Ukutyunjwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kumela enye yeembopheleleko eziphambili eziphathiswe uMongameli neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso yaseUnited States. Oku kumisela ukuma komthetho kangangamashumi eminyaka ezayo, njengoko izigwebo zimiselwa ukuze ziphile, zenza ucazululo ngalunye lube lixesha elibalulekileyo kulawulo lwaseMerika. Ukuqonda ii-intrications zale nkqubo kunika abemi amandla okwenza umsebenzi obalulekileyo wenkqubo yedemokhrasi yethu.

Isizathu Sokuba Inkundla Ephakamileyo Igane Imbambano

Ukumiswa kweJaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo sisiganeko esibaluleke kakhulu kwezobupolitika zaseMerika, njengoko ukumiswa ngakunye kungumphumo ngenxa yokuba igunya elikhulu lenkundla ephakamileyo yezobulungisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqhelisela njengenkundla ephakamileyo ekwinkundla yejaji yesizwe. Izigqibo zeNkundla zichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi baseMelika, ukusuka kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye nakumalungelo okuvota ukuya kwinkqubo yempilo kunye nemigaqo yemekobume.

INkundla ePhakamileyo isebenza njengenkundla ephakamileyo yesizwe, yaye xa kusenziwa izigqibo ziinkundla ezisezantsi, abantu ababandakanyekileyo kwezo zityholo bangakhetha ukubhenela kwisigqibo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, egqibele ngokutsho, ukwenza inkqubo yezibheno kuthetha ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yeyona ifuna ukuphunyezwa kokusesikweni phantsi komthetho. Le ndawo ikhethekileyo kwinkqubo yokugweba yaseMerika yenza ukuba inkundla iqanjwe ngokunzulu.

INkundla yenzelwe ukukhusela amalungelo ethu asekuhlaleni kunye nenkululeko ngokuwisa imithetho echasene nomGaqo-siseko, yaye ngoxa amatyala kwiinkundla eziphantsi ngokuqhelekileyo ezama ukuphendula enoba umthetho uye walandelwa kusini na, amatyala eNkundla Ephakamileyo ngokufuthi agqiba enoba umthetho uvumelekile phantsi komGaqo-siseko wethu, esebenza njengovavanyo lwamandla owiso-mthetho nakwezolawulo ezilawulayo nokuqinisekisa ukuba imicimbi emikhulu kubemi bethu ayinakuyiphumeza imithetho echasene namalungelo abantu abambalwa.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko senkqubo yotyumbo

Inkqubo yokumisela uLungiselelo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo inikezelwa kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ngamagama ambalwa, njengoko "Izindululo zika-Claus" kumGaqo-siseko (Atyle II, Icandelo 2, icandelo 2) lichaza ukuba uMongameli "uyakutyunjwa, kwaye ngeSiluleko neSivumelo seBhunga, uza kumisela abaBagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo," kwaye ngexesha inkqubo yokumisela amaJaji ithathe iinguqu ezithile ngaphezulu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, owona mcimbi wayo ubalulekileyo, `ukwabelana ngegunya phakathi koMongameli neNxamelo-asdemo-ase ungatshintshangalungi.

UMgaqo-siseko awumisela naziphi na iimfaneleko zenkonzo njengobulungisa, ngenxa yoko umongameli angamtyumba nabani na umntu oza kukhonza eNkundleni. Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho mfuneko zomGaqo-siseko malunga nobudala, ixesha lobumi, uqeqesho olungokwasemthethweni, okanye amava angaphambili. Noko ke, kuqheliselo lwangoku, ii-mineneine ziqhelekile zingabagwebi okanye abaphengululi abanolwazi olusemthethweni abanemvelaphi ebanzi kumthetho-siseko.

Phantsi komGaqo-siseko, amaJaji kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo aphethe iofisi "ebonisa ukuziphatha okuhle," ngokwenyani ukwamkela ukumiselwa kwenkundla, kwaye ekwakuqinisekiswe, amaJaji angahlala kwisikhundla ixesha elide ehleli okanye de ade awe ngokuzithandela, ngokhuseleko lomsebenzi kurhulumente wesizwe ocetyiswe kuphela kubagwebi kwaye, ngokwenkqubo yomgaqo-siseko, ezimisele ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwesahluleli sorhulumente esilawulayo kuMongameli kunye neSingqungquthela.

Xa Usiba

Inkqubo yokutyunjwa kwetyala eliPhakamileyo lase-U.S. iqala xa kuvela isithuba kwiNkundla, ngokuqhelekileyo ngenxa yokuthatha umhlala-phantsi, okanye ukufa kokugweba. Oomongameli abalishumi bokugqibela, ngokomlinganiselo, ngamnye uqulunqe iiJaji ezintathu zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, nangona inani lokwenyani lihluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeka kwixesha okuthe kwenziwa ngalo izithuba zomongameli.

Abaphathi-mikhosi abafuni kulinda de kubekho isithuba eNkundleni ukuze baqalise ukuphanda ngemvelaphi yabathathi-nxaxheba, kanye emva kokuba uMongameli uGeorge W. Bush wafungqwa ukuba angene eofisini ngo-2001, abasebenzi bakhe baqalisa ukudibanisa uluhlu lwabathathi-nxaxheba kunye nokwenza uphando olunzulu ngemvelaphi yabo. Oku kulungiselelwa kwangaphambili kuvumela oomongameli ukuba baphendule ngokukhawuleza xa kunokwenzeka.

Kuye kwakho utshintsho kubude bexesha phakathi xa kwakusaziwa ukuba kukho okanye kumele ukubakho isithuba kwiNkundla naxa uMongameli wavakalisa ekuhleni injongo yakhe yokutyumba umntu othile oza kuthatha indawo, njengaxa iJaji ihla kwiNkundla okanye ife ngexesha isebenza eofisini, ngamanye amaxesha abalawuli bahamba ngokukhawuleza, bekhetha umtyunjwa wabo kwisithuba seveki bebhengezwa, kunye noMongameli noGeorge H. W. Bush ukhetha inkoliso yenkundla yabo ePhakamileyo kwientsuku ezithile zokubhengeza izigwebo zabo zenkundla eziphezulu ezivakalisa ekuhleni izintlukwano zabo zenkundla.

Inkqubo yoKhetho loMongameli

Eli nyathelo libalulekileyo ligunya likaMongameli, eligunyaziswe phantsi kweGatya II, iCandelo 2 lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., eligunyazisa uMongameli ukuba ahlule abagwebi "ngeSiluleko nangemvume yeBhunga leNtlanganiso," kwaye kanye izithuba zibe zisemthethweni okanye zilindelwe, uMongameli ubuza kakhulu nabaququzeleli bezopolitiko, kuquka iingcali ezingokwasemthethweni, amahlakani athembekileyo, kunye namaqumrhu, ukuchaza abasebenzi abafanelekileyo.

Amalungu abasebenzi abamhlophe baseHolo ayakuphatha ukukhutshwa nokunconywa kwee-asethi ezisenokuba zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kwaye ngokuqhelisa, umsebenzi wokuqhuba uphando ngemvelaphi kunye nokulungisa iiprojekthi ezinokwenzeka zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kuphakathi kwezokuqala ezithatyathwe ngabasebenzi bomongameli ozayo, izithuba okanye hayi. Le nkqubo ithelekelelayo inceda ukuchaza imibandela enokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba ukukhutshwa komphumo kuvakaliswe ekuhleni.

UMongameli udla ngokuqhagamshelana nabaququzeleli phambi kokuba avakalise ukutyunjwa. Oku kujongana kusebenza iinjongo ezininzi: kunceda abaxhasi abanokuba nenkxaso okanye inkcaso, kuvumela abaququzeleli ukuba banike igalelo kwabahlohli, kwaye kungayigudisa indlela ekhokelela ekuqinisekisweni ngokuthetha ngemicimbi kwasekuqaleni kwinkqubo.

Xa kuvulwa indawo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo, umongameli uxubusha ngabaqhubi, iinkokeli zeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso namalungu eKomiti yeNtlanganiso, njengomcimbi wesimilo sendlu yeNtlanganiso, ngaphambi kokukhetha umtyunjwa, yaye xa esenza oko, iingxaki ezisenokubakho phakathi nesiqinisekiso zinokuxutyushwa kusengaphambili.

Ukubhengeza

Phantsi kweGatya II, iCandelo 2, lomGaqo-siseko, inkqubo yokutyunjwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo iqala ngokukhethwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo nguMongameli, kwaye uMongameli uya kwandula ke azise ngokusemthethweni iNdlu yeeNgwebo ngokutyunjwa ("ngokuqhelekileyo ngokusuka kuxwebhu olubhaliweyo). Kwisenzo sangoku, le saziso sikhatshwa ngumsitho wesaziso sikawonke wonke apho umongameli azisa khona umtyunjwa kubantu baseMerika.

Indima eBaluleki yeKomiti yoMbutho

Nangona ingakhankanywanga kumGaqo-siseko, indima ebalulekileyo idlalwa phakathi kwinkqubo (emva kokuba uMongameli ekhethile, kodwa phambi kokuba iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso) yiKomiti yeQela, enokuthi endaweni yeBhunga njengelipheleleyo, ithathe imbopheleleko eyintloko yokuphanda ngemvelaphi neemfaneleko zeNkundla ePhakamileyo nganye.

Kule nkqubo yanamhlanje, isalathisi esiPhezulu seNkundla ePhakamileyo sibhekiswa kwiKomiti yeNdlu yeQeqesho ngaphambi kokuba iqwalaselwe yiNdlu yeNkulumbuso epheleleyo. IKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso idlala indima ephambili kwinkqubo yokuqinisekisa, phantse yonke inkundla ePhakamileyo ikhuphe inyulwa umtshato ukususela ngowe - 1868 ngaphambi kokuba ihlolwe.

IZibonelelo Ezithathu Zokuqwalaselwa

Ukususela ekupheleni koo1960, ukuqwalaselwa kweKomiti yoluHlulo oluPhakamileyo phantse ngamaxesha onke bekusoloko kukho imigangatho emithathu eyahlukileyo.(1) iqonga eligocagoci eliligocagoci, lilandelwa (2) kukuchotshelwa kwetyala likawonke-wonke, kwaye liqukumbela (3) ngesigqibo sekomiti ekuthi kucetyiswa ukuba kuqhutywe njani kwiNdlu yeeNtlanga.

Uphando lwangaphambili

Ngexesha lokuhlola kwangaphambili, umtyunjwa uphendula kwiNkcubeko yeKomiti yoLawulo oluNcazelelweyo enenkcukacha, enika ikomiti inkcazelo engobomi, ingcaphephe, kunye nenkcazelo yemali. Le nkampani ibuza ibanzi kwaye ifuna ii-axinezeli ukuba zityhile iinkcukacha ngembali yazo yengcali, iincwadi, iintetho, kunye neengxabano ezinokwenzeka zomdla.

Ukongeza kuphando lwekomiti lomntu osisigxina, iFBI ikwaphanda ngomtyunjwa ize inike ikomiti iingxelo eziyimfihlo ezinxulumene nophando lwayo. Olu vavanyo lunentsingiselo epheleleyo kwaye luhlolisisa imbali yomntu ngamnye neyobugcisa yayo nayiphi na imibandela enokuchaphazela ukufaneleka kwayo kwiNkundla.

Ngeli xesha, iMelika Bar Association ivavanya iimfaneleko zobuchule zomtyunjwa, ireyitha umtyunjwa njengofanelekileyo, ofanelekileyo, okanye ongalufanelekiyo. Ngelixesha ireyithingi ye-ABA ingabopheleli, ithwala ubunzima obubalulekileyo njengoluvo oluzimeleyo lwezimfaneleko zomtyunwa.

Ngexesha lokuhlolwa kwangaphambili, umtyunjwa, ngokungqinelana nesithethe eside esimileyo, utyelela uCapitol Hill ukuhlawula "iifowuni" kwizikhululo zabo, nakuMamkeli abangeyoKomiti yoluHlaziyo, oko kusenokuba lelona thuba lokuphela lokuthetha emntwini phambi kokuvota phambi kokuqinisekisa kwiNkundla yakhe.

Kuqheliso olwaqaliswa ngowe-1992, iKomiti yoluvo iqhuba intlanganiso evaliweyo yendlu ngeNkundla nganye, ihlala iphendula nayiphi na imibuzo ngemvelaphi yomntu osisigulo ukuba ukuphanda okufihlakeleyo kusenokuba kuye kwaziswa kwingqalelo yekomiti, ngengcaciso yekomiti echaza ukuba ukuchotshelwa okunjalo kuza kuqhutywa "kwizimo zonke, kwanaxa kungekho miba emikhulu ye-Accending efuna ukusombululwa ukuze kungabikho ukuboniswa ukuba ikomiti ifumene ulwazi olufihlakeleyo olungeyo malunga nokunganyaniseki.

Isigaba Sesibini: Ukuchotshelwa Kweendlebe

Xa iKomiti yoMqulu igqiba uphando lwayo ngomtyunjwa, ingqina ngokuchotshelwa phambi kwekomiti, kwaye ngokomlinganiselo, ukwenzela amaqumrhu eNkundla ePhakamileyo aye avingcwa ukususela ngo1975 ukuya kweli xesha langoku, ukuchotshelwa kokuqala kwetyala kwaqukunjelwa iintsuku ezingama-40 emva kokuba umongameli egunyazisile iBhunga.

Ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala kunguwona mmandla ubonakalayo kwinkqubo yokuqinisekiswa. Ezi ndlebe zidla ngokuchongwa ngocingo kwaye zigqunywe ngokubanzi ngamajelo eendaba, zizenza zibe lixesha elibalulekileyo lokuvavanywa kukawonke-wonke. Ngexesha lokuchotshelwa, uluntu lwaseMerika luza kubona luze luve ngqo kumntu onokuba ngulowo ukhonza kwinkundla ephakamileyo yelo lizwe kangangamashumi eminyaka.

Ukubuzwa kwemimiselo yabaququzeleli kubandakanyekile, ngokomzekelo, iimfaneleko zomthetho zabalawuli, imvelaphi yobukho, kunye nayo nayiphi na imisebenzi yangaphambili njengamaqumrhu kawonke-wonke, ngoxa eminye imibuzo iye yajoliswe kwimibandela yentlalo nezobupolitika, umGaqo-siseko, izigqibo ezithile zenkundla, iimpikiswano ezikhoyo zomGaqo-siseko, kunye nentanda-ntanda-bulumko yokugweba.

Kulo mcimbi wakutshanje oya kwiNkundla, ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala kuqhubeke iintsuku ezine okanye ezintlanu (nangona iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi isenokugqiba ukuba ityala ligcinwe ngokugqithisileyo ukuba igalelo liqwalaselwe njengeliphikisanayo) njengoko yayinjalo ngo-Robert Bork's nothotholo lwamatyala ngo- 1987, obeneentsuku eziyi11). Ii-minenes ezintandathu eziye zavela phambi kwekomiti ukususela ngo-2005 zichithe iiyure eziyi17 ukuya kwezingama-32 zingqina.

Ngexesha lokuchotshelwa kwamatyala, amangqina, axhasayo nachasayo, anikela iimbono zawo. Ikomiti ikwasiva ubungqina kumangqina awahlukeneyo angaphandle, exhasa kwaye echasa ukutyunjwa. La mangqina asenokuquka abaphengululi abasemthethweni, amaqela olwaphulo-mthetho, abo basebenza nabo, nabanye abanokuthetha kwiimfaneleko zomtyunjwa kunye nentanda-bulumko yokugweba.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Yokungxengxezwa Kwamatyala

Uqheliselo lokubeka amatyala kawonke-wonke kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kulwaphulo-mthetho luye lwadlula kutshanje kwimbali yaseMerika. Kwinkoliso yobukho beNkundla, iNdlu yeNkulumbuso yavota ngaphandle kokuva okanye ukuxhasa naluphi na uhlobo, iqinisekisa uEdward Douglass White njengobulungisa obumanyeneyo kwaye kamva njengonobulungisa abakhulu, kunye nabenzi bomthetho bemqinisekisa ngosuku olunye lokungena kwakhe ubumfana, kwanamaxesha omabini ngevoti yelizwi.

Imeko yokuqala ebhaliweyo apho amatyala asemthethweni aziwa ngokuba abekwe kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo ebekwe yikomiti yeNkundla yeNtlanganiso yabanjwa yiKomiti yoLawulo ngoDisemba 1873, ngokutyunjwa kukaGeorge Henry Williams ukuba abe ngoyena mlawuli oyintloko, eneentsuku ezimbini zokuchotshelwa kwamasango agcinweyo ukuze ahlole amaxwebhu kwaye aphulaphule ubungqina obuvela kumangqina angempikiswano engonomone, emva koko inkcaso kuGandrey yaza umongameli wayirhoxa i-agnomed, yaye uGalisa ngoJanuwari 1874.

Uqheliselo lwangoku lwekomiti ebuza abamangali ngeembono zabo zomthetho lwaqala ngoJohn Marshall Harlan II ngo 1955; ukunconywa kwetyala kwathi gqi emva kokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo idlulisele phantsi iBrown yayo ephawula imfundo v. Ibhodi yemfundo, kunye nabaququzeleli abaliqela basemazantsi babesongela ukuvala ukuqinisekiswa kweHarlan, ngenxa yoko isigqibo sokungqina. Phantse bonke oomama ukususela eHarlan bavele phambi kweKomiti yeJadiary.

ISihloko sesithathu: ISindululo seKomiti

Emva kokuqukunjelwa kwetyala likawonke-wonke elibanzi, iKomiti yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso iqhubekela kwisigaba esibalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokutyunjwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo: ukuvota ukugqiba enoba umtyunjwa uza kunconyelwa kwiNdlu yeNdlu yeNtlanganiso epheleleyo ukuba aqinisekise, ngokuya kuba nale voti ithatha ithuba malunga neveki emva kokuba ukuchotshelwa kwetyala kugqitywe, ivumela abaququzeleli bexesha ukuba basekele ngabom, ubungqina, kunye neempendulo zomcimbi ophantsi kwetyala ngexesha lokuchola.

IKomiti yoMququzeleli ivota kwimibutho yonyulo kwaye ithumela icebiso layo (lokuba iqinisekiswe, ukuba iyalahlwa, okanye ayinconyelwa) kwiNdlu yeeNyanga epheleleyo. Ikomiti inganikela ingxelo yokumtyunjwa ngokufanelekileyo, ngokungafanelekanga, okanye ngaphandle kokuncomela, nangona isenokukhetha ukungaxeli ukutyunjwa konke konke.

Kwizibheno ezili-15 ezaxelwa kakuhle, 6 zanikelwa ngenkxaso engqinekelwe ngamxhelo mnye (kwaye unyulo olongezelelekileyo lwaxelwa ngenkxaso ephantse ingqinelaneyo), ngemvume yakutshanje ezanikelwa ngenkxaso engqinelanayo yikomiti engowe-Stephen Breyer ngo-194, kwaye akukho nanye kwezisibhozo ezisandul'ukuphenduliswa kwiNkundla eyathiwa idibene okanye phantse yangqinelana.

Ulwazelelelo

Xa iKomiti Yolawulo lomkhosi igqiba umsebenzi wayo ize inikele ingxelo ngokutyunjwa kweNdlu yeeNtlanga epheleleyo, lonke igumbi lithabatha inyathelo lokunyulwa ukuze kuqhutywe impikiswano kunye nokuvota kokugqibela.

Ingxoxo yeNdlela yokuHlanganisa

Le mithetho ivumela ukuba kubekho ingxubusho encinane yeeyure ezingama - 30 kumgangatho, apho abaququzeleli benikela iintetho ezichaza inkxaso okanye inkcaso.

Imithetho yeNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdlela esetyenziselwa ukuvumela ingxoxo engenasiphelo (uqheliso olwaziwayo njenge-filibustering) nokuphelisa ingxoxo, yayifuna amavoti e-3/5 e-Inamathemati okanye ama-60 ee-senames (eyaziwa njengevoti ye-rafitude), kodwa ngoApril 2017, iNdlu yenze yatshintsha lo mthetho yaza yahlisa iivoti ezingama-5 ukuphelisa impikiswano kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo (le nto iyaziwa ngokuba yi "ukhetho lwenyukliya"). Olu tshintsho luye lwaguqula ngokuphawulekayo iinguqulo ezinamandla zeNkundla ephakamileyo, lwenze kube lula kakhulu ukuba iqela elikhulu livume ukuba lingabi namalungu ngaphandle kwenkxaso.

Uqikelelo Lwendawo efihlakeleyo

UMongameli umisa umntu othile ukuba afumane indawo kwiNkundla kunye nevoti yeNkundla yeQumrhu ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-mineine, efuna uninzi oluqhelekileyo.

Ukuba kukho iqhina, uMongameli onguMongameli okwangamele iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso uphosa isigqibo sokuvota. Noko ke, ngokweengxelo zeNkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo, oko akuzange kwenzeke kwivoti yokuvota.

Ukususela ngo1967, ijenali ngalinye lokuqinisekisa inkundla yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ibiyivoti yokuvota ngokurhangqa — ithetha ukuba ukhetho lwelungu ngalinye lubhalwe ngokusemthethweni, kwaye ngokwembali, uninzi lweziqinisekiso luphumele ekuxhaseni okukhulu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba abaququzeleli bomthetho obhaliweyo banokuphendula ngokuphandle ngevoti yabo kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo.

Ukwanda kwenqanawa ekuqinisekiseni

Isiqinisekiso sokuvota siyanda ukuhla kufuphi nemigca yeqela, nemithetho yokugqibela ezakuqinisekiswa ngevoti engqinelanayo nguAnthony Kennedy, 97-0, ngo 1988, yokugqibela ukwamkela uninzi lwabathathu ezimbini kuba nguSonia Sotomayor, 68-31, ngo-2009, kunye neNdlu yeNtsibe yokuvota ukuqinisekisa uBrett Kavanaugh ngo1918 ngencama ye-okanye 50/48-1 yomda owaphuka kwimigca yeqela.

Oku kubonisa ukuthatyathwa-nxaxheba okubanzi kwezobupolitika nokuvunywa kwamagunya eNkundla Ephakamileyo kunokuguqula ulungelelwano lweengcamango zeNkundla ngokwezizukulwana. Ngokwesithethe, iNdlu yeeNkulumbuso iye yatyekela ekubeni ingabalulekanga kuMongameli ekukhetheni kwakhe amaJaji eNkundla Ephakamileyo kunokuba imisele abantu kwizikhundla eziphezulu zesebe, nemigangatho efuna ingqwalaselo ephezulu edla ngokusetyenziswa kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo ebonakalisa ukubaluleka okukhethekileyo kweNkuNkundla.

Umgca wexesha wenkqubo yoqinisekiso

Ngokwesiqhelo, yonke inkqubo ithatha iinyanga eziliqela, kodwa ingenzeka, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha, igqitywe ngokukhawuleza, nge-avareji yexesha ukusuka ekuchongeni ukuya kwisalathisi sokugqibela sendlu yengqungquthela ukususela phakathi ko1950 kumalunga neentsuku eziyi55.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iNkundla Ephakamileyo ePhakamileyo nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa iye yathabatha iinyanga ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu, imonyulo nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa iJaji uBrett Kavanaugh ihlala kancinane phantsi kweenyanga ezintathu, ngoxa inkqubo efanayo yeJaji uNeil Gordow yathabatha ngaphezu kweenyanga ezimbini.

Noko ke, ixesha lokulinganisa lingahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngokweemeko zobupolitika. Ezinye iingqinisekiso ziye zagqitywa ngamaxesha amafutshane aphawulekayo, ngoxa ezinye zithe zanwenwa iinyanga okanye azizange zigqitywe konke konke. Ulwazelelelo lwezobupolitika, ingakumbi usondelelwano lonyulo kwaye liliphi iqela elilawula iBhunga, lungachaphazela ngokuphawulekayo isantya senkqubo yokuqinisekisa.

Emva Koqinisekiso

Xa iNdlu yeeNkundla ivota ukuze iqinisekise ukuba ukho umtyunjwa, kusele amanyathelo aliqela asesikweni ngaphambi kokuba okusesikweni okutsha kuqalise imisebenzi yayo kwiNkundla.

Emva kokuba efumene isigqibo sokumqinisekisa, umongameli usenokutyobela aze anikele ugunyaziso olusemthethweni lokumisela ityala eNkundleni, yaye lowo umiselweyo ngoko umele athabathe izifungo ezibini ngaphambi kokuphumeza imisebenzi yeofisi: isifungo somGaqo-siseko, esisetyenziswa kubo bonke abalawuli begunya noorhulumente abangaphantsi komongameli, nesifungo sokugweba esisetyenziswa ngabo bonke abagwebi belizwe.

IJaji eqinisekisiweyo ithatha inxaxheba kwimibhiyozo emibini yokufunga, nemeko enye ebandakanya iJaji elenza isifungo somgwebo kunye nesinye isifungo esibandakanya isifungo somGaqo-siseko, nesigwebi seNkundla ePhakamileyo sangoku esinika izifungo zombini, kunye nesifungo somGaqo-siseko esinikelwa kutheko lombutho kawonke-wonke obekho kuMongameli.

Isiko jikelele kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje belikusenza isifungo kwiNdlu emhlophe okanye kwisakhiwo seNkundla ePhakamileyo, yaye umntu uthabathe amanyathelo afunekayo ukuze abe lilungu leNkundla.

Uhlomelo olucacileyo noludityanisiweyo

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, iinkundla ezithile eziPhakamileyo ziye zabangela impikiswano ethile okanye zamisela imizekelo ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekiswa.

U-Robert Bork ka-1992 ukusetyenziswa kwegama elingunogada kwalahlwa emva kokuchotshelwa kwetyala elibhengeziweyo elisekelwe kwintanda-bulumko yakhe egwebayo. IBhrk nomination yaba lixesha elididayo, ingenisa igama elithi "borking" kwisichazi-magama sezobupolitika ukuchaza ukuchasana okugqithisileyo nenkcaso esekelwe kwinkcubeko nentanda-bulumko yokugweba.

Uqikelelo lukaClarence Thomas luka-1995 lubandakanya ukuxilongwa okunzulu kunye nengxoxo yesizwe, kuquka ubungqina obubalulekileyo buka-Anita Hill obuphathelele ukukhathazwa ngokwesini. Iindlebe zikaThomas zazisa imicimbi yokukhathazwa emsebenzini yazisa uqwalaselo lwesizwe kwaye zabonisa indlela izityholo zokuziphethe kakubi komntu ngamnye ezinokuba ngundoqo ngayo kwinkqubo yokuqinisekisa.

Iziphumo zakutshanje ezifana noBrett Kavanaugh ngo-2018 kunye noAmy Coney Barrett ngo-2020 zabalaselisa ukuhlaziywa kwezobupolitika kunye nenyathelo leNdlu yeeNtlanganiso elikhawulezayo, kuquka ukuqinisekiswa kukaBarrett kancinane phambi konyulo lomongameli, kwaye la matyala abonisa ukucazulula amandla, indima ye-media, kunye nokuzibophelela ekuhleni kwinkqubo.

Uguqulelo lomsebenzi kolunye ulwimi:

Asizizo zonke iingxelo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo eziphumele ekuqinisekisweni. Ikota enye yeNkundla Ephakamileyo ayiqinisekiswanga ekugqibeleni. Ukuchaswa kwemithetho kungasilela ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo, kuquka ukulahlwa kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso, ukurhoxiswa ngumongameli, okanye ukungamkeli kweNdlu yeeNtlanganiso.

Omnye wemizekelo ebaluleke kakhulu yakutshanje yokunyuswa komtyuli othe tye yenzeka ngo-2016 xa uMongameli Obama wavala uMerrick Garland ukuzalisa izithuba ezadalwa ngokufa koMahluleli uAntonin Scalia. Xa u-Merrick Garland akavotanga iBhunga lika 2016, ukunyuswa kwakhe kwabuyiselwa kuMongameli omtsha ngoJanuwari 3, 2017. Indlu yeQeta-Master Mit McConnell yala ukuvalela okanye ukuvota, iphikisa ukuba i-Profeti mayigcwaliswe ngumongameli olandelayo.

Iinkalo Eziqwalaselwa Zizintlola

Xa kugqitywe ukuba ivotelwe okanye ichaswe iNkundla ePhakamileyo, amaqumrhu ahlola izinto ezininzi ngaphandle kweziqu ezisemthethweni zomntu ochaphazelekayo.

Abaququzeleli babo bobabini amaqela baye basekela, ubuncinane ngokwenxalenye, inkcaso yabo kwinkundla ethile ePhakamileyo echasa inkolelo yokuba imbono okanye iimbono zomntu ongomnye kwimibandela ethile ziphumile ngaphandle kwenkcaso ephambili yengcinga esemthethweni okanye yembono kawonke-wonke. Oku kubonisa ukuba inkcazo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yenza izigqibo ezichaphazela ngokunzulu umthetho nebutho labantu baseMerika.

Enye into engundoqo yimpembelelo yoontanga kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtlanga (ingakumbi, mhlawumbi, xa igalelo lijongwa njengeliphikisanayo), abaququzeleli abanempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo ngabo baxhasa umtyunjwa okanye abakhokelayo enkcasini, okanye abadlala indima ephambili kwisigaba sokuchongwa kweKomiti yamaJadi, ngoxa enye ingqwalasela yabasebenzi beSenator iza kuba ziimbono zabo, ingakumbi ukuba abavoti abaninzi basekhaya bacingelwa ukuba bavakalelwa ngokuqatha ngemingxulumani.

Impembelelo Yexesha Elide Yezigqibo Zenkundla Ephakamileyo

Intsingiselo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ifikelela kude ngaphaya komzuzu wezopolitiko okhawulezileyo. Ngenxa yokuba amatyala esebenza kwimimiselo yobomi bonke, ukwenziwa kotyumbo ngalunye lubumba uqalo lweNkundla kunye nomthetho ogwetywayo kangangamashumi eminyaka.

KuMongameli, ukutyunjwa kweJaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo kusenokuba ngumlinganiselo ophawulekayo apho imbali iya kugweba umongameli wakhe. Ngokufuthi oomongameli bakujonga ukumiselwa kwabo eNkundleni ePhakamileyo njengaphakathi kwezona zigqeba zabo zihlala zihleli, njengoko aba bagwebi beza kuqhubeka bephembelela umthetho waseMerika emva kwexesha elide umongameli eshiyile.

KwiBhunga leNdlu yeeNtsimbi, isigqibo sokuqinisekisa singumbandela obalulekileyo, kuba yiBhunga yedwa, ngomsebenzi wayo "Isicelo kunye neNkqubela" (ngaphandle kokubandakanyeka okusesikweni kwiNdlu yabameli) esebenza njengokhuseleko kumgwebo kaMongameli.

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zichaphazela phantse yonke imimandla yobomi baseMerika. INkundla inamandla okuwisa imithetho ewiswe yiBhunga, ukubhukuqa imizekelo, nokuchaza umGaqo-siseko ngeendlela ezibumba amalungelo abantu, ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukukhuselwa kwemeko-bume, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, amalungelo okuvota, neminye imibandela emininzi. Maxa wambi inkundla enye inokuba yiyo egqiba kwityala eliyingqondweni eliguqula ikhondo lembali yaseMelika.

Ukuba Ngummi Nokwenza Inyathelo Lokutyunjwa

Ngoxa abemi bengavoti ngqo kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo, bangadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokuqinisekisa. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke lungaphembelela abavoti bamaqumrhu, ingakumbi xa abameli besenza iimbono zabo zaziwe ngomnxeba, ngoonobumba, nezinye iindlela zonxibelelwano nabameli babo abanyuliweyo.

Amaqela anomdla kunye nemibutho elawulayo yamacala omabini ezobupolitika ikhuthaza amalungu ayo ebudeni bombutho weNkundla Ephakamileyo, iphumeza amaphulo okubhengeza, ilungelelanisa imigudu yokuyila ingca, nokunika inkcazelo yokunceda abemi balapho baqonde izithintelo zokubekwa kwemiqathango. Oku kuthenjiswa kwabantu ngokubanzi kubonisa ukuqwalaselwa ukuba amalungiselelo eNkundla Ephakamileyo anemiphumo enzulu nehlala ihleli kwibutho lamaMerika.

Amajelo eendaba anendima ebalulekileyo ekuziseni uluntu ngeengxelo zawo, neengxelo zawo, kunye nemibandela esengozini. Ukuva okukhutshwe ngocingo kuvumela izigidi zabantu baseMerika ukuba zibukele imicimbi kwaye zenze iimbono zazo ngabachongi. Oku kuvela, ngelixesha, ngoxa maxa wambi kugxekwa ngokuguqula inkqubo ibe yimidlalo yemidlalo yezopolitiko, kuqinisekisa ukuba omnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo karhulumente usenzeka ngokubonwa ngabantu bonke.

Ukuqonda Ukulungelelana Kwamandla

Ngale ndlela, iBhalume loLawulo oluPhezulu noMgaqo-siseko worhulumente wesizwe unelizwi kuqulunqe iNkundla ePhakamileyo. Oku kwabelana ngembopheleleko ebonakalisa ukuzinikela kwabaseki kokuhlola nokulinganisela, beqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye likarhulumente elingathintelwanga kulawulo lwejaji.

Unyuso kunye nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa iquka umgaqo wamandla ahlukeneyo asisiseko kurhulumente womgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Amandla kamongameli okukhupha ulawulo akhangelwa ngamandla eBhathene ukuqinisekisa okanye ukulandula. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukuvelisa abagwebi abayalela inkxaso ebanzi nabanezimfaneleko ezifunekayo ukukhonza kwinkundla ephakamileyo yesizwe.

Iingxaki Nempikiswano

Inkqubo yokutyunjwa yeNkundla Ephakamileyo ijongene neengxaki ezininzi zanamhlanje yaye isoloko iphikisana ngendlela emele isebenze ngayo kuMerika wanamhlanje.

Enye inkxalabo ebalulekileyo kukwanda kobuhlanga kwinkqubo yokuqinisekisa. Njengoko ukwenziwa kwentsebenziswano kwezobupolitika kuye kwanda, ukuqinisekiswa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kuye kwaneengxabano nakwahlulwa kwimida yamaqela. Le ntsingiselo iphakamisa imibuzo yokuba le nkqubo iphumeza ngokufanelekileyo kusini na injongo yayo yomGaqo-siseko yokuvelisa abagwebi abafanelekileyo, abazimeleyo abanokugunyazisa intembelo yoluntu.

Ixesha lokutyunjwa, ingakumbi kwiminyaka yonyulo, liye lanempikiswano engakumbi. Imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo iye yasetyenziswa kuxhomekeka ekubeni liliphi iqela elilawula iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso kunye noBungameli, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizityholo zohanahaniso nenkxalabo ngokuhlaziywa kweNkundla.

Abanye abaguquli baye bacebisa ukuba inkqubo yeNkundla Ephakamileyo itshintshe, kuquka imiqathango esetyenziswa ngokwezihlalo okanye ukwandisa inani lezihlalo enkundleni. Abaxhasi baphikisa ezi nguqu baya kunciphisa iziphumo zemvukelo yomntu ngamnye baze benze iNkundla ikwazi ukusabela ngakumbi kutshintsho lwedemokhrasi.

Oovimba Bokuhlala Unolwazi

Abahlali abafuna ukuhlala benolwazi ngemiba yeNkundla Ephakamileyo bayakwazi ukufumana izinto ezininzi. Iwebhsayithi yeNkundla esemthethweni ye- inikela ulwazi ngeNkundla namalungu ayo. Iwebhsayithi yeKomiti ePhakamileyo inikezela unikezelo kwiinkqubo, ii-pyrices, nezinye izixhobo ezinxulumene nee-acements.

Imibutho yamaphephandaba inikela ingqwalaselo enzulu yeNkundla Ephakamileyo, kuquka uhlalutyo lweengxelo zabachongi kunye neenkcubeko zezobupolitika ezinxulumene nesiqinisekiso. Abaphengululi bomthetho kunye neengcali zomgaqo-siseko banikela inkcazelo enokuthi incede abemi baqonde imibandela engokwasemthethweni neyomGaqo-siseko ethintelweyo.

Imibutho engaphaya kobubanzi bezobupolitika, ukusuka kwi Heritage Foundation ukuya kwi- ye-Melika ye-Libregist Union, inika ulwazi nohlalutyo ngokweembono ezahlukeneyo, ivumela abemi baqwalasele iimbono ezininzi ku-nomines kunye nenkqubo yokuqinisekisa.

Ukubaluleka Kolwazi Oluyicomputed

Ukuqonda inkqubo yokutyunjwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Ezi zihlomelo zimela amaxesha apho abantu baseMerika, ngoncedo lwabameli babo abanyuliweyo, banceda ekulungiseni ikamva lokucaciswa komGaqo-siseko nokukhuselwa kwamalungelo nenkululeko.

Ngokuqonda indlela inkqubo esebenza ngayo, ezona zinto ziyiphembelelayo, kwaye kutheni ibalulekile, abemi banokubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo ngakumbi kule nkalo ibalulekileyo yolawulo lwamaMelika. Enoba ngokunxibelelana nabaququzeleli bentetho yesidlangalala, okanye ngokusuka nje bahlale benolwazi, abemi banendima ebalulekileyo ekuqinisekiseni ukuba inkqubo yokukhupha inzala iphumele injongo yayo emgameni.

Inkqubo yokunconywa kwenkundla ePhakamileyo ibonisa imigaqo esisiseko yedemokhrasi yaseMerika: ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, ukuxilonga nokulinganisela, nokubaluleka kokuziphendulela ngoogxamesi kurhulumente. Njengoko iNkundla iqhubeka igqiba ngamatyala abumba ubomi baseMerika, ukuqonda indlela okusesikweni okukhethwa ngayo kubaluleka ngakumbi kubo bonke abemi abakhathalela ikamva likarhulumente womgaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo

Ukuchotshelwa kwenkundla ePhakamileyo kumela enye yezona ndawo zibalulekileyo ezidityanisiweyo zomthetho nezobupolitika kurhulumente waseMerika. Le nkqubo, esekelwe kumbhalo womGaqo-siseko kodwa ejijwe ziinkulungwane zoqheliselo nomzekelo, ibandakanya ukuphengulula ngenyameko, ukuxilonga kukawonke-wonke, kwaye ekugqibeleni isigqibo sabameli abanyuliweyo sokuba ngubani oza kukhonza kwinkundla ephakamileyo yelo lizwe.

Ukusuka kukhetho lokuqala lukamongameli ngeNtlanganiso yeQela leMibutho yoLawulo ukuya kwikomiti yokuvota, isigaba ngasinye senkqubo sifeza iinjongo ezibalulekileyo: ukuqinisekisa ukuba abalawuli bayafaneleka, bavumela ungeniso nohlolo lukawonke-wonke, kwaye kufuna ukuvumelana phakathi kwamasebe aphetheyo kunye nowiso-mthetho. Ngoxa inkqubo iye yaguquka ngexesha elithile kwaye ijongene neengxaki zanamhlanje, injongo yayo engundoqo ihlala ingatshintshi: ukukhetha abagwebi abaza kutolika ngokuthembeka umGaqo-siseko nemithetho ye-United States.

Kubemi, ukuqonda le nkqubo akuyonto nje yemfundo. Lulwazi olubalulekileyo kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Iinkundla eziPhakamileyo zenza izigqibo ezichaphazela wonke umntu waseMerika, kwaye inkqubo yokutyunjwa yeyona ndlela abantu, ngonyulo lwabo, banelizwi lokubumba ukwenziwa kweNkundla.

Njengoko iingxoxo ziqhubeka ngekamva leNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye nenkqubo yokutyunjwa, abemi abanolwazi baya kuxhotyiswa ngcono ukuba bavavanye izindululo zotshintsho, bagcine abaququzeleli babo benoxanduva, baze babandakanyeke ngokwakhayo kwingxubusho engenye yezona ntlangano zibalulekileyo kurhulumente waseMerika. Izibonda ziphezulu, iziphumo zihlala zikho, kwaye imfuneko yokubhalisa nokuqonda intlalo-ntle ayizange ibe nkulu.