya imithetho echasene namalungelo asisiseko, njengaku [[FLT:]] [FLT]] Khavanandavvv. Urhulumente waseKeralah [773], eyamisa imfundiso esisiseko ethintela iPalamente etshintshayo kwimiqathango yomthetho engundoqo. , [FLD5], iyasebenza phantsi kweTshati yamaLungelo neNkulumbuso (inkululeko) ekwane nemithetho ephantsi (iiii-1982], ngaphandle kokuba ifumene imigaqo elungele ukuthoba imigaqo elungele ukutho (inyaniswe).

, iNkundla yezomGaqo-siseko yeFederal (Bundesfassungsericht) yinkundla ekhethekileyo enikezelwe ngokukhethekileyo ekuhloleni umGaqo-siseko. Inomjikelo obanzi, kuquka uhlolo oluthe shwankathekisiweyo lwemithetho emalunga nesicelo sikarhulumente okanye urhulumente, uhlolo olucacileyo oluvela kwiinkundla ezisezantsi, kunye nezikhalazo zomgaqo-siseko ngamnye. Imodeli yeJamani iphembele iintlanga ezininzi zaseYurophu kunye neNkunganiso ye-European yezobulungisa.

Asiyiyo yonke idemokhrasi eyamkela uhlolo oluqinileyo lomthetho olungelelanisiweyo. UBukumkani boMbuso, obungenawo umgaqo-siseko ogunyazisiweyo, buxhomekeke kulawulo lwepalamente. Noko ke, uMthetho wamalungelo abantu ka-1998 uvumela iinkundla ukuba zikhuphe izindululo zokungangqinelani, zinike iPalamente isaziso sokuba umthetho ongqubanayo neNdibano yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu. Ngokufanayo, amazwe afana neNetherlands neFinland anemiqathango yokuhlola umthetho oyintloko ngokwesithethe.

Ukubaluleka Kokuphengululwa Kweejaji

Uhlolo lwezeejaji lusebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwibutho lolawulo-melo. Ayiyonkqubo yobugcisa nje yomthetho kodwa ingumsindisi osisiseko wenkululeko nolawulo olulungileyo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ngokuqwalasela okukhawulezileyo yindima yokukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye norhulumente ophathwe kakubi. Xa indlu yowiso-mthetho igqithisa umthetho othintela ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, okanye ekhanyela ukhuseleko olulinganayo, abantu banokuchaphazeleka kulowo mthetho enkundleni. Uhlolo lwejaji lunika i-form yokuthethelela la malungelo, ngokufuthi kumaqela angenawo amandla ezobupolitika. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo e-U. U-U.S. iNkundla ePhakamileyo e [[FLT:]] iSiqithi-m. iRaker v.[[FLT:] [2010]] [2013]) inika igalelo elingundoqo lokuhlola igunya lomthetho womthetho-mthetho, kodwa lingenawo amandla.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Uhlolo lwezeejaji luqinisa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngokwenza uvavanyo kumasebe owiso-mthetho nakwezolawulo. Abaququzeleli bomGaqo-siseko wase-U. bayila inkqubo apho isebe ngalinye liza kuba nendlela yokuxhathisa ukungenelela kwamanye. Isebe lejaji, ekubeni lilelona libuthathaka kakhulu (elingenasikhwaba-mali okanye ikrele), lifuna isixhobo sokuqinisekisa igunya lalo. Uphengululo lwejaji lunika iinkundla amandla okuthi hayi xa amanye amasebe egqitha imiqathango yawo. Lo msebenzi wokuhlola ubalulekile ekuthinteleni ulawulo lomthetheleli okanye umlawuli.

Ukukhuthazwa kokuphendula nokubonisa ngaphaya

Xa izenzo zikarhulumente ziphantsi kophando logwebo, amagosa asengozini yokuthatha inyathelo elingaphaya kwemida yomthetho. Ukubakho kocelomngeni lomgaqo-siseko kunokuthintela izindlu zowiso-mthetho ekudluliseni ngokukhawuleza, ekungeniseni imithetho efuna amalungelo. Ngaphezu koko, iimbono zomthetho zifuna ugwebo oluqiqayo, olunyanzela urhulumente ukuba acacise indlela yakhe yokucacisa. Oku kukhanyisa kwenza abemi baqonde isiseko esisemthethweni seesigqibo zenkqubo nokugcina abameli babo benoxanduva.

Ukubambelela Kumthetho

Umthetho ufuna ukuba bonke abantu kunye namaziko, kuquka norhulumente, bathobele yaye baphendule phantsi komthetho. Uhlolo lwezeejaji luqinisekisa ukuba umgaqo-siseko awulo uxwebhu nje lwezopolitiko kodwa ngumthetho omkhulu onyanzeliswayo ngokomthetho. Unika inkqubo yokucombulula iingxabano phakathi kwemithetho eqhelekileyo kunye nemiyalelo yomgaqo-siseko, uthintele ulawulo olungekho ngqiqweni. Kumazwe aphantsi komthetho, uhlolo-mthetho lunokuba sisixhobo esinamandla sokumisela ukuqikelelwa okusemthethweni nokusesikweni.

Ukuqheliselwa kweNjongo yezeMigaqo

Uhlolo lwezeejaji aluyombono nje ethethwayo; luneziphumo ezicacileyo, ngokufuthi eziguqulayo kwibutho labantu. Iinkundla zisoloko zivavanya imida yentsingiselo yomGaqo-siseko, kunye nemithetho yazo elawula inkqubo kawonke wonke, amalungelo abantu, kunye nesakhiwo sikarhulumente.

Amatyala Ophawu Lwasezweni Nempembelelo Yawo

Izigqibo eziliqela eziphawulekayo zibonisa amandla nokufikelela kolu hlolisiso:

  • Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954): Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yavakalisa imithetho yorhulumente emisela izikolo ezahlukeneyo zikawonke-wonke kubafundi abamnyama nabamhlophe abangengoziko, ijijela i “ i-pastical kodwa elinganayo ̵ imfundiso ye- Pnety v. Fergusonson [186]).
  • Roe v. Inkundla yamkela ibhinqa i’ ichaza ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokuba yedwa, ibandakanya isigqibo sokuphelisa ukukhulelwa. Eli tyala liseyenye yezona zenzo zididaneyo zohlalutyo, iqalisa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nokuthintelwa kwetyala kunye nendima efanelekileyo yeenkundla.
  • [[NTL:0] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): INkundla yathi izibini ezingokwabelana ngesondo zinelungelo elisisiseko lokutshata phantsi kweNkqubo elindelekileyo ne-Ukhuselo lomlinganiselo ka-Celas. Le mithetho isemthethweni isemthethweni i-obergefell v, ibonisa indlela uhlolo olunokwenzela phambili ngayo amalungelo abantu kwi-LGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye.
  • I-CItamings ye-United FEC (2010): INkundla yawisa imiqathango yokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko ngokwayo yimibutho nemibutho, ilawula ukuba imali esetyenziswayo ikhuselwe kwintetho yezobupolitika. Abahlalutyi baphikisa esi sigqibo ukuba imali enyusiwe kwezobupolitika, ibonise ukuba uhlolo lwezomthetho lunokuba neziphumo zempikiswano.
  • IFomatiyo ye-Independent Business v. Sebelius (202): INkundla yaxhasa inkoliso yoMthetho we-Afford Cancel kodwa olinganiselweyo weBhunga le-’ amandla phantsi koMphathi-mashishini uClaus, ebonisa indlela uhlolo logwebo olungayibumba ngayo inkqubo yempilo.

Kumanye amagunya, amatyala afanayo ayanda. I-Indiya ’ iNkundla Ephakamileyo, Navtej Singh Johar v.Umanyano lwaseIndiya (2017]), idecrimentificensincencencencencencencent [1988], ukukhupha isisu okungagqibekiyo ngokugawula icandelo 377 lemithetho yePenal. Canada ̱ iNkundla ePhakamileyo, kwiNkundla ye-. v. Morginteller [[FLT: 3)] [19, [19, ukrutho lomthetho womkhosi owenziweyongalukileyo, ukuvumela ukusetyenziswa komkhosi, nokuyekelela kobucala lomkhosi, ukuyekelela kobucala obulawula.&8; umGwe-Gwe-Jamani, i-E.

Ubuchule BomGaqo-siseko

Uhlolo lwezeejaji luvela kwindlela ezimbini ezingundoqo: uhlolo olucacileyo nolungaqondakaliyo. Kwingqwalasela eqinisekiyo, iqela eliya etyala liphikisa ukuba umthetho osebenzayo kwityala labo awusebenzi ngokwemigaqo-siseko. Le yindlela eqhelekileyo eUnited States, apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo ifumana amatyala neempikiswano kuphela. Ngokuhlola okungaqondakaliyo, amagosa karhulumente agunyazisiweyo (njengomongameli, ipesenti yemithetho yephondo, okanye urhulumente) angabongoza inkundla ukuba ihlole kwakhona umgaqo-siseko ngaphambi kokuba usetyenziswe. Le nkqubo iqhelekile kwiinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya, njengaseFransi, eJamani, naseMzantsi Korea.

Iinkundla nazo zahlukile kwindlela ezinokuyisebenzisa ngayo unyango. Kwi-U.S., ukufunyanwa kobugqwetha kunika umthetho i-ab initio (ukususela ekuqaleni). EKhanada, iinkundla zinganqumamisa izibhengezo zokungafezeki komthetho-siseko ukunikezela ngexesha lowiso-mthetho ukuba kwenziwe utshintsho lomthetho-siseko. Ezinye iinkqubo zivumela inkundla ukuba ifunde okanye inqumle imiqathango ephosakeleyo ngoxa igcina wonke umthetho.

Ukuququzelelwa kweNkcubeko yezeeJaji

Nangona ukuthathwa kwayo ngokundilisekileyo, ukuhlalutyiswa kwetyala kuye kwabangela ukuba kugxekwe ngokunzulu. Abachasi baphakamisa inkxalabo ngokusemthethweni kwedemokhrasi, ukugweba, nokukwazi kweenkundla ukuphamba.

Ubunzima Bokuphikisa

Eyona ngxaki ingapheliyo ye-critique yile ibizwa ngokuba yi-#8220; i-couver-majoritarian buxanduva, i-̵ igama eliqanjwe ngumphengululi osemthethweni u-Alexander Bickel. Kwidemokhrasi, izigqibo ngokuqhelekileyo zenziwa ngabameli abanyuliweyo abanobutyala kubantu. Uhlolo lwejaji luvumela abagwebi abangamiselwanga ukuba bangabi nakwanenza mithetho egqithiselwe yidemokhrasi. Oku kungabonwa njengokuzicutha umgangatho ophantsi wemithetho esemthethweni. Abagxeki bephikisa ukuba xa iinkundla zibetha umthetho oqhelekileyo, zithatha indawo yokhetho lwazo lwemibutho yabantu i̱ abameli. Ubunzima bukhulu kwiimeko ezinxulumene nenkqubo zezoqoqosho-olgosalvel.

Abaxhasi bohlolo lomthetho baphendula ngokuthi umgaqo-siseko ngokwawo uyimbonakaliso yabantu i’ izisombululo, yaye iinkundla zityholwa ngokumisa izigwebo zazo ngokuchasene nee-oyena mandla baphambili. Baphikisa ngelithi amalungelo asisiseko angafanele athotyelwe luvotelo olulula. Ngaphezu koko, uhlolo lomthetho lungakhulisa ulawulo-melo ngokukhusela amalungelo abantu abambalwa nokuqinisekisa iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zezobupolitika.

Imithetho yomthetho echaseneyo

Imizekelo enxulumene nobunzima obungathathi-nxaxheba yingxoxo engomthetho we-applicis. Abahlalutyi batyhola ezinye iinkundla zokwaphula indima yazo ngokufunda amalungelo amatsha kumgaqo-siseko, ngokunempumelelo ekundulukeni kwebhentshi. Imizekelo iquka iNkundla ePhakamileyo i-U.’ izigqibo [ku-] Roe v. I-Wade[ kunye no-Obergefell v. Hodges[, eziphikisanayo azizange zibekwe embhalweni okanye kwintsingiselo yokuqala. Ngokuchaseneyo, abaxhasi beenkundla zokulawula umthetho bakholelwa ukuba banyulwe amasebe ngaphandle kokuba bephule umthetho.

Kodwa umgca phakathi kotoliko nomthetho awusoloko ucacile. Abagwebi kufuneka bachaze amabinzana acacileyo anjengo “ inkqubo ekhoyo ̵ okanye “ ukhuseleko olulinganayo. ̵ Indlela ethintelwayo exhomekeke kuphela kwinjongo yantlandlolo ingayekwa ukuthetha okungekho sikweni kwangoko. Ucelomngeni kukuqhelisela uhlolo lomthetho ngendlela elungeleleneyo neyamkelekileyo ekugqibeni amaxabiso ento eninzi, ngaphandle kokuba yi-legislature.

Ukuthotyelwa Kweenkundla

Enye ingqwalaselo ebalulekileyo yeyokuba ukuvavanya okubalulekileyo kokulawula ityala kunokubangela ukuba inkundla ithatyathelw' amandla aphezulu ekuqhomfeni, emtshatweni, kwimali yelifa, okanye kwigunya eliphakamileyo, ukutyunjwa nokuqinisekiswa kweejaji kube ngamadabi angqwabalala. EUnited States, oku kuye kwakhokelela ekunyukeni kwengqiqo engakumbi nasekuphulukaneni nentembelo kawonke-wonke kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo njengomxhasi. Kwamanye amazwe, njengePoland neHungary, oorhulumente baye bahlasela ukuzimela ngokweenkundla ngokweenkundla zenkundla okanye ngokuvala inkundla yemithetho elawulayo, besebenzisa izityholo zokuthintela inkundla yezentlalo-ntle.

Abameli baphikisa ngelithi ukuqhatha akunakuphepheka. Ukhuseleko oluqinileyo lweziko, olunjengemiqathango emiselwe ixesha elide, imivuzo ekhuselekileyo, kunye neenkqubo zokumisa ezicace gca, lungakhusela abagwebi kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Ngaphezu koko, isithethe esiqinileyo sokuqiqa okusemthethweni nokunamathela kwimizekelo elandelwayo sinokugcina ukufaneleka kwanakwimicimbi ekhuphiswaneni.

Ukulungelelanisa igunya lejaji noLawulo lwedemokhrasi

Ukuze kuxutyushwe ezi ngxaki, iinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho ziye zavelisa iinkqubo zokulungelelanisa uhlolisiso olungokwasekomitini nokuphendula ngedemokhrasi.

IziHlaliso zoMgaqo-siseko eziDluliwe noMgaqo-siseko

Amanye amazwe avumela iwiso-mthetho ukuba ithethe ngapha nangale kwezigqibo ezithile zomthetho. iKhanada ’ i-Indatshane i-̵ (Ulwandiso lwama-33 lweSicangca samaLungelo neNkululeko) ivumela iPalamente okanye indlu yowiso-mthetho yephondo ukuba ivakalise ukuba umthetho uza kusebenza phezu kwako nje ukuba amalungelo athile eSicaka azakusetyenziswa kumaxesha eminyaka emihlanu etsha. Eli lungiselelo linika isebe elinyuliweyo igama lokugqibela kwezinye iimeko ngexa ugcina uphindo lwezahlulelo njengomgca wokuqala wokhuseleko. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwalo kuyabiza imali emalini nangoko.

Enye ingxilongo yinkqubo yokulungisa umGaqo-siseko. EUnited States, isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo esitolika umGaqo-siseko sinokupheliswa kuphela ngokutshintshwa komgaqo-siseko, okufuna ukuba kubekho izakhiwo eziphezulu kwiBhunga kunye nokuhlaziywa kwee-arhente ezintathu kwezine. Le ntsika iphezulu iqinisekisa ukuba uhlolo lwezomthetho aluphenduliswa lula kodwa ikwavumela abantu ukuba balungise iinkcazelo eziyimpazamo.

Imithetho Yomthetho Neemfundiso Ezingathotyelwanga

Iinkundla ngokwazo zingamkela iimfundiso zokuthintela ukulinganiselwa ukufikelela kohlolo lwezomthetho. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. isoloko isebenzisa i-̴ imfundiso echaseneyo, i̵ ukutolika imimiselo yokuphepha imibuzo engokomGaqo-siseko apho kunokwenzeka. Ikwayilwa nemibuzo yezopolitiko ewiswe kumasebe ezobupolitika nge-Scription. (*) nokungakhathaleli kokufunyenwe kwemithetho-mthetho kwiindawo ezifana nomthetho. Ngokufanayo, iinkundla ezininzi zisebenzisa uvavanyo lolwahlulo xa zivavanya iimfuno zomgano, zinika igumbi lokukhetha phakathi kwezizathu ezifanelekileyo zokufikelela iinjongo ezifanelekileyo.

Ikamva Lempinda Yogwebo

Ukuhlolisisa isigwebo kuyaqhubeka kusenziwa ngenxa yeengxaki ezintsha ezingokwasemthethweni, zentlalo nezezobugcisa.

Amalungelo namathuba emfihlo amanani

Ubuxhakaxhaka buphakamisa imibuzo engaqhelekanga yomgaqo-siseko. Iinkundla zixakene nobungakanani bamalungelo obuqu ngexesha lamanani, kuquka ukujongwa ngurhulumente, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi ziinkampani zabucala, kunye nomgaqo wobuchule obungeyoyamvelo. Carpeent v. EUnited States [2018], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ibambelele kwingxelo yezomthetho yokuba urhulumente ufuna isiqinisekiso sokufikelela kwiingxelo zembali zeseli yeSine seSinyusinyusi. Iinkundla zaseYurophu ngokufanayo zisebenzise iNdibano zamalungelo abantu ukuhlasela iinkqubo zoluntu. Njengoko ubugcisa buqhubela phambili, uhlolo-mthetho lwase-U.

Ubulungisa Bemekobume

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kungumsebenzi okhula ngokukhawuleza. Abaququzeleli bomthetho noorhulumente bazisa amatyala abangela ukuncitshiswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yemozulu, bephikisa ngelithi ukungenzi nto kwanele ukuphula amalungelo omgaqo-siseko (njengelungelo lobomi, impilo, okanye imekobume entle). Ngo-2019, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseNetherlands, Urgenda Foundation v. Urhulumente waseNetherlands , uphakamisa umyalelo wenkundla osezantsi ofuna ukuba urhulumente anciphise ukukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu ngemigangatho engama-25% ka-2020. Amatyala afanayo abekwe eUnited States, eKhanada, eJamani, kunye neBrazil. I-Reajudiographial ungaba sisixhobo esingundoqo sokulungisa iimfuno zemozulu kwienkundla zemozulu, nangona kufuneka angawuthobeli kakuhle.

Ingxoxo yezemali neMigaqo-nkqubo yeNkcubeko yeMigaqo-nkqubo yeNkcubeko

Iinkundla ziphinda zinike izigqibo ezivela kwezinye iindawo xa zichaza umgaqo-siseko wazo. Oku kuqhamisa okunqamlezileyo, maxa wambi okubizwa ngokuba yingxoxo yezomthetho-siseko wamazwe ngamazwe, kunyusa umthetho wezomthetho-siseko kodwa kukwaphakamisa imibuzo ngolawulo. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseCanada isoloko ijonge kwiU.S., iYurophu, kunye nomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kumatyala. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U. ngokuchasene noko, iye yaqhubeka ithetha kakhulu, kunye nezinye izigwebo eziphikisa ukuba imithombo yangaphandle ayiyo inxulumene notoliko lweziko lomgaqo-siseko waseMerika. Ikamva lokuhlola ityala lizakubona ukuboleka okukhulu nokuchasana kwayo.

Ukusetyenziswa Kwezibhengezo Nezisongelo Zenkululeko Yejaji

Uhlolo lwezeejaji lujongene nocelomngeni olungqalileyo oluvela kwimibutho efuna ukunikela ingqalelo kumandla nokuthomalalisa izithintelo zolawulo. Kumazwe anjengePoland, iHungary, neTurkey, oorhulumente baye basusa abagwebi, bamisela imithetho ethintela ukulawulwa kweenkundla zomGaqo-siseko, kunye nabaxhasi abamiselweyo. Ezi zenzo ziyakululaza ukuphumelela kokuhlola nokusongela umthetho. Ukulwela ukuzimela kwezomthetho kuya kufuna ukuphaphaphakanyiswa kuluntu olusemthethweni, imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe, kunye noluntu. Ukuzinziswa kolu lwabiwo-mthetho ngenxa yokuhlasela okunjalo kuya kuvavanyaza ukusetyenziswa kwalo ixesha elide njengekhuselwa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi.

Imbono ethelekisayo kwiNjongo yezeeJaji

Ukuqonda uhlolisiso olungokwaselugwebeni kufuna ukuqonda indlela eyahlukileyo ngayo inkqubo yomthetho.

Imodeli YaseMerika: Impinda Ehlaziyiweyo

EUnited States, uhlolo lwezomthetho lusetyenziswa ziintendelezo zorhulumente nezorhulumente, hayi nje inkundla yomgaqo-siseko ekhethekileyo. Nayiphi na inkundla ingavakalisa umthetho ongekho mgaqweni, nangona iNkundla ePhakamileyo inegunya lokugqibela. Le mizekelo ilungelelanisiweyo inyusa inani lamathuba ocelomngeni lomgaqo-siseko kodwa isenokukhokelela ekungqubaniseni kwemimiselo phakathi kweenkundla eziphantsi de inkundla ephakamileyo isombulule lomba. Isithethe se [[FLT: 0] esinomthetho ophezulu] sinobucala obungalawulekiyo. [umphandle] [umphandle] unika uzinzo, kodwa inkqubo inika uzinzo oluphezulu lwezinzo, kodwa inkqubo iyakwazi ukumelana netyala.

Imodeli yaseYurophu: IiNkundla zoMgaqo-siseko eziPhakathi

Amazwe amaninzi aseYurophu, ephenjelelwa ziingcamango zikaHans Kelsen, amisele iinkundla ezinikezelweyo zomGaqo-siseko ezahlukeneyo neziqhelekileyo. La matyala anegunya elipheleleyo kwimibuzo yezomGaqo-siseko, ngokufuthi ngohlolo olungacaci. Imizekelo iquka iNkundla yeSigqeba somGaqo-siseko saseJamani, iBhunga lomGaqo-siseko waseFransi, kunye neNkundleni yezomGaqo-siseko yaseItali. Le mizekelo igxininisa ubuchule bomgaqo-siseko kwaye inciphisa umngcipheko wokungaguquguquki. Noko ke, iyakwazi ukudala umsantsa phakathi komGaqo-siseko nomthetho-siseko kunye nomthetho oqhelekileyo, ofuna iindlela zokuchaza imigaqo.

Iimodeli Ezilungisiweyo

Amanye amazwe adibanisa amalungu azo zombini iinkqubo. Inkundla yoMgaqo-siseko i̱ inamandla abanzi okuhlola kodwa iyinxalenye yejaji edityanisiweyo. IJapaṉ iNkundla Ephakamileyo ilandela imodeli yaseMerika kodwa inqabile ukwenza uhlolo lokugweba, ngenxa yenkcubeko yezopolitiko kunye nemigaqo yeziko. I-Indiya idibanisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo nohlolo oluphezulu lwenkundla ephakamileyo, kwaye abagwebi bayo bawanyanzelisa ngokukhuthele amalungelo asisiseko kunye nemfundiso esisiseko.

Isiphelo

Uhlolo lwezomthetho lusasoloko lungundoqo obalulekileyo wedemokhrasi yomgaqo-siseko. Lukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, lugcina iingqikelelo kunye nolungelelwano, lukhuthaza ukuphendulelwa ityala, luphakamisa umthetho. Noko ke, alunazimpazamo. Ubunzima obuchaphazelekayo bokulwa nolwaphulo-mthetho, umngcipheko wokusebenza ngokwezigwebo, kunye nezisongelo zokuzilawula zifuna ingqalelo eziqhubekayo. Ikamva lokuhlola kwenkundla liya kuxhomekeka kwindlela iinguqulelo zobugcisa, iingxaki zemozulu, ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye neengcinezelo zobupopulist.

Ekugqibeleni, uhlolo lwekomiti luziko olunempembelelo olumele lulungelelanise ukuthembeka kwimibhalo-siseko kunye nokusabela kwimilinganiselo yoluntu. Ukufaneleka kwalo kuxhomekeke kwisahlulelo esinemigaqo ephantsi nenemigaqo ephantsi, esisebenzisa amandla okuzibamba nokuqiqa. Njengoko amabutho eqhubeka entsonkotha, intsingiselo yohlalutyo lwezomthetho iya kukhula, isenza sibe baluleke ngokuhlala sinjalo kubaphengululi, oogqirha, nakubemi ngokufanayo.

[[NTLT: 0] ukwenzela ukufunda okubhekele phaya, bona [[FLT: 1] Marbury v. Madison [[FLT]] Iprojekti yeChonsitituti[ yomgaqo-siseko wehlabathi, kunye Encclopedia Britannica kuhlolo lwencwadi yetyala.[[FLT:]]