Ukuqonda Umlinganiselo Wobulungisa

Imo yenkqubo ayiyomfundiso esemthethweni nje; yiyo engundoqo yokusesikweni kwinkqubo yomthetho waseMelika. Iqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu (_ongenamali, umgangatho, okanye isiqalo) ufumana ukunyikima okufanelekileyo xa urhulumente efuna ukuphelisa ubomi bakhe, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Lo mgaqo uphothiswe kwilaphu loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kukwahlulwa uMphetho weSihlanu noweshumi Eline Lane, okungavumeli urhulumente ukuba ahluthe nawuphi na umntu wala malungelo akhe “ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho.”

Ngenkqubo elula, ithetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka alandele imithetho emiselweyo aze aphathe abantu ngentlonelo nangokusesikweni. Xa loo mithetho iphulwa okanye ityeshelwe, amalungelo akho asenokuphulwa. Ukwazi indlela yokubona ukwaphulwa okunjalo linyathelo lokuqala ekuzikhuseleni.

Ukuqwalasela Ngokusondeleyo Amacala Amabini Enkqubo Elindelekileyo

Iingxoxo ezininzi zenkqubo efanelekileyo ziyenza ibe ziindidi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, nganye iphumeza injongo eyahlukileyo. Ukuqonda zombini kukunceda uqonde kakuhle apho ulwaphulo - mthetho lunokwenzeka khona.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo: Indlela

Inkqubo yentsingiselo efunekayo ibhekisa kwiprocedies urhulumente kufuneka alandele phambi kokuba asuse ubomi bakho, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Iqinisekisa ukuba uyamkela:

  • Ilitha elipheleleyo: Kufuneka waziswe ngawo nawuphi na umsebenzi osemthethweni okanye imicimbi echasene nawe ngendlela efike ngexesha elililo necacileyo.
  • Unelungelo lokunika ubungqina, umeme amangqina, kwaye uphendule kwimeko karhulumente.
  • Isigqibo-somenzi-siqendu: Umgwebi okanye umphathi ovayo makabe ngoondilele kwaye angacalucalulwa.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Umelo lwemithetho: Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, unelungelo kwigqwetha. Kwimicimbi emininzi yasekuhlaleni, usenokuba nelungelo lokucebisa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Appeal: Lithuba elinentsingiselo lokuvavanya isigqibo esingalunganga.

Xa nasiphi na kwezi zinto silahlekile okanye silalanisa, inkqubo yokusetyenziswa kweprocessical ingaphulwa. Umzekelo, ukuba umnini-ndlu ugxotha umntu ngaphandle kokumnika isaziso esibhaliweyo kuqala kunye nethuba lokuvela enkundleni, oko kusenokuba yinkqubo efunekayo yokwaphula umthetho.

INkqubo ePhambili

Inkqubo esezantsi ekwinkqubo efunekayo isebenza ne ephantsi kwesenzo sikarhulumente(-"FLT:1]). Nokuba umthetho ngokwawo ulungile kwaye uhlonela amalungelo athile asisiseko. Nokuba urhulumente ulandela zonke iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo, isenokuyaphula inkqubo efunekayo ukuba iphazamisana nesiseko esigqalwa njengesokuqala. La malungelo aquka:

  • Umtshato nolwalamano lwentsapho
  • Ulawulo lomzimba
  • Ukuhamba nokushukuma
  • Iinkqubo zobuzali
  • Ukusasaza

INkundla Ephakamileyo yase-United States iye yamisela ukuba inkqubo encinci efunekayo ikhusela la malungelo ekungeneleni korhulumente okungekho ngqiqweni. Umthetho othintela ngokungeyomfuneko umtshato, ngokomzekelo, ungatshayelwa nokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ilandele iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo xa iwudlulisa.

Isizathu Sokuba Inkqubela Elindelekileyo Iqhubeke Inzima Namhlanje

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ayiyiyo into ekudala ikho. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo kubomi bale mihla baseMerika, ukusuka kwisigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho ukuya kumatyala olawulo. Qwalasela ezi meko zemihla ngemihla:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukupheliswa komdla: Abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke banokuba nomdla womnikelo womsebenzi wabo kwaye banelungelo lokuqaphela nokuva phambi kokuba bagxothwe.
  • Inzuzo zeWelfere: Abantu abafumana uncedo lukarhulumente abanakususwa iinzuzo zabo ngaphandle kwesaziso esifanelekileyo kunye nethuba lokuvavanya isigqibo.
  • Ingqeqesho yoqeqesho yoqeqesho lwamaqumrhu: Abafundi besikolo sikawonke-wonke abajongene nokuthunyelelwa okanye ukugxothwa batyala ukuva okungacwangciswanga ngesaziso esithe tye kunye nethuba lokucacisa icala labo.
  • Izigqibo zonyango lwezenkcitho: izigulana zingangavunywa unyango oluthile lwezamayeza ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo, ingakumbi kumaziko karhulumente.

Ngaphandle kwenkqubela efanelekileyo, igunya likarhulumente liba lizikhethe. Igosa lamapolisa lingakubamba ngesiquphe; umncedi wentlalo angasusa abantwana bakho ngaphandle kokucaciswa; umgwebi angakulawula ngaphandle kokukuvumela ukuba uthethe. Umthetho uxhomekeke kwinkqubo efanelekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba amandla ahlolwa yaye wonke umntu uphathwa njengomntu, kungekhona njengombandela.

Ungafunda okuninzi ngembali kunye nokusetyenziswa kwangoku kwenkqubo efunekayo ku Cornell Lwimi Information Institute enikezelweyo yephepha[[FLT: 1]].

Ungquzulwano lwehlabathi lokwenene: Oko umele ukulinde

Ukuphulwa kwenkqubo efanelekileyo kwenzeka ngokufuthi kunokuba abantu abaninzi becinga.

Ukukhanyelwa komelo olusemthethweni

Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) saqinisekisa amagqwetha abamangalelwa abagwebi abangenatyala kumatyala angomthetho. Kamva isigwebo sanyuselwa kumatyala amaninzi angemahle apho ixesha lokuvalelwa linokwenzeka khona. Ukuba ubanjwa kwaye umangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, kufuneka uxelelwe ngelungelo lakho kwigqwetha. Ukuba awunalo elinye, urhulumente makamisele elinye. Ukuba unyanzeleka ukuba liye kuvavanywa ngaphandle kwegqwetha, okanye unyanzelwe ukuba ulahle oko kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokuqonda oko ukunika okufanelekileyo.

ABagwebi Abanobuqhetseba Okanye Amaphulo

Ukungakhethi buso sisiseko senkqubo efunekayo. Ukuba ijaji inetyala lobuqu okanye lemali ngenxa yeziphumo zetyala lakho, okanye ukuba ilungu lejaji libonakalisa ikhethe, unelungelo lokucela ijaji eyahlukileyo okanye ukucel ’ umngeni ijaji. Iinkundla kufuneka zibonise ukuba ziyayicalula imbono. Xa zingakwenzi oko, ukwenziwa kobulungisa kwetyala lonke kuyahlengahlengiswa.

Ayinakuphelela okanye Ayinakuphawulwa

Awunakuzikhusela kwinto ongaziyo. Inkqubo elindelekileyo ifuna ukuba ufumane isaziso esifanelekileyo].

Izigqibo Ezinzima Okanye Eziyingozi

Izigqibo zikarhulumente kufuneka zibe nesiseko esisengqiqweni esixhaswa bubungqina. Ukuba umbutho uyakukhanyela ukufunyanwa kwakho ngemvume okanye urhoxise ilayisenisi ungakhange uchaze izizathu okanye uthembele kubo nabuphi na ubungqina, kusenokwenzeka ukuba isigqibo sibubuxoki. Inkqubo yenkcazo efanelekileyo ifuna isigqibo esisekelwe kwingxelo.

Ukusilela Ukuphulaphula Ngengqiqo

Ukuphulaphula akuyonto nje eyenzekayo. Kufuneka kukuvumele ukuba unikele ubungqina, amangqina ombuzo, kwaye wenze iimpikiswano. Ukuba ukuva kuqhutywa ngokungxama, ngaphandle kokukuvumela ukuba uthethe, okanye ngaphandle kokukunika ithuba lokufumana ubungqina obuchasene nawe, akunantsingiselo. Kwimimiselo yezolawulo, njengokukhubazeka okuyingenelo ekuvani okanye ezi ntlanganiso zebhodi, ezi zinqumla zinokukhokelela ekukhanyeni okuphosakeleyo.

Inyathelo ngalinye: Omakwenziwe Ukuba Ujongene Nokwaphula

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho afanelekileyo enkqubo aphulwe, amaxesha asoloko ephuma phambili. La manyathelo alandelayo anokukunceda ulondoloze amalungelo akho uze ufune unyango.

Inyathelo 1: Khuphela Yonke Into

Xa ukrokreleka ukuba kukho ingxaki, qala ukugcina irekhodi ebhaliweyo. Qaphela imihla, amaxesha, amagama abantu ababandakanyekileyo, oko kwakutshiwo okanye okunokwenziwa, kunye nazo naziphi na izigqibo ezenziweyo. Gcina ii-imeyili, iileta, ii-imeyili, kunye nemiyalezo yeposi. Ukuba incoko yenzekile kwinkundla yenkundla okanye kwigumbi lokuva, cela ukhuphelo lwe CD okanye ushicilelo. Lo xwebhu luza kuba sisiseko sazo zonke izibhengezo ezisemthethweni.

Inyathelo lesi - 2: Yiqonde Into Efanelekileyo Echaswe Ngokungqalileyo

Zibuze: Yiyiphi inkqubo elungileyo yokuzibophelela ekwalahliweyo? Ingaba yakhatywa? Ukuva? Umenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi buso, ummeli womthetho? Bhala phantsi kanye indlela ewehla ngayo isenzo sikarhulumente. Ukuba uthe ngqo uza kukunceda wena negqwetha lakho nilungise impikiswano engokwasemthethweni.

Inyathelo Lesithathu: Khangela Iathorineya

Intengo zenkqubo ezilindelekileyo zintsonkothile kwaye zidla ngokufuna ingqiniso yomgaqo-siseko. Khangela igqwetha elinobuchule kumalungelo abantu, umthetho womgaqo-siseko, okanye kumthetho wolawulo. Imibutho emininzi yoncedo olusemthethweni kunye neenzuzo, ezifana ne 'ACLU's Project yeNkqubo elindelekileyo[, linike ubuncwane okanye ii-arhekhorial. Udliwano-ndlebe lokuqala ludla ngokuba lukhululekile.

Inyathelo 4: Icala Elingaphakathi Lencoko

Amaqumrhu amaninzi karhulumente aneenkqubo ezingokwenkxalabo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba isikolo sikarhulumente siphule inyathelo elifanelekileyo lomntwana wakho ngexesha lokumgxotha, ungakwazi ukubhenela kwiqumrhu lesikolo. Ukuba umbutho karhulumente ukukhanyele ukuba ungenelwe ngaphandle kokuva kakuhle, ungacela ukuphinda ujonge. Gcina imibhalo yawo onke amaxwebhu owafaka phantsi kunye nayo yonke indlela oyamkela ngayo.

Inyathelo 5: Cinga Ngomthetho Ofanelekileyo

Ukuba amayeza angaphakathi ayasilela, kufuneka ubhalise ityala phantsi kwama-42 e-U.S.C. ngo1943, elivumela abantu ukuba bamangalelwe kwiphondo nakumagosa asekuhlaleni ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Kwezinye iimeko, ungazizisa ityala phantsi koMphetho-mda wesihlanu ngqo nxamnye namagosa karhulumente. Igqwetha linokukunceda ufumanise eyona ndlela ifanelekileyo esemthethweni.

Ityala lophawu lomhlaba elaguqula umthetho ofaneleyo

Intsingiselo yenkqubo efanelekileyo iye yaphuculwa ukutyhubela amashumi eminyaka esigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo. La matyala abonisa indlela ezinokukhutshwa ngayo izibonda nendlela iNkundla eye yasebenza ngayo ukukhusela amalungelo abantu.

UGideon . Wainwright (1963)

UClarence Gideon wayelihlwempu elihambayo eligwetyelwe ukuqhekeza iholo yequla. Akakwazanga ukuhlawula igqwetha, yaye iphondo laseFlorida alizange livume ukumisela eli. INkundla Ephakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba ilungelo leSithandathu lokunika icebiso lisebenza kurhulumente omangalelwayo ngokusetyenziswa kweSinyusi-14. Esi sigqibo saguqula inkqubo yezomthetho yaseMelika yaye sisesona siseko senkqubo yokufumana imvume.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Ernesto Miranda wabanjwa waza wavuma ukuba uqweqwedile yaye wadlwengula emva kweeyure ezimbini encinwa ngamapolisa, ngaphandle kokuxelelwa ukuba unelungelo lokuthula okanye lokuba negqwetha. INkundla Ephakamileyo yathi ukuncinwa kweliso kufuneka kuquka izilumkiso ezingqalileyo ukuze kukhuselwe ilungelo lokuLandlwa kweMitheliso yesihlanu. Ngoku eli gama libizwa ngokuba “zilumkiso zeMiranda” zingumphumo othe ngqo wenkqubo efanelekileyo.

Kelly (1970)

Eli tyala landisa ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kumamkeli entlalo-ntle. INkundla yawisa umthetho wokuba isiXeko saseNew York asinakuziphelisa iinzuzo zomntu ngaphandle kokuchotshelwa kwetyala langaphambi kwexesha. Isigqibo esivunyiweyo sisithi naxa iinzuzo zikarhulumente zisemngciphekweni, abamkeli banelungelo lokuphawula, ithuba lokunikela ubungqina, kunye nomenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi cala.

EKhalifoniya (1952)

Amapolisa angena kwikhaya likaRochin, avula umlomo wakhe ngenkani, ampompa isisu sakhe ukuze afumane ubungqina. INkundla Ephakamileyo yasigweba esi senzo “njengesibhiyozo nesihlasimlisayo” yaza yathi sichasene nenkqubo efanelekileyo. Eli tyala libonisa ukuba isimilo samapolisa esingasesikweni okanye esothusayo sinokuba yinkqubo ephantsi engafanelekanga, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ezi nkqubo ngokwazo zalandelwa na.

Iingxaki Zexesha Elizayo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ijongene neengcinezelo ezintsha kwinkulungwane yama - 21. Ubugcisa, ukunyanzeliswa kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwentsebenziswano yolawulo oluninzi konke kuphakamisa imibuzo etsha ngendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba okusesikweni kunokwenzeka ngayo.

Ubungqina bamanani kunye nobuninzi

Ukusetyenziswa kobuxhakaxhaka bobuxhakaxhaka bobuxhaka bobugcisa bokuhlola. Izixhobo zekhompyutha zesekhi, ubuchule bokuthatha imigodi yogcino-lwazi , ingachaphazela inkqubo efanelekileyo. Ukuba urhulumente uqokelela ubungqina ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso okanye akaphumeleli ukuchaza indlela abufumene ngayo ugcino-lwazi lwamanani, abamangalelwa banganikwa ithuba elifanelekileyo lokuvavanya ubungqina. INkundla ePhakamileyo iqalile ukusingatha le miba kwiimeko ezifana Carpeter v. United States (2088), eyayikholelwa ukuba urhulumente usoloko efuna imvume yokufumana iirekhodi zecell phone.

IiNkundla zoNxibelelwano nokuXhotywa

Ityala lokurhoxa lidla ngokungabikho zimkhusela ezipheleleyo zenkqubo efunekayo yenkundla yolwaphulo-mthetho. Abangenazo iimali bangavalelwa iinyanga ezininzi ngaphandle kokuvalwa kwetyala, abangakwazi ukufikelela kwisiluleko somthetho esikhululekileyo, okanye bajongwe ekugxothweni ngaphandle kokubona ijaji engakhethiyo. Iingxelo zokuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokungxama nokufikelela kolwimi olulinganiselweyo ziye zaphakamisa ingxengxezo. Amaqela angoontambe ayaqhubeka enyanzelisa ukubuyisela inkqubo efanelekileyo kwinkqubo yokufuduka.

Ingqeqesho Yabafundi Nesibizo Secampes IX Siyaqhubeka

Iikholeji neeyunivesithi kufuneka zilinganise ukhuseleko lwe-leechwethesi kunye namalungelo abafundi abatyholwayo. Amatyala aphezulu eprofile akhokelela kwiinguqu kwindlela izikolo ezizisingatha ngayo izityholo ezingokwesini. Umthetho weSebe lemfundo loSihloko se-2020 IX ugxininise ilungelo lokuphulaphula nokuhlola okuphilayo, okubonisa imigaqo efunekayo. Noko ke, iingxwabangxwabangxs ziqhubeka ngaphezu komgangatho ofanelekileyo wenkqubo elungele ukumiswa ngokwemfundo.

Indlela Imfundo Enokuwaqinisa Ngayo Amalungelo Afanelekileyo Enkqubo

Xa abemi bewaqonda amalungelo abo, basenokuwaqonda amanyala abo.

Imfundo Ezikolweni

Imfundo enconyelwayo yezentlalo-ntle kufuneka igubungele iBhili yamaLungelo, iSindululo seshumi elinesine kunye nemeko elindelekileyo. Abafundi abafunda malunga Gideon kunye imanda[ kwisikolo esiphezulu baxhotyiswe ngcono ukuqinisa amalungelo abo njengabantu abakhulu. Amacandelo amaninzi ngoku afuna iimfuno zemfuno, kodwa okuninzi kunokwenziwa ukugxininisa ulwazi olusebenzisekayo ngendlela yokubiza inkqubo efanelekileyo.

Iindawo Zokusebenzela Ezezomthetho Zasekuhlaleni

Imibutho engangeni mvuzo kunye namaqumrhu ebhari adla ngokuba neendawo zokusebenzela zamahlawulwane, umthetho wentsapho, kunye nokunxulumana namapolisa. Ukuya kwiziganeko ezinjalo kungakunceda ufunde iziqalelo zenkqubo efunekayo kwiimeko zemihla ngemihla. Amaqela anjenge Komiti yeeNkonzo ze-Legeral [[FL: 0] ixhasa iinkqubo ezinjalo kulo lonke ilizwe.

Icebo le Unit kunye- Nolwazi- Lwasekunene

I-ACLU, i-National Lawers Guild, neminye imibutho inika izikhokelo ezinokukhuphelwa phantsi phantsi kwinkqubo efanelekileyo yeemeko ezithile . njengokuthi wenze ntoni ukuba umiswe ngamapolisa, okanye indlela yokubhenela ukukhanyelwa okuyingenelo. Imithombo yenqaku elithembekileyo kwaye yabelane ngayo nentsapho kunye nabahlobo.

Isiphelo

Isixokelelwano asisiso esobucukubhede-bhetye-bhetye-bhetye-bhetye-bhetye-bhetye-bhetye. Ukusuka kwilungelo ukuya kwigqwetha ukuya kwilungelo ukuya kwityala elifanelekileyo, ezi zikhuseli ziqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo engokwasemthethweni iphatha wonke umntu ngesidima nangokusesikweni. Ukuqonda xa ezo zikhuseli ziphuliwe linyathelo lokuqala ekubekeni urhulumente ityala.

Ukuba ukrokrelela ukwaphula umthetho, wenze ngokukhawuleza: bhala yonke into, jongana negqwetha elifanelekileyo, uze uquqele isibheno sangaphakathi okanye inyathelo elisemthethweni njengoko kuyimfuneko. Ngokwazi amalungelo akho nokuthetha xa enyathelwe, uya kunceda ekulondolozeni inkqubo efanelekileyo kubo bonke abantu.