Abaqulunqi bakhethwa ukuba bamisele amagosa asebenza kwigumbi eliphezulu lendlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bamaral, isakhiwo esisetyenziswa ngamazwe amaninzi ukulungiselela umelo olulungeleleneyo kunye nokucombulula ngokucokisekileyo kwimicimbi yesizwe. Ngoxa amagunya athile kunye neendlela zokukhetha zihlukene ngokwelizwe, umsebenzi ongundoqo womlinganisi kukumela ummandla ochaziweyo welizwe elinguzwelonke. Ngokufana nelizwe, iphondo, okanye intsimi.[1] Kumgangatho welizwe okanye ingingqi. kunye nendlu esezantsi (ngokuthiwa yindlu yabameli okanye iNdlukwano karhulumente), i-Cathelela iliso elibalulekileyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uhlolwa ngenyameko ngokweembono ezininzi. Ukuqonda oonorhulumente kunye noko bafanele bakuqondeyo ukuba oorhulumente bale njani, ngokukodwa kwiinkqubo ezisebenza kwigumbi eliphezulu zokuxhasa i-othonga.

Iimbopheleleko Zesalathisi

Umsebenzi we-metator ungahlanganiswa ube yimisebenzi emine engundoqo: unikezelo , unikezelo [, [[FLT:]], [[FLT]] ulawulo [, kunye , nokuvumelana [.

Umsebenzi woMthetho

Abaququzeleli babandakanyeke ngqo kwinkqubo yokwenza imithetho. Bafaka iinguqu, baxhasa umthetho, basebenza kunye nabo basebenza nabo ukwakha isivumelwano. Ngokungafaniyo namalungu endlu esezantsi, abaququzeleli basoloko besebenzisa imigaqo emide, evumela ukuba bathathe imbono yexesha elide kwimibandela entsonkothileyo efana nenkqubo ye-fiscal, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, kunye nolungiso-ziko lezempilo. IBhunga linamandla okuphelisa okanye ukulandula iindleko ezidluliswe yigumbi elisezantsi, inyanzelisa inkqubo yengxoxo eyaziwa “yokuba nenzalisekileyo” ukuvelisa uguqulelo lokugqibela. Le nkqubo ye-cammbrergistery ikhusela nayiphi nayiphi na imo-yomthetho engalawulwa yinkqubo yokwenza umthetho kwaye ifuna ulalanisa.

Umba ongundoqo wendima yowiso-mthetho ngubuchule bokwenza i-filibuster kwamanye amazwe, ingakumbi iNdlu yeNtlanganiso yaseUnited States, apho iqumrhu lingathetha ngokungapheliyo ukulibazisa ukuvota. Esi sixhobo seprocedual, ngexa kuthandabuza, sigxininisa indlela yeBhunga eliyilwe njengelungu elijongene nenkathalo elixabisa isantya esiphezulu. I-Senator nazo zithatha inxaxheba “kuphawu” ngaphakathi kweekomiti, apho zicebisa ukuba zitshintshele kwimali phambi kokuba lifikelele kwigumbi elipheleleyo.

Ukumela amaGama eeNkcukacha

Abaququzeleli bamela abantu belizwe labo lonke okanye ummandla, hayi nje esinye isithili. Le ngxelo iphakamile inika abameli imbono ekhethekileyo kwimicimbi yengingqi enjengeyolimo, imveliso yombane, ukufuduka, kunye nezibonelelo. Iofisi ye-ofisi ye-sentenet isingatha amawaka ezicelo zabemi nyaka ngamnye, ngokusuka kuncedo lwamaqumrhu karhulumente ukuchaza iimbono zokubekwa komthetho. Iiholo zedolophu, ii-fom, kunye neentlanganiso neenkokeli zasekuhlaleni ziyinxalenye eqhelekileyo yocwangciso lwe-sentenethi. Ulindelo kukuba abaquququzeleli baya kukhuthaza imigaqo eyingenelo yommandla wabo womhlaba ngoxa becinga nomdla wesizwe.

Kwinkqubo zikarhulumente ezifana neUnited States, i-Australia, neBrazil, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimbi iqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo amancinci anomelo olulinganayo, ithintela ukuba amazwe abemi abaninzi angalawuli ummiselo womthetho. Umzekelo, isebe ngalinye lase-U.S. likhetha oorhulumente ababini kungakhathaliseki ukuba baphi na abemi, linika uWyoming (nabemi abamalunga nama-580 000) amandla okuvota afana neKhalifoniya (nabemi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-39).

Ulawulo lwezongxamiseko zikarhulumente

Abaququzeleli banomsebenzi wokujongela phambili, behlola indlela abasebenza ngayo oorhulumente besebe abamisa imithetho nokuhlawula irhafu. Ngoncedo lweekomiti, ngeendlebe zekomiti, iintloko zekhabhinethi, namanye amagosa ngezenzo zabo. Bangafaka amaxwebhu epoenana kwaye banyanzelise ubungqina, baqinisekise ukuba ukubonakala nokuphendula. Uphengululo luyinto elahlwayo, ukuqhatha, okanye ukuxhatshazwa kudla ngokuqala kwiBhunga, kwaye abaququzeli-mali banokucebisa utshintsho okanye bade banyanzelele ukususwa kwamagosa angakwaziyo ukuqhuba.

Le ndima yolawulo idlulela kwinkqubo ye- edibeneyo. Abaququzeleli bavumela ukusetyenziswa kwemali ehlawulwayo ngonyaka kwaye bangadibanisa iimeko ekuhlaziyweni, balawule indlela esetyenziswa ngayo imali. Bakwahlola ukusebenza kweenkqubo zikarhulumente kwaye bangafuna amaqumrhu ukuchaza iziphumo ezithile. Ngaphandle kokuhlola, abameli besebe abaphetheyo bangasebenza ngokuvavanya okuncinane.

Icebiso nemvume: Isiqinisekiso samadinga

Kwinkqubo ezininzi zobumongameli, iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso inamandla apheleleyo okuqinisekisa okanye ukungalwamkeli izigqeba eziyintloko kunye nezigwebo eziphambili. Oku kuquka izigwebo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, abagwebi borhulumente, oothunywashe, kunye namalungu ekhabhinethi. Indima yeNdlu yeeNtsimi yeNtlanganiso “imvume kunye nemvume” iqinisekisa ukuba umongameli akanakukwazi ukuzalisa izikhundla eziphezulu ngokungakufanelekanga okanye ngokuphikisana. Abaquququzeleli bahlolisisa imvelaphi, iimrhuluneli, iimfa zezomthetho, kunye nentanda-ntandabulumko yomntu ngamnye ngokuchola phambi kokuvota okupheleleyo.

Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa inokuba yeyezobupolitika ephakamileyo, njengoko ibonwa kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ethanda ingxabano eUnited States. Abaququzeleli kufuneka balinganisele ubuchule, imilinganiselo, kunye neengcamango zomntu onegunya ngokuchasene neemfuno zelizwe. Eli gunya liyinxalenye esisiseko yokwahlula amagunya, lithintela umphathi ekuqokeleleni ijaji okanye ulawulo kunye nabaxhasi abanyanisekileyo.

Inkqubo Yonyulo Lwesicaka

Indlela abaququzeleli benyulwa ngayo ngomahluko omkhulu kwiintlanga zonke, kodwa iinkqubo ezininzi zedemokhrasi zifuna inkqubo yonyulo engqalileyo okanye engangqalanga ngamagama asisigxina. Umjikelo wonyulo, ubude begama, kunye neziqinisekiso zimisela iqonga lokuba ngubani oba ngumququzeleli nendlela asebenza ngayo.

Umgama othe ngqo nonyulo oluphelisiweyo

Abaququzeleli basebenza ngokuqheleke kakhulu kunamalungu endlu esezantsi. EUnited States, abaququzeleli basebenzisa amabinzana afanayo eminyaka emithandathu, nekota enye-mithathu ukunyulwa qho nyaka ngamnye. Le nkqubo ishukumayo iqinisekisa ukuba iNdlu yeNtsimbi igcina inkumbulo yowiso-mthetho kwaye ayichaphazelekayo kwimiqathango kawonke-wonke. I-Australia ilandela umlinganiselo ofanayo ngeminyaka emithandathu yemithetho yeBhunga layo, isiqingatha sinyulwa njalo kwiminyaka emithathu. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iCanadian Canadian Can Cante imiselwa, ayinyulwanga, namalungu asebenza de abe neminyaka engama-75 ubudala.

Unyulo olugqithiseleyo lwenzelwe ukunikezela ngomphambili wexesha. Nokuba unyulo lwamaza lutshayela elinye iqela lingene egunyeni, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi ayinakubhukuqwa ngokupheleleyo kumjikelo omnye. Olu luzinzo luvumela abaququzeleli ukuba bajolise ingqalelo kwimiqathango yexesha elide ngaphandle koxinzelelo oluzinzileyo lonyulo olukhawulezileyo.

Iimfaneleko Nephulo

Abahlali kufuneka bahlangabezane nobudala, ubumi, kunye nokuhlala okusoloko kungqongqo kunakumalungu asezantsi endlu. EUnited States, iqumrhu eliphethe isebe kufuneka libe neminyaka engama-30 ubuncinane, ummi kangangeminyaka esithoba, kunye nommi weli lizwe abamele bame kulo. Ezi zimo zibonisa ulindelo lokuba abaquququzeleli banolwazi olungakumbi noqolileyo.

Ukuqhutyelwa iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yeQela kungumsebenzi omkhulu, obandakanya ukuqokelela imali, ukubonakala kwemiboniso, kunye nokucwangcisa iingca. Iintlanga zeNtlanga zidla ngokutsala ingqalelo yesizwe nokuchitha imali eninzi ngenxa yokuba isihlalo ngasinye sinamandla amakhulu. Kumaphondo amancinane, abatshayeli banokuxhomekeka ngakumbi kunxibelelwano lobuqu, ngoxa kumaphondo amakhulu, izibhengezo zikamabonwakude kunye nokufumana amanani aphezulu. Xa benyuliweyo, abaququzeleli-zi bomthetho kufuneka balinganisele imisebenzi yabo kunye nemfuneko yokuhlala benxibelelana novoti.

Inkqubo yeKomiti

Uninzi lomsebenzi wenkampani encinane yezoshishino uyenzeka kwiikomiti, amaqela amancinane asebenza kwimimandla ethile. IiKomiti zivumela ii-seneti ukuba zivelise ubuchule, zihlole umthetho ngokunzulu, zize zibambe iindlebe kwimibandela esusela kwiingxaki zolwalamano lwamanye amazwe ukuya kwinkqubo yokusingqongileyo.

Iindidi zeeKomiti

Iikomiti zahlulwe ngokweendidi ezintathu: iikomiti ezimileyo, zikhetha iikomiti, kunye iikomiti ezimanyeneyo[. Iikomiti ezikhoyo ziziqu ezisisigxina eziphethe iindawo zemithetho-mthetho eziphindaphindwayo ezinjengezemali, ezolimo, ezokhuselo, kunye nezingadityalwangagociso. Khetha iikomiti zingozo zexeshana kwaye zijolise kwimibuzo ethile, njengobukrelekrele okanye ulwalusukelo. Ikomiti eziditya ziquka amalungu asuka kuzo zombini amagumbi kunye neemeko ezifana nerhafu okanye iinkonzo zethala leencwadi.

Ilungu ngalinye lisebenza kwiikomiti ezininzi, ezidla ngokukhethwa ngokusekelwe kubuchule bazo, izilangazelelo zikarhulumente, okanye ukhokelo lweqela. Umzekelo, iqumrhu elivela kwiphondo elilimayo liza kufuna isikhundla kwikomiti yezolimo. Izabelo zeKomiti zixoxwa ziinkokeli zeqela, kodwa ubukhulu bunendima enkulu. Usihlalo wekomiti unempembelelo ebalulekileyo yokuba ngawaphi amatyala ahambela phambili nawabizwayo.

Ukuva Nokuphawula

IiKomiti zibamba amatyala kawonke-wonke ukuze ziqokelele inkcazelo kwiingcaphephe, abagcini-mali namagosa karhulumente. Ezi zimvo ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, zinika i-speciency kunye nokuvumela abaququzeleli ukuba babuze imibuzo enzima. Ngokomzekelo, ikomiti yeNdlu yeeNgwevu ezihlola ukuphulwa kogcino-lwazi ingabiza iziphathi-mampala zenkampani zobugcisa ukuchaza ukungaphumeleli kwazo kokhuseleko.

Emva kokuchongwa, iikomiti ziqhubeka “zibhengeza” apho zixoxa khona kwaye zilungisa umgca wemali. Kulapho umsebenzi wokoqobo wobumba umthetho. Abaququzeleli bangacebisa ukulungiswa, ukwenziwa kwengxoxo, kwaye ekugqibeleni bavote ukuthumela irejista yemali kwigumbi elipheleleyo. Umthetho ongenakuyidlulisa ikomiti unqabelwa yiBhunga elipheleleyo, usenza ikomiti ivume inyathelo elichanabileyo lokugcina amasango.

Abasebenzi Nokwahlukana Kwamagunya

IBhunga lisisiseko sokwahlulwa kwamagunya kwiinkqubo ze-badamaral. Iimbopheleleko zalo ezikhethekileyo zinika uhlolo kwindlu esezantsi yowiso-mthetho nakwisebe eliphetheyo.

Amagqabantshintshi Kumphathi

Ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukumiswa, iNdlu yeeNtsimbi iyakwazi ukukhupha umongameli kunye nee-vetoes ezimbini-isithathu zoninzi kwezinye iinkqubo, naseUnited States, kufuneka ifake izivumelwano zokubophelela ngevoti ezimbini-ntathu. Oku kunika iBhunga indima engqalileyo kwiinkqubo zangaphandle. IBhahali ikwanamandla okukhupha amagosa aphezulu, kuquka nomongameli. Ngeli xesha indlu esezantsi izityholo eziqhelekileyo, iNtsimbi iqhuba ukuvavanywa nokuvota. Le nkqubo iye yasetyenziswa kanqabile kodwa ime njengesixhobo esinamandla sokuthintela ukuziphatha okubi.

Indima Ekufuneni Ingcebiso

Kwinkqubo yase-U.S., iNdlu yabameli inamandla okuphela (izisa izityholo), ngeli lixa iNdlu yeQela inamandla okuzama ukuzama ukutyunjwa. Ivoti enkulu yesithathu kwindlu yendlu yemikhosi iyafuneka ukuvalela nokususa igosa. Lo mqobo uphezulu uqinisekisa ukuba ukubhalisa kugcinelwe amatyala anzulu kwaye akusetyenziswa njengesixhobo sobuphengululi. Abachongi bawuthatha nzulu lo msebenzi, njengoko besebenza njengabagcini-judia kwi-Aqusi-dic.

Xhasa Nendlu Esezantsi

IBhunga leNdlu yeQela likwasebenza njengovavanyo kwindlu esezantsi. Ngenxa yokuba iijenali zimela onke amaphondo kwaye zisebenzisa amagama amade, zisoloko zikhuselwe kakhulu kwingcinezelo kawonke-wonke kunamalungu endlu. Oku kuvumela iNdlu yeeNgwevu ukuba ilahle amatyala epopulis anokudluliswa ngokukhawuleza kwigumbi elisezantsi. Ngokuchaseneyo, iNdlu ingavala ukuhlenga-hlengiswa kweCampla, inyanzelise ulala. Le mithetho inamandla iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho obalulekileyo ubonakalisa ukuvumelana okubanzi.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Yendlu Yoorhulumente

Ingcamango ye-senate iqala emva kweRoma yamandulo, apho iBhunga leNtsimbi lalilibhunga labadala abacebisayo. Ngoxa iBhunga leNtlanga yamaRoma lalingenagunya ledemokhrasi elithe ngqo, yanika inkqubela kunye namava. Imithetho yanamhlanje yavela kwiBritish House of Lords, kodwa abaseki be-United States badala umzekelo omtsha: igumbi eliphezulu elinyuliweyo elinomelo olulinganayo. Oku kwaba yisikhokelo kwimithetho-demokhrasi emininzi eyalandelayo.

Kuyo yonke inkulungwane ye-19 neye-20, iintlabathi zafumana igunya elithe ngqo lolawulo-mpukane njengoko unyulo lwangena endaweni yonyulo kumazwe amaninzi. Kumazwe amaninzi, iSinyuso se-17 se-U.S. (1913) sagunyazisa unyulo olungqalileyo lwabaphathi-mikhosi, luphelisa ukutyunjwa kweendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. IBhunga lase-Australia lenzelwe “indlu yezolawulo” ukukhusela izilangazelelo zengingqi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iCanadian Cample ihleli ngokuyintloko, umthombo wengxoxo eqhubekayo ngotshintsho lwedemokhrasi.

Ukwahluka Kwamanye Amazwe

Ngoxa ibinzana elithi “i-insete” lixhaphakile, amandla neendlela zokukhetha zahluka kakhulu kulo lonke ihlabathi.

INdlu yeeNtsimbi yaseUnited States

Ngokunokwenzeka iNdlu yeeNtsimbi yase-U.S. yeyona gumbi eliphezulu linamandla ehlabathini. Inamandla apheleleyo okuqinisekisa ukudibana, izivumelwano ze-rafy, kwaye izama ukuqinisekisa. Ngamalungu ali-100 (ababini kumbuso ngamnye), lingumzimba obonakalayo apho abaququzeleli ngabanye banokusebenzisa impembelelo enkulu. i-website ye-U.S. esemthethweni ye-U. inika ubutyebi bolwazi kwii-sentenethi nangenkqubo zangoku.

IBhunga laseOstreliya

Indlu yeQela yase-Australia ikwabonakalisa umelo olulinganayo kwiphondo ngalinye (12 ii-senator kwiphondo ngalinye) kunye nee-senteners ezimbini ukusuka kwingingqi. Isebenza njengegumbi lohlolo olunamandla, ngokufuthi livala okanye linyusa umthetho kwiNdlu yabameli. IBhunga lase-Australia linyulwa lisebenzisa umelo lokulungelelanisa, oluvumela amaqela amancinane ukuba afumane izihlalo kwaye enze iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho elineentlobo-ntlobo ezininzi.

ICanadian Canadian Caten

ICandelo laseKhanada lityunjwe yiRhuluneli Jikelele ngecebiso loMphathi-mikhosi. Izintlu zisebenza de zibe neminyaka engama-75 ubudala kwaye zimiselwe ukunikela ingcinga yesibini ecacileyo, kodwa indalo emiselweyo iye yakhokelela kwizityholo zobugqeba. Iinguqu zakutshanje ziye zazama ukwenza le nkqubo izimele, kodwa iKhathene yaseKhanada ihlala ingenamandla mancinane kunabanye bayo baseMelika okanye abase-Australia.

Ezinye Iimodeli

Amazwe amaninzi aye aphelisa iintlawulo zawo okanye aziguqula. Ngokomzekelo, iBhunga le-Iran yase-Ireland (Senad Éireann) linamagunya alinganiselweyo kwaye limiselwe ngokwenxalenye. Indlu yooLords eUnited Kingdom ubukhulu becala imiselwe kwaye ilahlekelwe ngamandla ayo amaninzi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iBoundesrat ayingonyulwanga kodwa liqumrhu elimela oorhulumente. Ukuqonda ezi inguqulelo kubonisa ukuba indima ye-senean ithenjiwe; ivela kwimpucuko yezobupolitika yohlanga ngalunye.

Isiphelo

Abaququzeleli banendawo ebalulekileyo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi, banika uzinzo, ubuchule, kunye nomgaqo wengingqi olingana nendlu esezantsi. Ukuba ngomthetho oqulunqwayo, ukongamela abameli, ukuqinisekisa amagosa, okanye ukumela abameli, umsebenzi wabo ubumba imithetho nemigaqo echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngoxa amandla akhethekileyo e-sentenet ehlukeneyo ngokwelizwe, umgaqo ophantsi ufana: igumbi eliphezulu elisebenza ngenkqangaza nelokuhlola iqumrhu elisezantsi lendlu. Abami bayakwazi ukuyiqonda indima yamagumbi abo okuphatha izinto ezincinane. [FF1], banikela inyathelo lokuqala lokuzigcina zinokuphendula ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yezopolitiki. [Fog.]