Ukwazisa: Ukuqonda Amasebe Amathathu KaRhulumente waseUnited States

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States waseka urhulumente wesizwe owahlulwe ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: uLawulo oluPhezulu, iSigqeba, kunye neSigwebo sokwahlula. Oku kwahlula-hlula amagunya lilonke idemokhrasi yaseMerika, enzelwe ukunqanda naliphi na iqumrhu ekufumaneni igunya elininzi. Ngokusasaza amandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo, abalawuli badala inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela okufuna intsebenziswano nokuphendula. Kubemi, beqonda indlela elisebenza ngayo eli sebe ekuthatheleni inxaxheba kubomi babantu, ekuvotiseni abachongeni namagosa anyuliweyo. Esi sikhokelo sinikela ukujonga okubanzi kwisebe ngalinye, iimbopheleleko zalo ezingundoqo, abadlali, nendlela abasebenza ngayo ukuze babumbe inkqubo yesizwe nomthetho.

Isebe ngalinye linamagunya alo akhethekileyo kunye nemiqathango. Isebe Elilawulayo liyila imithetho, iSebe elilawulayo liyayinyanzelisa, kwaye iSebe lezeejaji liyayitolika. Ngoxa esi sakhiwo sibonakala sichanile, imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla ibandakanya iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo, amakhulu amasebe, namawaka amagosa. Eli nqaku lithetha kakhulu ngolwazi olusisiseko ukuze linike ubuchule obunzulu bomatshini bakarhulumente. Enoba ungumfundi, ummi omtsha, okanye ummi ohlala ixesha elide, esazi indlela la masebe asebenza ngayo kuwenawo ukuphendula urhulumente wakho.

Isebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu linembopheleleko yokuzalisekisa, ukunyanzelisa, nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Lisebe elikhulu lorhulumente wesizwe, eliquka uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, iKhabhinethi, kunye namasebe amaninzi asekuhlaleni kunye namasebe amaninzi. Intloko yelisebe, uMongameli, isebenza njengesona sikhulu sohlanga kunye neNkulumbuso yemikhosi exhobileyo. UMongameli unyulwa rhoqo kwiminyaka emine ngenkqubo yeKholeji ye-Electoral kwaye ulinganiselwe kumagunya amabini ngeSinyulo sama-222.

UMongameli: Amagunya Neembopheleleko

Amagunya kaMongameli adweliswe kwiGatya II lomGaqo-siseko. Ezi ziquka igunya lokutyobela amatyala adluliselwe yiBhunga-ngqungquthela, okanye ukuwafaka kuwo. UMongameli ukwanamandla okukhupha imiyalelo yegunya lolawulo, enamandla omthetho kodwa engafuni kugunyazwa yingqungquthela. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli umisela abagwebi, ii-arhente, kunye namalungu e-Kabhinethi, nangona la magunya efuna isiqinisekiso seNdlukhwe. NjengoMphathi-i-i-Chief, uMongameli ulawula ulawula imisebenzi yomkhosi kwaye uyakwazi ukukhupha amajoni, kodwa kuphela iBhunga elinokwazisa imfazwe. UMongameli uqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, uquququzelo lwezivumelwano (okufuna imvume yeBhunganeno), kwaye amkele ii-arhente.

Ngaphandle kwala mandla asesikweni, uMongameli udlala indima ephambili ekulungiseni iingxubusho zesizwe. Ngentetho yeSizwe se-Union, uMongameli ucebisa ukuba kubekho umthetho oza kuqala. Ngomgangatho weqonga lokungcungcuthekisa, uMongameli angaphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye neNkqutyana yengcinezelo. Kwakhona uMongameli ulawula iqumrhu lorhulumente, ejonge umsebenzi wezigidi zabasebenzi abasebenza ukususela kwiNtlalo ukuya ekukhuseleni imekobume.

Umongameli onguMongameli noMphathiswa

Umongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli ongoyena uphakamileyo kwisebe eliphetheyo. Umsebenzi ophambili woMongameli ongumongameli ongumongameli kukukhonza njengoMongameli weBhunga, ukuvota ngokuqhekeza iqhina xa kuyimfuneko. UMongameli ongumongameli uhlala ekulungele ukuthatha i-presidenti ukuba uMongameli ufile, urhoxiswa, okanye ususwe eofisini. Kumaxesha angoku, oomongameli bamasebe bathatha iindima zemigaqo ebalulekileyo, ngokufuthi bakhokela amanyathelo athile okanye basebenze njengesitshixo sokukhokela umongameli.

IKhabhinethi ineentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15, njengoNobhala woMbuso, unobhala woMkhosi, noNjengele woMkhosi. La magosa atyunjwa nguMongameli kwaye aqinisekiswe yiBhunga leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. IKhabhinethi icebisa uMongameli ngemicimbi phakathi kwamasebe awo ahlukeneyo kwaye inceda ukulungelelanisa inkqubo. Ngaphaya koko, i-ofisi enoLawulo oluPhezulu yoMongameli (EOP) iquka amaqumrhu anjengoMphathi woLawulo noHlalelo (OMB) kunye neBhunga Lokhuseleko loMmandla weSizwe (NSC), ezinika inkxaso ngqo kuMongameli.

Umanyano lwezongxamiseko kunye nolawulo lolawulo

ISebe eliLawulayo liquka amakhulu amasebe, iikhomishini, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente. La masebe ahlukene ukusuka kumasebe amakhulu njengeSebe lezempilo kunye neeNkonzo Zoluntu ukuya kumaqumrhu azimeleyo njenge-Evironmental Protection Agency (EPA) kunye neFederal Reserve. Amasebe azimeleyo abhala kwaye anyanzelise imithetho enyanzelisayo enomthetho, ephumeza imimiselo, equlunqi, kwaye anike inkxaso kuwonke-wonke. Umzekelo, iPernernenvorence Service (I) iqokelela irhafuthe, ngelixa i-ntengo ye-mali ye-mali ye-mali ye-mali ye-mali (FBI) e-oventigathe yomthetho. Ubungakanani obupheleleyo be-orhulumente be-ognvicentiant (2-2zigidi) benza isebe eliphethe isebe elibonakalayo nel

Isebe Elisemthethweni

ISebe loMgaqo-siseko, elibizwa ngokuba yiBhunga lomthetho, liqumrhu lorhulumente worhulumente wesizwe. Lisi siko le-bagoral eliyilwe ngamagumbi amabini: iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu kunye neNdlu yabameli. IBhunga limiselwe phantsi kweGatya I lomGaqo-siseko kwaye linegunya lokuwisa imithetho, ukunyusa ingeniso, ukuxhasa uqingqo-mali, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, nokuphatha iSebe leSebe leMithetho. Inkqubo yoMgaqo-mthetho yenzelwe ukuba icomputha nelo, ikhuthaza ukulala nokuqwalaselwa ngenyameko kwemali.

IBhunga

IBhunga leNtlanganiso linamagunya ali-100 akhethekileyo, amabini asuka kwiphondo ngalinye, asebenza amabinzana ashukumayo eminyaka emithandathu. Ikota enye yesithathu iphezulu ukuze iphinde inyulwe rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini, ibonelele ukuqhubekeka kwayo ngexesha ikuvumela ukutshintsha kweemeko ngexesha elithile. IBhunga linamagunya amaninzi akhethekileyo, kuquka igunya lokuqinisekisa ukumiselwa komongameli (njengamalungu eCampte, abagwebi besizwe, kunye nee-apostion) kunye nokubophelela ngezivumelwano ngevoti ezimbini-3. Indlu yeNtlanganiso isebenza njengenkundla yokungaqeqeshwa; ukuba iNdlukwano iqhuba igosamgosa-wommeli yorhulumente, iqhuba ityala kwaye iyakwazi ukususa igosa esemthethweni ngovoti ezimbini. UMongameli ukhonza njengoMongameli weBhosanti kodwa usebenza njengevotimenti ekwaneyo i-ontagosa i-ogractime.

Indlu Yabameli

Indlu yabameli inamalungu ovota angama-435, ahlulwe phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubemi. Abameli basebenza amabinzana eminyaka emibini, beyenza iNdlu iphendule ngakumbi kuluvo lukawonke-wonke. Indlu inegunya lokusungula iindleko zemali (umthetho werhafu) kunye namagosa ahlukeneyo esebe, kuquka uMongameli. USithethi weNdlu, onyulwe liqela elininzi, ligosayo kwaye likwisikhundla esinamandla ekumiseni ummiselo wemithetho yowiso-mthetho. Ngenxa yokuba zonke izihlalo zinyulwa rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini, iNdlu yendlu ithambeka isuka ibe ngumquququzeli kwaye isabela kwimimoya yezobupolitika eguqukayo.

Amandla oMthetho kunye neeNdlela

Ingqungquthela iqhuba uludwe olubanzi lwamagunya adweliswe kwiGatya I, Icandelo 8. Ezi ziquka amandla erhafu, ukuboleka imali, ukulawula urhwebo oluphakathi kwelizwe, imali, ukuseka ii-ofisi zeposi, ukuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, kwaye yenza yonke imithetho ibaluleke kwaye ifaneleke ekuphumezeni la magunya. Igalelo "elifunekayo nefanelekileyo", elikwabizwa ngokuba licandelo lokunwebeka, litolikiwe ngokubanzi ukunika iNgqungquthela amandla achaziweyo.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho iqala xa ilungu lichaza ityala. Ingxelo ibhekiswa kwikomiti yokufundisisa, ukuva, nokunyusa. Ukuba ikomiti iyavuma, ityala liya kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo kunye nevoti. Ukuba idluliswe ngamagumbi omabini afanayo, iya kuMongameli ukuze atyikitywe okanye abekwe. IBhunga likwanegunya lokuhlola izenzo zeSebe elilawulayo, ukuva, namangqina angaphantsi. Iikomiti ezinjenge-Candelo-Judiary Committen okanye iKomiti yeNdlu okanye i-Oversaversave zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubambeni urhulumente ephendula.

Iikomiti nokhokelo

Inkoliso yomsebenzi weBhunga yenziwa kwiikomiti. Kukho iikomiti ezimileyo (ilungu), ezikhetha iikomiti (zexeshana kwiimbambano ezithile), kunye neekomiti ezidibeneyo (eziqulunqiweyo kuzo zombini amagumbi). Izihlalo zekomiti, ezisuka kwiqela elikhulu, ukulawula ucwangciso kwaye zinokugqiba ukuba ngaba kuqhutyelwe phambili amatyala. Iindawo zokhokelo ezingundoqo ziquka iNkokeli yeMajoni, iNkokeli yoMthombo, kunye neWhips ezikhoyo kuzo zombini. Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela ukwenziwa okukhethekileyo kweminye imimandla, umzekelo, iKomiti yeQelaneli ye-Roperalight Com isingatha isingatha iiNtlanganiso zezizwe ngezizwe, ngelixawe isebenza kwimiqatha leNdlela kunye neKomiti yoLawulo lwerhafu.

Isebe Eligwebayo

ISebe lezeeJaji lichaza imithetho lize liqinisekise ukuba isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa kunye nomGaqo-siseko. Isekwa phantsi kweGatya III lomGaqo-siseko yaye ikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States. Inkqubo yokugweba ikwaquka iinkundla eziphantsi zikarhulumente: IiNkundla zezibheno (iinkundla zeSebe), iiNkundla zeSithili (iinkundla zeeNkundla), kunye neenkundla ezikhethekileyo ezinjengeNkundla yeNdawo yeNdawo yoTshenxiso. IJadicia izimele geqe kwiSebe eliPhezulu nelamfazwelo, kunye nabagwebi abamisela abantu ubomi babo ngokokuziphatha okuhle.

INkundla Ephakamileyo

INkundla ePhakamileyo ineeJaji ezisithoba: iJaji enye ePhakamileyo kunye neziJaji ezisibhozo ezihambelanayo. Izigwebi zityunjwe nguMongameli kwaye ziqinisekiswe yiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. Zisebenza ngokweemeko zobomi, ezizikhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Umsebenzi ophambili weNkundla kukuva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla ezisezantsi nokugqiba amatyala abandakanya umGaqo-siseko, umthetho karhulumente, kunye neengxubangxwa phakathi kwamazwe. INkundla yeNkundla isebenzisa amandla okuhlola komthetho wecawambhulo okanye amandla okukhupha imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo. Eli gunya lamiselwa kwityala lomqondiso .

Nyaka ngamnye, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ifumana izibongozo ezingamawaka kodwa iphulaphula kuphela amatyala amalunga nama-70-80. Amatyala akhethwa ngenkqubo enzima ye-certitoorari, efuna ubuncinane ukuba abagwebi abane bavume ukuva ityala. Imibandela ebhaliweyo yeNkundla ivumela iimbono ezilandela imigaqo yazo zonke iinkundla eziphantsi. Izigqibo zenziwa ngamavoti amaninzi, yaye abagwebi basoloko bebhala iimbono ezingqubanayo okanye eziphikisayo ukuze bachaze iingcinga yabo.

IiNkundla zoMasipala ezisezantsi

Ngaphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kukho iiNkundla zezibheno (iinkundla zesiphaluka) eziphulaphula izibheno ezivela kwiiNkundla zeSithili. Kukho iiNkundla zeSithili ezingama-94 kulo lonke elo, apho kuvela iinkundla ezininzi zephondo. Iinkundla zesithili zisingatha amatyala angoonorhulumente nawolwaphulo-mthetho phantsi komthetho karhulumente, kuquka amatyala karhulumente, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, kunye neembambano phakathi kwabemi bamazwe ahlukeneyo (igunyaziso lolawulo lommandla). Izibheno ezivela kwiiNkundla zeSithili zisiya kwiiNkundla zeZibheno zeZibheno, kwaye zibhenele ezingakumbi kwiNku eSwe iNkundla ePhakamileyo zikhohlolo. Iinkundla ezikhethekileyo, njengeNkundla yeNkundla yeNtlokotholo okanye iNkundla yeNtlokotholo.

Ijaji yephondo ikwaquka iinkundla ezirhoxisa imali, iijaji, nabagwebi bomthetho wolawulo kwisebe lesizwe. Abagwebi kwiQumrhu III bamiselwa ukuze baphile, ngoxa abagwebi abawileyo namajingi besebenza kwiinkundla ezizimeleyo. Inkululeko yejaji ibalulekile ekulondolozeni umthetho, njengoko abagwebi bengalawulwa lunyulo oludumileyo okanye ukuziphindezela kwezobupolitika.

Ukuhlolisiswa Kwezogwebo Nomphumo Wako

Uhlolo lwezomthetho luvumela iinkundla ukuba zibethe imithetho echasene noMgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya liye lasetyenziswa kumatyala angokwembali anjenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954), eyaphelisa ukuhlahlelana kwezizwe kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke, kunye Roe v. [[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [7773]]), eyamkelayo ingumgaqo-siseko onelungelo lokukhupha isisu (emva kweyase-20222),. Iinkundla zikwachaza imimiselo, ukucombulula amatyala, nokukhusela amalungelo abantu ngabanye. Noko ke, i-judiary ibotshelelwe ngenkqubo (i-decis) kwaye ilindele ukuqhelisa inkqubo yokuzilawula, ukuphepha izigqibo ezilungele ekunyulweni kweminxele kumasebe.

Inkqubo yokuqinisekiswa kwabagwebi besizwe iye yakhutshwa ngokukhulayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ibonisa iziphumo eziphezulu zokumiswa kwekomiti. Abameli basoloko befuna ukumisela abagwebi abanolwazi olungokwasemthethweni olunembono efanayo, enoba ngaba babesenza inkcaso, inkcubeko, okanye abagcina imiqathango ephilayo.

Iindlela Zokusebenzisana Nesebe

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linamandla kakhulu. Isebe ngalinye linempembelelo ethile kwezinye. Umzekelo:

  • [[NTLA: 0] Igosa lihlola uMongameli ngokungavumi ukwamkela amadinga okanye izivumelwano, uphakamile ngevoti yesithathu esibini, kwaye ubhaqa uMongameli.
  • uMongameli uhlola iKhompathimente ngokufaka umthetho, ukubiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo, nangokukhupha imiyalelo yegunya elawulayo ethetha indlela imithetho enyanzeliswa ngayo.
  • INkundla ePhakamileyo ihlola omabini amasebe ngokuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo ezilawulayo ezingangqinelaniyo nohlolo lwezomthetho.
  • IChorfort ihlola iJudicary ngokumisela inani labagwebi, ngokuguqula igunya lenkundla zesizwe, kunye neejaji eziququzelelayo.
  • [[UMGANGA] uMongameli ukhangela iJadicary ngokukhupha iijaji kwaye axolele (ngaphandle kwiimeko ezingachananga).

Olu xinezeleko lunamandla lungacetywanga. Abaxhasi babekholelwa ukuba amabhongo kufuneka enziwe ukulwa namabhongo. Umzekelo, uMongameli angawukhupha umthetho, kodwa iKhomishini ingawuphelisa loo mthetho. INkundla ePhakamileyo ingawisa umthetho, kodwa iBhunga linokucebisa utshintsho lomgaqo-siseko ekubhukuqeni lo mthetho (nangokuba oku kufuna ukulawulwa okubalaseleyo). Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukunyanzela ukuququzelela nokulalanisa, ukukhusela amalungelo amancinane ngexa kusenza umgaqo omninzi.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Kokubandakanyeka Kwisityalo Secombic

Ukuqonda amasebe amathathu karhulumente asiyondlela yokuzilolonga nje yemfundo; kuyimfuneko ukuba abe ngummi abakhutheleyo. Abasebenzi abayaziyo indlela esebenza ngayo inkqubo baxhotyiselwe kakuhle ukuvavanya abathathi-nxaxheba, ukuqonda iingxoxo zemigaqo, kunye nokuxhasa iinguqu. I-webhsayithi ye- yeWhite House[ inika iinkcukacha ngesebe Lesebe Elilawulayo, ngelixa [FLT:]] ikhupha izimvo kunye nolwazi.

Isebe ngalinye lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuzameni idemokhrasi yaseMerika eqhubekayo. Isebe Elilawulayo liphumeza imithetho ngokunempumelelo, iMimiselo yeSebe Elilawulayo ngokuqwalasela, kunye neSebe leJaji lichaza imithetho ngokungakhethi. Xa elinye isebe liphamba, elinye linezixhobo zomgaqo-siseko zokubuyisela ulungelelwano. Ngokuhlala linolwazi, livote, lisebenzisa nabameli, abemi baxhasa ukusebenza okunempilo kwale nkqubo. Njengoko iJaji ePhakamileyo yeNkuQumrhu uLouis Brandeires yakha yakha yathi, "Eyona ofisi yezopolitiko ibalulekileyo yeyo ngummi wabucala." Ukuqonda amasebe linyathelo lokuqala ekufezeni loo msebenzi.