Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yenkundla Yomanyano: Iindawo Ezikhethekileyo Nezibheno

Inkqubo yenkundla yelo zwe eUnited States isingatha amatyala abandakanya umthetho wesizwe, umGaqo-siseko, okanye iimbambano phakathi kwamagunya. Kubemi abazifumana bebandakanyekile kumbandela womthetho karhulumente, ukwazi imithetho engaphandle kunye nezibheno ezichaphazelekayo kusenokuthetha umahluko phakathi kwesiphumo esilungileyo kunye nethuba lokuphoswa kwamathuba. Iinkundla zeSizwe zisebenza phantsi kwemigaqo engaqhelekanga eyahlukileyo kwiinkundla zikarhulumente, kwaye ukungavumelani nemithetho esesikweni ingaguqula indlela eliqhubeka ngayo ityala. Ngokufanayo, inkqubo yokubhena ingulo ingumgaqo obalulekileyo wokucel ’ umgwebi i’ kodwa ilawulwa yimiqathango engqongqo kunye nemilinganiselo ephakamileyo. Eli nqaku lilungiselela ukuvavanywa okucokisekileyo kwenkundla engaphandle nezicelo, ukunceda abemi bani baqonde amalungelo abo asemthethweni kunye nokukhetha xa bejamelene netyala lomthetho okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho.

IiNkundla zoManyano: Xa Imithetho Esezantsi Ingasebenzi

Iindawo ezikhethekileyo kwiinkundla zikarhulumente ziimeko ezithile apho kubekwe ecaleni iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zomthetho okanye imithetho esezantsi. Ezi zimvo zingachaphazela ukuba ityala linokuziswa na, indlela obusingathwa ngayo ubungqina, okanye ukuba ziziphi izikhuselo ezikhoyo. Inkoliso yazo idityaniswa kwimimiselo karhulumente, kwimithetho yenkundla, okanye kwimizekeliso emiselweyo. Ukuqonda ezi zinto zimkhetheleyo kubalulekile nabani na oqhuba ijaji yesizwe.

I-Immon Elawulayo: URhulumente ’

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwinkundla yesizwe kukuthintelwa kwemithetho yezomthetho. Ngaphantsi kwale mfundiso, urhulumente waseUnited States kunye namasebe akhe abanako ukumangalelwa ngaphandle kokuba bavume ngokuphandle ukumangalelwa. Lo mgaqo uvela kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi yaye usekelwe kwingcamango yokuba umlawuli (urhulumente) akathintelwa ekumangalweni. Umzekelo, ukuba ummi womzi womhlaba wophulwe yimpambano ngumthetho wesizwe, akanakukho ukumangalelwa ngokuzenzekelayo ngurhulumente. Enda koko, kufuneka abonise ukuba urhulumente ukhuseleko oluphezulu ngomthetho ofana noweFedera Tort Acces (FCA) umele aqonde ukuba inkundla ephezulu ityala imali eUnited States ngenxa yokungakhathali, kodwa uquka abaninzi, njengoko engafuni ukulwa, imisebenzi ethile efuna ukulwa, okanye imisebenzi ethile elawulayo.

Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe nolwazi olulungelelanisiweyo

Iinkundla zokhuselo zikwathi ziyavuma ukuba ityala likho xa kukho inkxalabo yokhuseleko lwesizwe. Kwiimeko ezibandakanya inkcazelo eyahlulelweyo, urhulumente angalibiza ilungelo lemfihleko karhulumente, elivumela ukuba lithintele ukukhutshwa kobungqina obunokwenza umonakalo wokhuseleko lwesizwe. Oku kukhetha kungakhokelela ekugxothweni kwetyala ukuba ummangali-mthetho akanako ukuqhubeka ngaphandle kolwazi olukhuselweyo. Umzekelo, kwiinkundla ezicelw'iiiiiiiiiiiiiinkqubo zokuhlola iiprojekthi okanye izenzo ezifihlakeleyo, urhulumente angakhupha ilungelo lorhulumente kwaye inkundla ingasikhupha sonke isenzo. Ngaphezu koko, iSlamendiation Information Proctures Act (CPA) imisela iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo zokusingatha ubungqina obungacacikelwe kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka iinkundla ezichaphazekileyo ezibandayo. Abahlali bezinto ezinjalo bamele baqaphele ukuba baqaphele ukuba bafanele babonise ngamandla okanye baqhubeke ngobungqina obukhoyo.

ISiphakamiso seNkcubeko

I-habeas corpus lilungelo elisisiseko elivumela ibanjwa ukuba licel ’ umngeni ukuvalelwa kwalo. Noko ke, iinkundla zesizwe ziye zavuma ukuba kungenziwa nto ithile. UmGaqo-siseko uvumela ukurhoxiswa kwe-habeas corpus kwiimeko zemvukelo okanye ukuhlasela xa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke lufuna oko. Ngoxa inqabile, iBhunga liye lawuyeka umqathango, njengaxa kukwimfazwe yamakhaya. Kulo mcimbi wale mihla, iAntirticism ne-Death Penalty Act yowe-AED Penalty ka-199 (AEDPA) imisela imiqathango engqongqo kumabanjwa enkundla yorhulumente, kuquka nommiselo weminyaka eli-nyaka omnye wezibongozo eziyamalelo. Ukuqonda oku kubalulekile ukujamelana nokuvalelwa koburhulumente okanye ukuvalelwa kwesizwe kwiphondo olufuna uncedo olusuka kunyaka olusuka kunyaka oluntu.

Iindidi Ezingaqhelekanga

Iinkundla zomanyano zinegunya kumatyala aphakathi kwabemi bomazwe ahlukeneyo ukuba umlinganiselo wempikiswano ungaphezulu kwee-$75,000. Oku kwaziwa njengolawulo lwezahluka-hlukeneyo. Noko ke, kukho okungaqhelekanga. Umzekelo, ucalulo lolwalamano oluzimeleyo [ luthintela iinkundla zolawulo lwamatyala athethwayo abandakanya uqhawulo mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana, okanye i-antion, nokuba amaqela ahlukene. Ngokunjalo, inqanda ukuchasana [[ iinkundla zolawulo lomthetho ekuphatheni amatyala okanye ukuqinisekisa ukufaneleka kolwa komtshato. Oku kungakhetyo kugcina indima yesithethe yenkundla yetyala kwimicimbi yentsapho neyawo. Abameli bawo kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba imeko engawiswe kwezi hlelo kwinkundla zephondo.

Ukugxothwa konyango noorhulumente abakhethekileyo

Umthetho karhulumente udla ngokufuna iqela ukuba likhuphe amancedo olawulo phambi kokuba lifune isicombululo enkundleni. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuba umbutho unenkqubo yokuzihlola, ummi kufuneka aqale agqibe le nkqubo ngaphambi kokufaka ityala. Umzekelo, phantsi kweNtolongo yeNtolongo, amabanjwa kufuneka akhuphe zonke iingcaciso zolawulo ezikhoyo ngaphambi kokuzisa isuti karhulumente yeemeko zentolongo. Kwezinye iimeko, iinkundla ziphawula ukuba ixa iziphumo zingekho ngqiqweni, njengaxa iqumrhu lisithe lagqiba iziphumo okanye xa isicombululo sisengxakini. Noko ke, oku kusetyenziswa ngokucuthayo. Ukuqonda xa kufuneka ukudinwa kolawulo kuyimfuneko kwaye xa kukho okungekho ngqiqweqweni kunokusindisa abemi ukuba bagxothe.

Inkqubo yezibheno zoManyano: Ilungelo lakho lokujonga okwesibini

Ukuba iqela liphulukana nenkundla yetyala yetyala karhulumente, inyathelo elilandelayo lidla ngokuba sisibheno kwinkundla ephakamileyo. Inkqubo yesibheno yorhulumente inika inkqubo yokuhlola inkundla yamatyala i̱ izigqibo zeempazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Asilotyala elitsha; kunoko, kukuphinda kuthethwe inkundla esezantsi. Iinkundla zeZibheno zeZibheno ze-United States (iinkundla ze-corcit) zisingatha izibheno ezininzi ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo ingahlola izigqibo zenkundla yesiphaluka phantsi kweemeko ezilinganiselweyo.

Abantu Abanokubhenela Nento Enokutsalwa

Ngokuqhelekileyo, nawuphi na umbutho okhutshwe ngoko nangoko. Umzekelo, umthetho owenziwe ngokutsha okanye opheliswe ngomgwebo wenkundla yesithili yephondo ungabhenela. Umgwebo wokugqibela ngulowo ophelisa ukubekwa kwetyala elifanelekileyo kwaye ungashiyeli nto kwinkundla ukuba yenze umgwebo kodwa iphumeze umgwebo. Ezinye izigqibo, noko ke, aziyomiyalelo yokugqibela kwaye azinakubhenwa ngoko nangoko. Umzekelo, umthetho owenziwe kwimiqathango ekhawulezileyo yokukhupha okanye yokushwangatha umgwebo ungabheno kuphela emva kokuba umgwebo wokugqibela ungenisiwe, ngaphandle kokuba ziwele kumthetho osisigxina miyalelo wemfundiso yomthetho owesifak' owenziweyo ngoko nangoko. Loo mfundiso ayivumeli isibheno esikhawulezi somciso somciso-mcimbiso othelo othe ngqo kwityala lomthetho, kwaye onokuthi ungayiqwalamcimbiso emva komgwebo wokugqibela.

Ixesha Lokubhabha Isibheno

Imisebenzi engqongqo yokufaka ixesha elimiselweyo ilawula inkqubo yezibheno zikarhulumente. Phantsi koMthetho woManyano we-Appellate Procediture 4(a) (1), isaziso sesibheno masigcinwe nonobhala wenkundla yesithili ngeentsuku ezingama-30 emva kokungena komgwebo okanye umyalelo obhenqileyo. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni apho i-United States iliqela, ixesha lokubhaliswa liyimihla engama-60. Ukungalufumani olu luhlu luqhelekileyo kuphumela ekugxothweni kwesi sibheno, nangona ukungabikho kwesizathu esigqithisiweyo kumele kubekwe ngaphandle kokutyeshelwa okanye iimeko ezingaqhelekanga. Ulwandiliseko kunqabileyo, ngoko ke kufuneka abemi bathathe inyathelo ngokukhawuleza. Umhla wokungena komgwebo umhla ongeniswe kwinkundla yesithili i̱ ii-dokisi, hayi umhla womgwebi wesigwebo esibhengeza ngomlomo.

Izibheno Ziyafihlwa Nempikiswano Engokwengcambu

Xa isibheno sikhutshiwe, umfaki-sicelo (umbutho onomtsalane) kufuneka acwangcise ingcaciso emfutshane yokuba kutheni inkundla esezantsi iphambuke. Igalelo lento encinane icwangcisa imposiso yempendulo emfutshane. Inkqubo yokufutshane yemithetho yephepha ilungiselelwe kakuhle, enemida engqongqo, imigaqo yokulungiselela, kunye nemithetho yokucaphula ingxelo. Emva kokushwankathela, inkundla ingacwangcisa impikiswano yomlomo, nangona kungeyo yonke imiba efumana impikiswano edluliselwa ngomlomo. Iqela labagwebi (ngokuqhelekileyo abathathu) liphulaphula amagqwetha, libuza, kwaye ligqibe ityala. Impikiswano yeOral ayiyo incoko ephambili kwimibandela esemthethweni.

Imilinganiselo Yempinda: Indlela Inkundla Eceliweyo Ezicaphula Ngayo Iimpazamo

Isiphumo sesibheno sisoloko sixhomekeke kwi [ elungele ukuphinda ityala. Kwimibuzo yomthetho, inkundla ethatha inyathelo ihlola inkundla esezantsi i̱ isigqibo [ ayizukuyiva inkundla ukuba ishiye ityala liqinisekile kwaye iqinisekile ukuba ityala ligqibe ityala. Izigqibo ezichane iziphumo ezicacileyo, imilinganiselo yeyo [[FLT:]] imposiso ecacileyo[[FLT:], apho inkundla yetyala iza kubhukuqa inkundla ukuba ishiywe kuphela ngetyala eliqinisekileyo nelikholo eliqinileyo. Isigqibo esinguwo, njengobungqina obungumthetho, okanye umgaqo womthetho obekiweyo, [FT.[6] [FLT:], apho inkundla yetyala] enokuthi ingakwazi ukugweba ngokugqithisileyo ukuzama ukuzama ukuzama ukuzama ukuzama ukuzama ukugweba.

Ezikhethekileyo Kumbheno: Xa Ungenakubhenela

Asizo zonke izigqibo eziqulunqweyo kwinkundla yesizwe ezinokubhena. IBhunga kunye neenkundla zifake izijungqe ezingaphandle nezingavunyelwanga. Umzekelo, ummangalelwa ocela ityala ngokuba nelungelo lokufaka ityala kwimibandela emininzi, ngaphandle kwemiqathango ethile yegunya okanye yomthetho-siseko. Ngokufanayo, imiyalelo yokudibanisa (ezingagqibeki) ayisoloko ibhedlelwa ngoko nangoko. Noko ke, kukho imiyalelo engaphandle: ukubhaqa imiyalelo enika okanye ekhankanyiweyo, ukumisela abameli, okanye ukubandakanya amalungiselelo athile e-arenti anokubhenela phantsi kolwazi oluphambili lwe-U.C.[10] Isivumelwano se-Provilea).[0] Imvume ecacileyo ye-Foctive ifanele ivumele ijaji yowiso xa kukho isibheno somthetho esisikhundlayo somgaqo esinguwo olubanzi, okanye ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango olukhoyo lolwazi lwemeko lwemali. [F.]

Izibongozo Zokucelwa KweNkundla Ephakamileyo YaseUnited States

Elona nqanaba liphezulu lesibheno likwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ’ uhlolo lwezigqibo. Iqela elifuna uhlolo lweNkundla Ephakamileyo lifuna iifayile zokuqinisekisa ngesicelo se-ceretiorari. INkundla inika iceretioriri kutyala omalunga ne-110,2 ekhulwini kuphela, ebandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo karhulumente, iimpikiswano phakathi kweenkundla zesiphaluka, okanye imibandela ebalulekileyo yezomgaqo-siseko. Akukho sicelo sifanelekileyo kwityala eliPhakamileyo. Isicelo kufuneka sifakwe kwientsuku ezingama-90 emva kokungena komgwebo kwinkundla yezibheno. Abahlali kufuneka baqonde ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayiyo ayiyo inkundla yempazamo ngenxa yokuphulukana kweqela ngalinye; ikhetha imibango yesizwe.

Ukunyamekela Abemi

Iindleko Neeattorney

Izibheno zingabiza imali eninzi. Iindleko zokubhena, iintsimbi zokushicilela, kunye neendleko zomthetho zingadibanisa ngokukhawuleza. Noko ke, amaqela angenayo asenokukwazi ukuqhuba i-foma pauparis, ahlawule irhafu ethile. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente kufuneka anikeze icebiso elidibeneyo kubamangalelwa abafuna ukubhenela. Abamangalelwa bamakhaya, kwelinye icala, kufuneka bahlawule amagqwetha abo ngaphandle kokuba umthetho unika intlawulo lokutshintsha imali. Ingingqi yemali kufuneka ithathe intlawulo ngexesha: isibheno somngxusho esithabatha iinyanga ezintandathu kunyaka okanye ngaphezulu.

Ukuhlala Utsaleleka

Ukunika isaziso sesibheno akuyeki ngokuzenzekelayo ukunyanzelisa ukunyanzeliswa komgwebo wenkundla esezantsi. Umzekelo, umgwebo wemali ungaqokelelwa ngaphandle kokuba isalathisi sibeka umanyano. Ngokufanayo, isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho siqala nokuba isibheno sihleli, ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa unikwe isibheno esilindele ibheyili, okufuna ukubonisa ukuba isibheno sinyusa umbuzo oqatha onokuba nesiphumo sokutshintsha okanye ukuvavanywa okutsha. Inginginya kufuneka ifune icebiso ekufumaneni isibheno sokubulala okanye isibheno esithenjiso esithenjiweyo.

Enye impikiswano

Izibheno ezininzi ziconjululwa ngokucombululelwa ityala kunokuba zigqitywe yinkundla. Amaqela angathabatha inxaxheba kwisigqibo esinikelwe yinkundla yezibheno. Ukulungisa isibheno kungalondoloza ixesha nemali kwaye kunike amaqela ulawulo oluthe kratya kwisiphumo. Abahlali kufuneka bavulekelwe bafune iindlela zokufumana izibheno, nasemva kokuba isibheno sibekwe.

Isiphelo: Inkcazo nezibheno zeNkundla yoMasipala

Izibheno zenkundla ezizimeleyo nezibheno zintsonkothileyo kodwa zibalulekile kwinkqubo esemthethweni yase-U. Ezikhethekileyo njengendawo ekhuselekileyo yesonga, iimfihlelo zikarhulumente, kunye ne-habeas corpus zinokuvala okanye zithintele ukumangalelwa, ngoxa inkqubo yezibongozo inika indlela yokusindisa ubomi yokulungisa iimpazamo ezisemthethweni. Ukuqonda imilinganiselo engqongqo yexesha, imilinganiselo yokuhlola, kunye nemiqathango yokubhena ibalulekile ibalulekile kumntu ojongene nemeko yengingqi yengingqi yengingqi. Ngoxa eli nqaku linika ushwankathelo olubanzi, alithathi thathi thanga nxaxheba kwicebiso elisemthethweni. Nabani na obandakanye negqwetha inkundla ekwaziyo ukuqhuba le mithetho enzima nokuxhasa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. [FFFFF], ukhuseleko oluthe kongezelela kuncedo lwemithetho-mthetho-ogconsole: [FF] [F], ukhuseleko lwendlela yobulungisa oluthelela uluntu oluthelela i-Genecrejijizelelweyoku: [F], ukhuseleko, ukhuseleko lomthetho, ukhuseleko lo