Ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo liyintsika esisiseko yokusesikweni kwibutho lolawulo-bume, iqinisekisa ukuba umntu ngamnye otyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho unethuba lokuzikhusela phambi kwenkundla engenamkhethe. Emongweni walo, eli lungelo lisekelwe kumgaqo ofanelekileyo wenkqubo, -- imfuneko esemthethweni yokuba urhulumente ahlonele onke amalungelo asemthethweni afanele umntu. Inkqubo eqhubekayo iqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi engokwasemthethweni ilungile, icace, kwaye iqhutywa ngokwemithetho nemigaqo emiselweyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iziseko lembali, iindima ezingundoqo, iindidi, ii-komiti zetyala, imiqathango, imilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe, kunye nenkqubela yangoku ejikeleze ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni, inika ukuqonda okucacileyo indlela eqhuba ngayo inkqubo esebenzayo.

Imbali Ebonisa Ilungelo Lokuvavanywa Okufanelekileyo

Ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo linemvelaphi enzulu yembali, ijikeleza iinkulungwane ukukhusela abantu kwigunya lorhulumente elizimeleyo. Olu xwebhu lungalandelelwa emva kwiinkqubo zomthetho wamandulo, njengomthetho wamaRoma, owaqaphela ukubaluleka kokunika abantu abatyholwayo ukuvakala. Noko ke, enye yezona zibalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwenkqubo elindelekileyo yayiyiMagna Carta ka-1215 eNgilani. Olu xwebhu lungangqi lungaqinisekiyo luthi akukho mntu ukhululekileyo unokuvalelwa okanye ahlulwe amalungelo akhe ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe.

Kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo, umthetho oqhelekileyo waseNgilani waphucula amalungelo afanelekileyo okuvavanywa. ISibongozo sokuQaphela (1628) kunye noMthetho weHabeas Corpus (1679) zaqinisa ukhuseleko ekuvalelweni okungekho mthethweni kwaye zaqinisekisa ukuba abantu banokuvavanya ukuvalelwa kwabo ngokusemthethweni. IBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo (1689) yawalela ulwaphulo-mthetho olugqithisileyo nezohlwayo ezingekho sesikweni, nto leyo eyafak' isandla kwimiqathango yobulungisa bomthetho ehlabathini lonke, ingakumbi iUnited States.

EUnited States, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni libekwe kwiSinyuko sobulungisa seSixhithi sokuLandliswa kweMpatho-siseko. Ngonyaka we-1791 njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, iSindululo seSithandathu siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala likawonke-wonke, inkundla yabachophele-mthetho abangakhethi-mthetho, ilungelo lokuxelelwa izityholo, ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina, nelungelo lokufumana uncedo lwesiluleko sokhuseleko. Ezi zikhuselwa zazingekho kakhulu phantsi kolawulo lweBritane kwaye zaziyimpendulo engqalileyo ekuxhatshazweni yiBritane. Ngexesha elithile, iNkulawula ephakamileyo ye-U. Inkundla ephakamileyo i-U. i-U. i-Oversavector i-mondston i-Premediation i-Gracssydemist, i-edia, i-edic, kunye ne-edic, i-ediyonke i-ediation, i-ediction i-ediction i-motional i-enzation i-ediction

Amalungu Angundoqo Enkqubo Elindelekileyo

Inkqubo elindelekileyo asingomthetho omnye kodwa yingqokelela yamalungelo anxulumeneyo neenkqubo zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kufanelekile ukuchotshelwa komthetho. Ezi zinto zilandelayo zibalulekile ekuxhaseni ilungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokufanelekileyo.

Isaziso sokuzityala

Imfuneko yokuqala yenkqubo efunekayo kukuba ummangalelwa kufuneka axelelwe ngendalo kunye nonobangela wezityholo ezichaswe kubo. Oku kuthetha ukunikezelwa kwengxelo ecacileyo, ecacileyo yetyala elityholwayo, kuquka ixesha, indawo, kunye neemeko. Ngaphandle kwesaziso esaneleyo, ummangalelwa akanakulungiselela ukhuseleko. Ngokuqhubekayo, izityholo kufuneka zibekwe ngendlela efike ngexesha elifanelekileyo kwaye zichazwe ngolwimi olunolwazi oluqhelekileyo olubekwe ummangalelwa oluqondwayo. Umzekelo, phantsi kwe-U-U-U.S., uMqululo-Siphengululo weSithandathu uqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ukuba ummangalelwa “uzakuziswa ngendalo nonobangela wesityholo. Amaqela amaqela asekuhlaleni, njengamalungelo abantu, [[FLD:0] umnqophiso we-Overtical RCP [FLD] [FFF1], ngokufanayo, afuna isaziso nesazisombululo esichaza ngokuconolwazi.

Ithuba Lokuviwa

Ummangalelwa ngamnye unelungelo lokunikela ityala lakhe, kuquka ubungqina kunye neempikiswano, phambi kwenkundla. Lo mgaqo, owaziwa ngokuba ngu-translam tramem (“ukuva elinye icala”), uqinisekisa ukuba umenzi wesigqibo uqwalasela ityala kunye neembono zokhuselo. Ukungavumeli ukuva iziphumo ezipheleleyo kubandakanya ilungelo lokubiza amangqina, ukunqumla amangqina aphikisanayo, nokunikezela ubungqina obukwinkqubo. Iinkundla mazinike intsingiselo yokuthathiwa kwetyala oku azinakuqhutywa ngokufihlakeleyo okanye ngaphandle kokunika ummangalelwa ithuba lokuphendula. Ukungaphumeleli ukuvumela iziphumo zokuva kubandakanya ukuchasana kwinkqubo ekufuneka nokukhokelelwa ekuphenjelweni.

Ityala Elingakhethiyo

Ukuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo kufuna ijaji engondilele nengacalucalulwanga. Umenzi wesigqibo makangabi naso isithintelo sobuqu kwisiphumo, akukho mbono ibekwe ngaphambili ngetyala, yaye akukho mpembelelo yangaphandle enokuyekelela ekungakhethi buso. Ukuqinisekisa oku, iinkqubo ezisemthethweni zimisele imithetho yokuphelisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala (ukuququzelelwa) kunye nokukhethwa kweejaji ezingakhethiyo. EUnited States, ivoirrier arrorives ivumela amagqwetha ukuba athandabuzane nababonise ikhethelo. Amatyala aphezulu atsala ingqalelo, okwenza kube nzima ukubeka i-panelgrafication endlu engakhethi-mthetho. Icandelo loluntu elingakhethi ngokomthetho lijonge amalungelo angakhethi-calue. Icandelo elingakhethi-mthetho libonisa ukuba linee-e-aseluefasteant; Inqaku le-10 lamaLungelo oluntu (igh Fireal Ar) elingulktiote (e) lizimeleyo lizimeleyonga ngokungakhethi zikawonke.

Umelo olusemthethweni

Ilungelo lokunika isiluleko libalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abamangalelwa bangawasebenzisa ngokunempumelelo amanye amalungelo abo. Kwinkqubo ezininzi zomthetho, kuquka iUnited States, urhulumente kufuneka anikezele igqwetha labamangalelwa abamangalelwa abajongene nezityholo ezinzulu. Umzekelo, ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U. Gideon v. Wainwr [1963]) umisela ukuba iSinyuso seSihlaziyo seSithandathu sifune ukuba kunikelwe isiluleko kwiityala zetyala ezinzulu, kwanokuba ummangalelwa akanakukwazi ukuhlawula enye. Isiluleko sibandakanya ilungelo lokukhetha igqwetha (ngeso simo) nokuthetha ngokufihlakeleyo kunye nokuthetha ngokufihlakeleyo kunye ne-gqweqwesi. Icebiso elisebenzayo limele liqwalase, nokuba lifanele ligwebe ityala, okanye elinye icala elifanelekileyo lokugweba.

Ukusetyenziswa

Inkqubo efanelekileyo iqiqa ngelithi wonke umntu otyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho akanatyala de agwetywe ngokungenasizathu. Lo mgaqo ubeka umthwalo wokuqinisekisa ngokuthe ngqo kwinkundla, kufuneka unike ubungqina obaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa ufumene ityala. Ukubekwa kwetyala kukwalela ukuphatha abamangalelwa njengabanetyala phambi kwesigwebo, ngokomzekelo, ngokubeka ityala phambi kwetyala ngaphandle kokugwetywa okanye ngokuvumela iingxelo zikawonke-wonke-wonke ezenziwa ngamagosa. Kwimithetho emininzi, ingcamango iqiniswa lilungelo lokuhlala lithe cwaka kwaye inqandelwe ukukhusela abamangalelwa ekuzifuneni.

Amalungelo Okuchaswa NamaNgqina Akhonkxwayo

Ummangalelwa unelungelo lokuthetha namangqina kunye nokunyanzela ukuba abekho kumangqina ekholisekile. Ukuchaswa kuvumela ukhuseleko ukuba lubonise amangqina achaseneyo, lubhenca amathanda okanye amabunetha. Eli lungelo lingundoqo ekukhuseleni amava okanye ubungqina obungathembekanga. I-ICPR kunye noMphengululo weSithandathu ziqinisekisa ngokucacileyo amalungelo enkxwaleko. Ukongeza, abamangalelwa bangasebenzisa ii-passena ezisezantsi ukucela amangqina ukungqina, ukuqinisekisa ukuba banokunikela ukhuselo olupheleleyo. Imiqathango yalathiso kula malungelo. / "`Ala mangqina angaziwayo"" amele ahlolwe ngokungqongqo kwaye agwetyelwe ngezizathu ezinyazisayo.

Ukuya Kumbheno

Inkqubo elindelekileyo ayipheli ngesigqibo. Abakhuseli banelungelo lokubhenela kwisigqibo. Iinkundla eziphezulu zinelungelo lokubhenela kwityala, zivumela iinkundla eziphezulu ukuba zihlole iimpazamo zomthetho, iziganeko ezingekho mthethweni, okanye ubungqina obunganele. Izibheno zinceda iimpazamo ezichanekileyo kwaye ziqinisekise ukungaguquguquki kokusebenzisa umthetho. Ngoxa amalungelo esibheno enziwe ngomthetho ehlukeneyo, iinkqubo ezininzi zinika ubuncinane umgangatho omnye wokuhlola iinkolelo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwezinye iimeko, ummangalelwa usenokufuna uncedo lokuthumela uncedo lwasemva koxwebhu olusekelwe kubungqina obusandul'ukufunyanwa okanye ukucelwa kwesiluleko okungaphumeleli kakuhle. Ilungelo lokubhenela kukuvavanywa kwenkundla yetyala nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwabantu ekubonelweni kwemithetho.

Indima Yecudi Ekuxhaseni Iimvavanyo Ezifanelekileyo

Abagwebi basebenza njengabagcini benkqubo efanelekileyo. Imbopheleleko yabo ephambili kukuqinisekisa ukuba iimvavanyo ziqhutywa ngokuvisisana nomthetho, ukuhlonela amalungelo abo bonke amaqela. Oku kubandakanya ukulawula ngemisetyenzana yempatho, ukulawula ubungqina, ukufundisa inkundla, nokugcina ucwangco enkundleni. Abagwebi kufuneka bahlale bengathathi cala kwaye baphephe nayiphi na inkalo yokucalulana okanye yokukhetha. Umgaqo wokuba abagwebi bakhululeke kwingcinezelo yabadlali bezopolitiko, amajelo-ndaba, okanye uluvo lukawonke-wonke-wonke ukuze balondoloze ingqibelelo yenkqubo yokuchotshelwa.

Inkululeko neNkxaso

I-jadicaria ezimeleyo inguphawu lwamatyala omthetho. Kumazwe amaninzi, abagwebi bamiselwa okanye banyulwe ngeenkqubo ezilungiselelwe ukukhusela kubo ekungeneleni kwezobupolitika. Umzekelo, abagwebi besizwe eUnited States bamiselwe ukuba baphile ubomi obuphantsi kokuziphatha okuhle, ngelinye ixesha kwamanye amazwe amabhunga ajonge ukumiselwa kunye nengqeqesho. Noko ke, ukuzimela kufuneka kulungelelaniswe nokuphendula: abagwebi bangasuswa ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga okanye ukungafezeki, kwaye izigqibo zabo ziphantsi kokuhlola. [[FLT: 0], imigaqo esisiseko ye-UN kwiNPOU kwiNtion of the Judiary ibonelela izikhokelo zokukhusela i-Examplity nenkxaso ye-Emperence ye-yudial. [FLT]]

Ukulawula uBuhle

Abagwebi benza indima esebenzayo ekulawuleni iimvavanyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba zilungile. Oku kuquka ukubeka ucwangciso olusengqiqweni, ukulawula kwiimpikiswano, ukunqanda ubungqina obungachananga okanye obunekhethe ukuba bunganikelwa, nokuqinisekisa ukuba abagwebi bayawuqonda umthetho. Xa kuvavanywa ibhentshi (apho ijaji igqibayo inyaniso kunye nomthetho), ijaji kufuneka ihlolisise ngononophelo kwaye isebenzise umgangatho ofanelekileyo wokuqinisekisa. Kwizingxubusho ezifanelekileyo, abagwebi banikela imiyalelo ecacisa umthetho osebenzayo kwaye bakhokela izicwangciso zabagwebi. Ukusilela komgwebi ukusingatha ezi misebenzi ngokufanelekileyo kukhokelela ekuzinziseni okunganyani nokululaza okufanelekileyo kokuqhubeka.

Ukukhusela Abakhuseli Abanokukhuselwa

Abagwebi kufuneka banikele ingqalelo ngokukodwa kubamangalelwa abajongene nemiqobo eyongezelelekileyo kwityala elifanelekileyo, njengabo baneengxaki zengqondo, abantwana, okanye abantu abangaluthethi ulwimi lwenkundla. Bangamisela abatoliki, iinkqubo ezilungelelanisiweyo, okanye ulawulo lokukhuphisana ukuze baqinisekise ukuba banenxaxheba. Kwezinye iindawo, iinkundla ezikhethekileyo (umz., iinkundla zezempilo zengqondo, iinkundla zolutsha) zenzelwe ukusingatha iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zezi ntlanga ngoxa zisawahlonela amalungelo afanelekileyo okuqhuba imicimbi. Ngokulungisa iinkqubo ngaphandle kokunikela imigaqo engundoqo, abagwebi banceda ukuba kufikeleleke iinkundla ezifanelekileyo kubo bonke.

Iimvavanyo Ezintle Zanamhlanje

Nangona kukho imigaqo engqongqo, ukuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo kusenokujamelana neengxaki ezininzi.

Impembelelo Yeendaba Neembono Zabantu

Amatyala aphezulu ee-paparte adla ngokutsala inkcaso enzulu ye-athom, enokuthi ikhethe elinokuba ngabagwebi okanye kwanempembelelo kubagwebi. Ingxelo yoluvo, ukukhutshwa kolwazi lwekhethe (njengoko kusemcimbini okhoyo okanye ubungqina obuvuzayo), kunye nengcaciso yezentlalo-ntle yezentlalo, zingenza “ityala ngezixhobo zokuchophela ulwazi-ndaba” eyenza kube nzima. Iinkundla zisenokuzama ukukuphelisa oku ngemiyalelo yamajelo, ukuchola ngokucophelelayo, okanye ukushela ityala kwindawo eyahlukileyo. Noko ke, ngexesha lonxibelelwano olukhawulezileyo, ukuchola kwetyala kwinkcazelo yangaphandle akunanzeki. Umzekelo, ukuvavanywa okubhengezwa ngokubanziswa kwe-O.Smson kwi199090ly kwabonisa indlela esasaze ngayo ukuchasa izimvo zolawulo-ndaba zolwazi-ndaba, okanye ukuchaphazela koluvo lwamachola iingxelo.

Ukungalingani kwamaZibonelelo

Ityala elilungileyo lifuna omabini amacala ukuba abe nobuncwane obaneleyo bokunikela ityala lawo. Kodwa ke, ingtshutshiso isoloko ineengenelo ezinkulu ``iingcali ze-aces' kumapolisa, ingcebiso, kunye nezixhobo zokuphanda-phanda-phanda-magama'. Ngoxa abamangalelwa benokuxhomekeka kubakhuseli abaxinzelelwe phantsi kakhulu okanye iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni. Abamangalelwa basoloko bezama ukufumana umelo olusebenzayo, ingakumbi kwiimeko ezinzima ezibandakanya ubungqina obunxulumene nobungqina obuqhelekileyo okanye iziphumo ezinde. Olu ncedo lungangqubanako kwinkqubo yotshintsho, njengoko inkxaso eninzi isongezwayo ikhuthalela ukukhuselwa kwenkxaso yokhuseleko oluphezulu nokubonelelwa kweengcali zolwazi, ukuthetha ngale ndlela yokuphembelela, kodwa imigaqo emininzi iyaphola.

IBhaas Epheleleyo Nocalucalulo

Ucalucalulo olupheleleyo olunxulumene nobuhlanga, ubuhlanga, ubufana, okanye imeko yentlalo yentlalo okanye yezoqoqosho lungagqwetha umgwebo enkundleni. Uhlolisiso lubonise ukuba abamangalelwa abaBlack nabaseLatino eUnited States basengozini yokugwetywa nokufumana izigwebo ezingqongqo kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe ngenxa yezono ezifanayo. Abagwebi bangasoloko bekholiswa ngokuphandle, okanye baphenjelelwe ziimeko ezigqwethekileyo. Abagwebi abathintelwanga yimikhethelo. Ukulwa kwezi ziphumo, iinkundla ziye zavelisa uqeqesho olunekhethe, amaqumrhu eetela, kunye nemigaqo elungelelaniso elungelelanisiweyo. Noko ke, ikhethe elipheleleyo lisenolukuqhubeka lingumngeni oqhubekayo wokungacaluli.

Ukungavisisani Kwezobupolitika Norhwaphilizo

Kumazwe amaninzi, inkqubo yokugweba iphantsi kwengcinezelo yezobupolitika okanye ukunganyaniseki okucacileyo. Oorhulumente basenokusebenzisa iinkundla ukuthulisa abachasi, abaxhasi bezityholo ezicetyiweyo, okanye baphinde baphinde baphikise abagxeki. Kulo bume, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokusesikweni liyaphoswa ngokuqatha. Abagwebi basenokusongelwa, banyotywe, okanye bamiselwe ukuba banyaniseke kunokuba bafaneleke. Amaqumrhu asebenza njenge-Ofisi yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kwiMichiza neCrime asebenza ukulwa nokonakala kobulungisa ngokomeleza inkululeko nokubonakala okubonakalayo, kodwa utshintsho olunentsingiselo ludla ngokufuna iinguqulelo ezininzi kwezobupolitika nakwezentlalo. Imizekelo evela kumazwe anjengeVenezuela, eRashiya, kunye neMyanmar ibonisa indlela ukungenelela kwezobupolitika ezinokuguqula ngayo iimvavanyo zengcinezelo.

Injongo

Ukuvalelwa okugqithisileyo kwangaphambi kwetyala kuthoba isidima sokucinezelwa kwetyala. Xa abamangalelwa bevalelwe entolongweni belindele ukuvavanywa iinyanga okanye iminyaka, basenokunyanzelwa ukuba bavume ukuba banetyala, baphulukane nemisebenzi yabo, kwaye balwele ukulungiselela ukukhusela. Ngaphezu koko, ukulibaziseka okude ekuziseni ityala ekumangalweni kulula ukumelana nelungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza kwaye kungenza ukuba abantu batshatyalaliswe ngaphandle kokulibazisa. Umzekelo, iMithetho yetyala ephantsi kwemiqathango exhotyityisiweyo, kwaye ingasebenzi kakuhle inikela ekulibaziseni ukulizisa ukulibaziseka. Ityala elikhawulezayo liqanda kakhulu kwiSixth Demplete kunye neSiphaka se-14 se-ICICPR, nto ebangela ukuba abantu bamangalelwe ngaphandle kokulingwa okugqithisileyo.

Uphazamiso lobugcisa

Ubugcisa bezi mini buzisa amathuba kunye nomngcipheko wokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo. Kwelinye icala, ubungqina bemivo (njengeCTV, iirekhodi zemfonomfono, kunye nedata yefono) bunganceda ekumiseni inyaniso. Kwelinye icala, ukuxhomekeka kwimithetho-manani, ukuqikelelwa kwe-data yobupolisa, kunye nobungqina obuthe ngqo buphakamisa inkxalabo ngokubonakala, ucoselelo, kunye nokungaqondani. Iinkampani zabucala ezinika izixhobo zokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zomnxeba zisenokungabhenqinisi iindlela zazo, ukuchana kwelungelo lommangalelwa lokuhlola ubungqina obubukhali. Ukunyuka kwenkundla ekude, okukhawulezelayo kubangelwa yi-CHOVAD, kuphakamisa imibuzo engobuchule bokunxibelelana ngokufihlakeleyo kunye nokugcina imicimbi. Iinkundla kufuneka zilungelenenempumelelo epheleleyo.

Imilinganiselo Yamazwe Ngamazwe Yokuvavanywa Ngokufanelekileyo

Ilungelo lokuchophela ityala elifanelekileyo likhuselwa zizixhobo ezininzi zamalungelo abantu zezizwe ngezizwe namazwe.

ISindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR)

Inqaku le-UDHR eliyi-10 le-UDR lithi, “Wonk ’ ubani unelungelo lokulingana ngokupheleleyo nokulingana nokuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni nangobulungisa noluntu ngenkundla ezimeleyo nengakhethi buso, ekugqityweni kwamalungelo nezibopho zakhe kunye nasiphi na isityholo solwaphulo-mthetho abekwa sona." Ngoxa i-UDHR inganyanzelwanga ngqo, imigaqo yayo iqukiwe kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe nakwizivumelwano zamva. Inqaku le-11 liqinisekisa ukubekwa kwemithetho yetyala nokunganyaniseki kwemithetho yamacala engekho tyala nekwayalela ukusetyenziswa.

Umnqophiso Wezizwe Ngezizwe Ngamalungelo Asekuhlaleni Nawamapolitiki (ICCPR)

I-ICCPR inika esona sigqibo sinenkcukacha zisesona singummiselo wokuvavanya ngokusesikweni eziqinisekisiweyo kumthetho wezizwe ngezizwe. Inqaku 14 limisela uluhlu olubanzi lwamalungelo, kuquka ilungelo lokuziswa ngokukhawuleza kwetyala, ixesha kunye nezixhobo ezaneleyo zokulungiselela ukhuseleko, ilungelo lokululeka, ilungelo lokuzanywa ngaphandle kokulibala, ilungelo lokuhlola amangqina, ilungelo lokutolika ngokukhululekileyo, kunye nelungelo lokunganyanzelwanga ukungqinelana. Likwakwaqinisekisa ukuba anelungelo lokubhena. Amaqela ase-United States kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba la malungelo aboniswe kwiinkqubo zawo ezingokwasemthethweni zasekhaya kwaye amele aphinde ahlolwe ngamalungelo e-UN.

Izakhono zamalungelo abantu zengingqi

Ngaphandle kwezixhobo zomhlaba wonke, izivumelwano zengingqi ziqinisa ukukhusela okusesikweni kokuvavanywa. Isivumelwano selizwe se-European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), ngeGatya 6, iqinisekisa ukuchotshelwa ngokusesikweni nangendlela elungeleleneyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo yinkundla ezimeleyo nengakhethiyo emiselwe ngumthetho. Inkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungelo oluntu iphumeze izahlulelo ezininzi ezicacisa umgangatho wamalungelo abantu, iphembelela uqheliso lwenkundla kwiNkundla yamatyala e-ogxampyutha (icle 8) kunye neSicathi-mfaza sase-Afrika kumalungelo abantu (iChectle 7) iqulethe iziqinisekiso ezisesikweni ezisesikweni. Ezi nkqubo zengingqi zinika abantu ukuba bafune ukubuyiselwa koncedo xa kudityaniswa kwemali yasekhaya.

Umatshini Onyanzelwayo

Ngeli xesha izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zimisela imigaqo, ukunyanzelisa kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiinkundla zasekhaya nakwizigqibo zezobupolitika. IKomiti yamaLungelo obuHulumeni ye-ICCPR ingakhupha ingqwalasela "” kwizikhalazo zabantu, kodwa azinyanzelisi. Iinkundla zephondo ezifana neNkundla yamaLungelo aBantu eEurope zingakhupha imiqathango ebotshelelweyo kunye nocwangco. Amazwe asenokungathotyelwa phantsi kwengcinezelo okanye imvume yezomthetho ezingapheliyo. Noko ke, ukuqhelisa amazwe amaninzi ayasilela ukuzalisekisa ngokupheleleyo ukuvavanywa okusesikweni okusesikweni, kwaye ukufikelela kwinkundla yezizwe zonke kusenokuthintelwa ngemiqobo kunye nokuswe kokungafumani kovimba.

Inkqubela Yanamhlanje Kukhuseleko Olufanelekileyo Lokuvavanywa Kwetyala

Njengokuba ibutho labantu liguquka, yenza ngokufanayo nocelomngeni namathuba okuqinisekisa ukuba iimvavanyo zilungile. Iziganeko eziliqela zanamhlanje ziphinda ziphucule indlela esetyenziswa ngayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka Kwinkundla

Izixhobo zamanani ziyaguqula iinkqubo zokuvavanya. I-glafs ye-electronic, ividiyo edityaniselwe ukuva okukude, kunye nokunikezelwa kobungqina bamanani kungenza uphuculo lwempumelelo kunye nokufikelela. Noko ke, zikwanyusa inkqubela-nkqubo efanelekileyo. Umzekelo, ukusebenzisa i-Al ukuvavanya ukuba kunokwenzeka kokuziphinde kuphendulwe izigqibo zebheyile (njengokuba i-COMPAS algorithm eUnited States) igxekwe ngokucalula nokungacaciseki kokukhanyelwa. Iinkundla kufuneka zisebenzise imigaqo ecacileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba ubugcisa bukhulisa kunokuba bujongele phantsi ubulungisa. Ngaphezu koko, ukusetyenziswa okukhula kwekhamera yomzimba, ulwano lobuso, kunye nobungqina bobucukubhede obufuna ngenyameko bokusingatha iingxelo zentlalo-ndaba zifune ukusingatha imfihlo nokuthembeka.

Amalungelo Amaxhoba Nenkqubela Elungeleleneyo

Iingxoxo ezifanelekileyo zale mihla zokuvavanya ziqwalasela ngokukhulayo amalungelo amaxhoba, asenokuba neenjongo ezifanelekileyo zokuthabatha inxaxheba, ukukhusela, kunye nenkcazelo. Ngoku imimandla emininzi ivumela iingxelo zexhoba, imiyalelo yokuhlawuliswa, kunye nokutyunjwa kwamaxhoba. Noko ke, la manyathelo amele angawachaphazeli amalungelo afanelekileyo afanelekileyo ommangalelwa. Ukulinganisa amalungelo abo bamangalelwa kumaxhoba kunye nebutho labantu kukuthanda ukuqhutyelwa ityala. Umzekelo, xa ukuvumela ixhoba ukuba lithethe kwinkundla kusenokuphilisa, kwakhona kusenokuvuselela iimvakalelo kunye nekhethelo lommangalelwa elimele ityala elilungileyo.

Okusesikweni Okuncinane Neenkundla Ezikhethekileyo

Eqonda ukuba abantwana baneemfuno ezahlukileyo kwiingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni, amazwe amaninzi amisele iinkqubo zobulungisa ezahlukeneyo zolutsha ezilungiselelwe iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokhuseleko. Ezi ziquka ilungelo kumzali okanye kumphathi, iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokunikela ubungqina, nokujolisa ekubuyiselweni kunokusohlwaywa. Imilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe, njengeNgqungquthela yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yamalungelo abantwana (Article 40), ifuna ukuba ukuqulunqa ingxubusho yolutsha ngokusesikweni nokulungelelana. Ngokufanayo, iinkundla ezilawula iingxaki zempilo yengqondo, iziyobisi, kunye namagorha ajonge ukuphendula phantsi kwemibandela ephambili ngoxa egcina izikhundla zokhuseleko eziphambili.

Ucelomngeni lokudityaniswa kwehlabathi kunye nolungelelwano oluphakathi

Njengoko ulwaphulo-mthetho lusiba lusiba lukhulu, amalungelo afanelekileyo okuvavanywa asenokuncitshiswa zizenzo zomthetho ezithe zabekwa phambili, ukuncedisana komthetho, kunye neenkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho zezizwe ngezizwe. Abameli basenokujamelana namatyala kwilizwe elinolwimi nenkqubo esemthethweni elingaluqondiyo. Iinkundla zezaphuli-mthetho zezizwe ngezizwe, njengeNkundla yezizwe ngezizwe, ziye zaphuhlisa imilinganiselo yazo efanelekileyo, zifumana izithethe ezininzi ezisemthethweni. Noko ke, ukungalingani kokhuseleko olusemthethweni phakathi kwamazwe kungakhokelela ekuchaseni ngokwaphula umthetho xa abantu bethunyelwa kwimidangalelwa ngaphandle kwemidanganiso.

Isiphelo

Ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo, eliqiniswe ngokufanelekileyo, elisemngciphekweni ofanelekileyo, libalulekile ukuze kumiselwe nayiphi na inkqubo yokusesikweni. Ukusuka kwimvelaphi yalo engokwembali kwiMagna Carta ukuya kwintlukwano yayo yale mihla kwizivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe, eli lungelo liye laguquka ukuze liqukelele uthotho olubanzi lwezikhuselo zeprocess, ukuva, inkundla engakhethiyo, imigaqo esemthethweni, ukuma kobucala, ukuma okungacalula, ukudibana, kunye nesibheno. Imilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe inikela ibhethsigqe, ukubekwa komthetho, ukungqubana, ukukhutshwa, nokukhutshwa kwemithetho, nokuhlala ihleli ithe gqolo ekukhuseleni ukukhusela okulungileyo, kodwa iintsokothe ngohlobo oluthile lomntu ongasemva, okanye ngobuchule obungazenzileyo.