Igunya lezobupolitika limela uhlobo olukhethekileyo lwamandla: ilungelo elivunyiweyo lokulawula, ukwenza izigqibo, kwaye linyanzelisa ukuthobela phakathi kwabantu. Ngokungafaniyo negunya elinobundlobongela okanye ukunyanzelisa okulula, igunya lixhomekeke kumlinganiselo wokwamkelwa nokukholelwa kwabo balawulwayo. Imfihlelo esembindini, ukusuka kuPlato umthetho wedemokhrasi kwingcamango yale mihla, yinto engqinela kanye eli lungelo lokulawula. Ingaba iyavumelana, isithethe, isisongelo sogonyamelo, okanye isithembiso soxolo nokhuseleko? Ukuqonda iziseko kunye nemiqathango yegunya lezobupolitika kuyimfuneko ekuhloleni ulawulo, umthetho, neemfanelo zabahlali belizwe.

Ukuchaza iGunya lezobupolitika: Umkhosi uphikisana.

Embilinini, igunya lezobupolitika linegunya elisemthethweni lokukhupha imithetho kwaye lilindele ukuthobela. Igama elingundoqo apha lingu umxhasi osemthethweni . Igosa elifuna ngenkani isipaji sakho sinamandla, kodwa hayi igunya. Igosa elikhokela inqwelo-moya ngexesha likaxakeka linjalo. Umahluko ukho kwilungelo elithathwayo lokuyalela. Igunya lithetha imbopheleleko yokuziphatha okanye esemthethweni kwinxenye yombandela wokuthobela, ngaphandle komxholo othile womyalelo. Oku koko izithandi zobupolitika zezobupolitika zikubiza ngokuthi intente-eting [[FLT]]. [FLT]]. Sithobela umthetho ongavumelani nawo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba ukhutshwe ngomnye umntu oqwalaselweyo.

Max Weber, isazi ngentlalo yesiseko, edumileyo ichaza urhulumente njengento ephumelelayo ethi "intanda-bulumko yezopolitiko ekusetyenzisweni okusemthethweni kwamandla omzimba" kwingingqi enikiweyo. Oku kubalaselisa unxibelelwano olusondeleyo phakathi kwegunya lezobupolitika kunye nokunyanzelwa. Igunya lubulungisa lwaloo mandla. Iguqula ugonyamelo luye luye luyekelelwe kwaye luzikhusele. Umsebenzi ophambili wezopolitiki kukubandakanyeka kwezopolitiko kukukhetha phakathi negunya [ukulawula] igunya elinamandla) kunye negunya elingenamsebenzi elingundoqo lokuqinisekisa ukunyanzeleka komzimba. . [iFLT] igunya elilungileyo] (enolawulo olusekunene kwigunya). Inkqubo yezobupolitika yezobupolitika yenye apho abantu abaninzi beliqonda igunya ngokwemeko, ngokokubonakalisa ukunyaniswa kolawulo lomzimba.

Imvelaphi Yegunya Elisemthethweni

Kutheni abantu belamkela ilungelo labanye lokulawula? UMax Weber walungiselela isiseko sokuqonda izizathu ezahlukeneyo ezinokuthethwa ngokusemthethweni.

Igunya Lesithethe

Igunya lesithethe lisekelwe kumasiko amiselweyo, ukulandelelana kwelifa, kunye nenkolelo yobungcwele bemiyalelo ehlonelwa lixesha. Umlawuli uyalawula ngenxa yokuba "kusoloko kuyinto enje. Lo mbuso wawulawula kwimimandla yangaphambi kwale mihla, ukusuka kwizikhulu zolawulo ukuya kwizikhulu zesizwe. Amandla okumkani adluliselwa kwizizukulwana, kwaye igunya lenkqubo lisekelwe kwimbali nakungcwaliso lonqulo. Nangona eli gunya liye laphela kakhulu kwiNtshona yanamhlanje, igunya lesithethe lihlala linamandla kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi kwaye linokubonwa kwimisebenzi yempula yolawulo lookumkani boburhulumente eManyene okanye eJapan, okanye kwizakhiwo zabadala abaqhelekileyo kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo.

Igunya elingokwasemthethweni

Igunya elisemthethweni linegunya lokulawula lemeko yanamhlanje. Liphuma kwinkqubo yemithetho emiselweyo, iinkqubo, kunye nemithetho engeyoyabantu. Igunya lihlala kumntu ngamnye, kodwa kumsebenzi abawuphetheyo. Ukufaneleka kwale nkqubo kuxhomekeke kwinkolelo yokuba iinkqubo ezisemthethweni ezisetyenziswayo ekukhetheni iinkokeli nokuyila imithetho zisesikweni kwaye zichanile. Abami bathobela umthetho kuba umiselwe ngokwemigaqo-siseko abayamkelayo, kungekhona ngenxa yokuba beyazi okanye bemhlonela umenzi womthetho. Eli ligunya loomasakhasi, abanyuliweyo, namagosa eentloko. Amandla awo kukuxela kwangaphambili nokusebenza kwayo; ubuthathaka bawo kutyekelo lokulawula nokusebenza kwehlabathi, apho kulandelwa khona imigaqo yehlabathi, apho ingenayo injongo.

Igunya elingokwasemthethweni

Igunya elilawulayo lisekelwe kwiempawu zomntu ngamnye ezingaqhelekanga zomntu ngamnye ."heroism, ubungcwele, umbono wenguquko. Abalandeli batsalelwa kumsebenzi wenkokeli ocingelwayo kunye nophawu olukhethekileyo, hayi kwisikhundla esingokwasemthethweni okanye kwisikhundla esisifako. Olu hlobo lwegunya aluzinzi kwaye lunemvukelo, njengoko lusoloko luvela ngamaxesha amanqam ukucelw'udonga ukucel'udonga ucwangco olukhoyo. Imizekelo iquka abaprofeti bonqulo njengo-Muhammadmian, amanani eemvukelo, amanani angaqhelekanga afana noLenin okanye uMayo, kunye neenshopile yentlalo efana noMartin King Jr. Ingxaki engundoqo yegunya elinamandla yi-"injini elungileyo yokusetyenziswa kwe-charsa. Iqhubeka njani le nkqubo emva kokuba ikhokeli ihambe? Imele iguqulele kwamanani amasiko okanye amanani asemthethweni, amanani asemthethweni omnye, enye iveliswa kwimo yenkokeli.

Isiseko Sobukho: Ngubani Onelungelo Lokulawula?

Ukuba iWeber ichaza indlela eligunya eliyabizwa ngayo kwaye lamkelwe, izithandi zobupolitika zibuza umbuzo wesithethe: Yintoni ethethelela igunya? Lo ngumo ongundoqo "ukulunga ukulawula" ingxoxo.

Isithethe Esinxulumene Nentlalo

Isivumelwano sesithethe sentlalo siphendula lo mbuzo ngokumisa igunya kwi- imvume yabalawulwa . Kuqikelelo "Isimo sendalo" ngaphandle korhulumente, abantu ngabanye bakhululekile kodwa babuthathaka. Ukuphepha ukunganqabiseki kwesi simo, bavumelana ngokudibeneyo ukuseka ibutho lezobupolitika nokuzithoba kwigunya elifanayo.

  • Thomas Hobbes waphikisa ukuba imeko yendalo yi "imfazwe echasene nabo bonke," ukwenza ubomi bube bucala, bube buhlwempu, bubeburha, bubenoburhalarhume, kwaye bube mfutshane. Ukuphepha oku, abantu kufuneka banikezele phantse onke amalungelo abo kumlawuli opheleleyo (iLeviyatan) oqinisekisa uxolo. I Hobbas, igunya ligwetyelwe ngemfuneko enkulu yokhuseleko.
  • uJohn Locke unikela umbono ophandle kakhulu. Imeko yendalo inomthetho wendalo (ingqiqo), kodwa ayinayo ijaji engakhethiyo kunye nokusebenza. Abantu ngabanye bayavuma ukwakha urhulumente ukukhusela amalungelo abo emvelo "ubomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla". Crucalyly, ukwenzela uLocke, le mvume ixhomekeke. Ukuba urhulumente uthe waphula ukukholo lwayo kwaye waba nguzwilakhe, abantu banelungelo lokuvukela. Le ngcamango inika isiseko solawulo-mthetho-siseko sangoku.
  • Joan-Jacques Rousseau wacebisa imbono yedemokhrasi egqithisileyo. Igunya elisemthethweni lifuna ukuba abantu banikezele amalungelo abo kulo lonke uluntu, benza u "ukuthanda" okujolise ekulungeni okuqhelekileyo. Kwi Rousseau, inkululeko yokwenyaniso ifumaneka ekuthobeleni imithetho yokuba omnye unamandla okudala, ukuzilawula okuphela kohlobo olusemthethweni lwegunya lezobupolitika.

Isivumelwano soluntu sijongene nocelomngeni olubalulekileyo: ingxaki yokuvuma ngaphakathi. Abantu abaninzi abavumanga ukulawulwa. UDavid Hume waphikisa ngelithi ukuhlala nokuthobela nje akunakuthathwa njengemvume yokwenene. Izithandi zobulumko zale mihla njengoYohane Rawl zivuselele ingcamango ngokubhekisa kwimvume engaziwayo. abantu abanokuqonda [ bavumelana phantsi kweemeko ezintle, kwaye bavumelana nomgangatho wesiko lobulungisa, kunokuba babe sisesona siganeko sembalini.

Igunya Ledemokhrasi

Kulawulo-lawulo-mpukane lwale mihla, ilungelo lokulawula ligwetyelwe ngokuyintloko ngonyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo. Umgaqo we- obalulekileyo wolawulo-lawulo oluphezulu umi ukuba igunya lezobupolitika lifumaneka ku "uvumo lwabantu" olusekelwe kwinkqubo yolawulo-mpumezo. Le nkqubo iphikisa ukuba nokuba ummi akavumelani nemithetho ethile ethile, unembopheleleko yokuziphatha efunekayo yokuthobela ngenxa yokuba inkqubo eyayivelisayo yayisemthethweni. Umba ophambili kukubonisa indlela ulawulo oluninzi olunokunyanzela ngayo abantu abambalwa. Abameli bedemokhrasi, njengoJürgen Haabmas, baphikisa ukuba ukufaneleka akuveli nje kuphela ekuvotisweni, kodwa kuvela kumgangatho wokhetho olukhokelela kwivotiweyo. Okunye okubonakala kusemphucukweni nokuqondakalayo, iziphumo ezibonakala kakuhle njengabonke.

Ucelomngeni Lobuzwilakhe Kwigunya

Asinguye wonke umntu ovumelanayo ukuba igunya lezobupolitika linokugwetywa. Abalawuli abakwizigwebo zobuFilisti, abanjengoRobert Paul Wolff, baphikisa ngelithi kukho impikiswano engundoqo phakathi kwegunya kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. U-Autonomy] umsebenzi wokuthatha imbopheleleko kwizenzo nezigqibo zomntu, u-‘awuvumelani nomthetho welungelo lokulawula" ngenxa yokuba igunya lifuna ukuthobela umgwebo wokuziphatha. UWolf ugqiba kwelokuba akukho rhulumente onegunya elifanelekileyo, ummeli onegunya. Ngoxa intanda-ntanda-bulumko inganyanzeli ukupheliswa kwemeko yesizwe, iyawukhaba uxanduva ulawulo lwelungelo lomthetho. Ibeka umthwalo wesizwe esingqinisweni esiphezulu kwimeko yaso, igweba inyazisa ulawulo olungqongqo lomthetho, igosa ityala lomthetho womthetho woluntu, inyanze umthetho womthetho ngamnye ofanelekileyo wokuthobela ityala.

Ukwakhiwa Kwegunya Kwezi mini: Iziko Nembopheleleko

Igunya lezobupolitika aliyongcamango nje engekho ngqiqweni; lakhiwa lize ligcinwe ngamaziko asisiseko. Ilizwe lanamhlanje lisebenzisa igunya lalo ngesakhiwo esintsonkothileyo:

  • Imithetho emiselwe imisela "imithetho yomdlalo," ukuchaza amagunya nemida karhulumente. Inika isiseko somthetho esiphezulu esivumela umthetho wemini ukuya kumhla.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Izixhobo ezikhoyo zizithuthi eziphambili zokuguqulela ukwenziwa koluvo oluthandwayo (okanye noko kuthanda kwezobupolitika) ukuya kumthetho obophelelayo.
  • [[[FLT: 0] Iqela loluntu lichaza imithetho kunye neempikiswano, lisebenzisa igunya lokubetha izenzo ezichasene nomgaqo-siseko. Isiko lohlolo lobucukubhede luhlobo olunamandla lwegunya, apho iinkundla zingazikhupha izigqibo ezenziwe ngamagosa anyuliweyo.
  • Amaqela e-Bureaucracy asisiseko solawulo lwezwe. Igunya lawo lixhomekeke kubuchule kunye nokuqiqa okungokwengqiqo. Aphumeza iinkqubo kwaye adale imimiselo eneenkcukacha, esebenzisa amandla amakhulu phezu kobomi bemihla ngemihla babemi.

Ukusebenza kwala maziko kuxhomekeke ekukholelweni kwebutho elixhaphakileyo ekuthethweni ngokusemthethweni. Xa ukuthemba amaziko kuncipha, ngokufanayo negunya lezobupolitika lelizwe, elikhokelela kwingxaki yolawulo apho ukuthobela kungasathathwa lula.

Iingxaki Zangaphambili Kurhulumente Wezobupolitika

Igunya lezobupolitika kule nkulungwane yama - 21 liphantsi kobunzima obukhulu kwimimandla emininzi.

Ipopulism kunye noKwabelwa

Imibutho yePopulist, ngasekunene nangasekhohlo, idla ngokucela umngeni igunya elisemthethweni lamaziko amiselweyo. Bathi "iingingqi zezobupolitika" eyonakeleyo (izinxulumaniso zezobupolitika, ii-media, kunye nee-bureaucrates) irhwaqele le nkqubo. Iinkokeli zePopulist zidla ngokuthiya ngqo, unxibelelwano lobuqu ku "bantu," olugqitha okanye oluhlasela amaziko asemthethweni. Oku kudala ingxabano ethe ngqo phakathi kwegunya le-populist inkokeli ephambili, media, media, medias systeam, negunya lomthetho-ogractivel yelizwe, ngokufuthi likhokelela kwisebe elilawula ityala elikhululekileyo, ulawulo olukhululekileyo, nonyuko. Umzekelo, ukunyuka kwe-[FLDibreanslandslandstion.[FFF1] kunye nonyulo lwabiwo-mthetho-ogracism

Igunya Lezizwe Ngezizwe Nelehlabathi

Ilizwe elilawulayo alisesona sikhongozelo segunya lezobupolitika. Oku kwenza iingxaki zomhlaba wonke ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, ubugrogrisi bezizwe ngezizwe, kunye neengxaki zemali zifuna umanyano olungaphaya kwemida. Iintqubano ezifana ne-European Union (EU), iZizwe Ezimanyeneyo (UN), kunye neWorld Trademorance Organization (WTO) zisebenzisa iindlela zokwenza igunya elibopha amalungu . Oku kudala "inkcaso yemozulu engaqhelekanga"ukungavumelani kwemozulu, ubugrogriba obukhoyo emhlabeni wonke, kodwa ke, zisithi zisebenza kwinzala yazo. Noko ke, ezi ziqumrhu zisoloko zibandezeleka ku-"democratic , njengoko zikhutshwe kubemi abalawulayo. Oku kubangela ukuxinezelela phambili kwelizwe emva phandle nemibuzo engundoqo emhlabeni wonke, apho igunya elifanelekileyo likho ehlabathini lonke.

Amandla Amanani: Amandla Ezinto Ezinokusetyenziswa Kumandla

Lucelomngeni olutsha nolukhawulezileyo luvela kwingqungquthela yamanani. Iinkampani zabucala ezifana neMeta, uGoogle, kunye no-X (eyayibizwa ngokuba yiTwitter) zisebenzisa igunya elikhulu quasi-ogcustoli. Benza kwaye banyanzelisa imithetho yeebhiliyoni zabasebenzisi, zilawula ukuqukuqela kolwazi, kwaye zithetha ngendlela ebekade zingummandla opheleleyo wezwe. Imithetho-algorithmethis, kwaye izigqibo zabo ziyakwazi ukubumba unyulo, ukulwa, noluvo lwasekuhlaleni. Ilungelo leli gunya likhuphikiswa kakhulu. Ingaba labucala lizi zikhululekile ukumisela nayiphi na imithetho abayithandayo? Okanye zisebenza njengemeko ebanzi, ephantsi kwemeko efanayo?

Ingxaki Yokuphelelwa Ngumsebenzi

Igunya lezobupolitika linxulunyaniswa ngokukhulayo negunya lobubhishophu, ``igunya lolwazi nobuchule.' Igunya lale mihla lolawulo lixhomekeke kakhulu kwiingcaphephe zenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa kwinkqubo. Kodwa ke, ukukhula kwezixhobo zonxibelelwano, kunye nokungathembani okukhulayo kwamaziko, kuye kwabangela ukuba "iiinkcubatha zezobugcisa". ” Xa abemi bengavumi ukufunyanwa yinzululwazi yemozulu okanye iingcali zempilo kawonke wonke, igunya likarhulumente lokumisela imimiselo esekelwe kwinzululwazi. Oku kubangela umsantsa wolawulo, apho urhulumente enelungelo lokudlulisela imithetho kodwa ungenalo igunya lokuyisebenzisa kakuhle, njengoko kubonwa ekuxhathisweni kwemicinezelo-COVID okanye ukugotywa kwemiciciko-cul.

Isiphelo

Igunya lezobupolitika lihlala libuthathaka yaye liphikiswa. Alifuni kuvumelana nje kwaphela okanye lizimisele. Lihlala ekudibaneni kwamandla, inkolelo, nokusesikweni. Ukubekwa kwawo nawuphi na urhulumente kuxhomekeke kwimpendulo engapheliyo kumbuzo othi, "Kutheni ndimele ndithobele? Impendulo leyo inokufunyanwa kwisithethe, kumthetho, kwinkalo yenkokeli, okanye ekuvumeni kwenkokeli. Kwisivumelwano solawulo. Kwiziko lolawulo, kwihlabathi elilawula ngokukhawuleza, umsebenzi wokuthethelela igunya awuze ugqitywe. Impilo yolungelelwaniso lwezobupolitika ilinganiswa ngamandla ayo okugcina usemthethweni ngoxa kusenziwa imingeni entsha, kugcinwa umahluko phakathi kolawulo olufanelekileyo nolawulo oluqhelekileyo. Kubafundi bezopolitiki, ukuqonda oku kwemfundo, akuthethi ukuba kusetyenziswe; ukusetyenziswa kwemfundo; ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezi.