Ukuqonda Amaphepha Akwimeko Yanamhlanje

Ibhalwe ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo nguAlexander Hamilton, uJames Madison, noJohn Jay phantsi kwegama losiba elabelweneyo elithi “Publius,” iMapas ahlala engomnye wemisebenzi ebalulekileyo yengcamango yezobupolitika yaseMelika. Ezi zincoko zangama-85 zapapashwa ekuqaleni kumaphephandaba aseNew York phakathi kowewaka eli-1787 nowewaka linye nowe-17888888 ukuze zicenge uluntu ukuba luyisebenzise i-U.S. umGaqo-siseko wezomgamfa. Ngexesha elikwinkulungwane ye-18(16) kunye nezixhobo zalo ezinomtsala-hashela, iipeni ze-efatyi, neengxoxo ezishushu ezingookrwelo, kwaye iingxoxo ezishushu ezingoomthetho-manyeneyo ze-othobants, zisebenza ngendlela elungele ukusetyenziswa ngayo urhulumenteni, kwaye zibonakala zisebenza ngokusebenza kakhulu kwezi ngxelo zemithetho yemithetho yezobupolitika yoluntu ukubalwano zasekuhlaleni.

Le ngxelo iphendula imibuzo engaphelelwa lixesha: Amandla anokusasazwa njani ukuze kuthintelwe ubundlobongela? Inokuhlala njani inguvimba omkhulu nowahlukeneyo? Abameli banokuphendula njani? Ngokuphinda uphicotho lwemibuzo ngelensi yeManyano yoBukhosi be-Federal Papers, ufumana isiseko sokuhlolisisa imicimbi yangoku. Ukuba ngaba liNkundla ePhakamileyo, inkqubo yolawulo lolawulo lobumongameli, ukuchotshelwa kwentlanganiso, okanye ingxubusho yasekuhlaleni. Iingcamango ezikule ngxoxo zihleli ziphi na ezikhoyo ziyaphila kwaye zifanelekile, kwaye zinika nabani na ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya: Isiqinisekiso Esingeyomfuneko Sokuphendula Urhulumente

Enye yeengcamango ezidumileyo kwiFederalist Papers kukwahlulwa kwamagunya, okwahlula-hlula urhulumente worhulumente ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: uwiso-mthetho (uMongameli kunye namaqumrhu orhulumente), umphathi-mandla (uMongameli kunye namaqumrhu orhulumente), kunye nenkundla egweba (iinkundla). Le ngcamango ithe yahlolisiswa ngokupheleleyo [ uNyaka] noNo. kunye [FURFURFURF] noNo., apho uJames Mascison aphikisayo ukuba “ukuqulunqiniswa kwawo onke amagunya, ulawulo, umlawuli, nolawulo lweziko, kunye nolawulo, kwizandla olunye, nokuba zimbalwa, okanye ezininzi, zisenokuchazwa ngokusesikweni. Injongo yale .[5]

Njengommi, ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kukunceda ujonge inyathelo likarhulumente ngeliso eligxeka ngakumbi. Xa uMongameli ekhupha umyalelo ophezulu, ungabuza: Ngaba lo myalelo ukwigunya elilawulayo lesebe, okanye ngaba ungena kwingingqi egcinelwe iBhunga? Xa umbutho wesizwe ukhupha umthetho, ungacinga: Ngaba lo mbutho unegunya elisemthethweni elinikwe yiBhunga? Xa iNkundla Ephakamileyo iwisa umthetho, ungabuza: Ngaba iNkungathathi nxaxheba iMgaqo-siseko, okanye iyayigqitha indima yayo? Le yimibuzo efunwa ngabameli ukuba bafuneke abemi, kwaye bafanele bayiqwalasele kanye njengokuba benjalo namhlanje ngo1788.

Ukusebenzisa lo mgaqo, unga:

  • Isebe elithatha inyathelo kwimibandela oyikhathaleleyo. Umzekelo, ukuba uxhalabele inkqubo yocoselelo lwempilo, phawula ukuba utshintsho luvela kwi Congress (ulawulo lokhuseleko), uMongameli (umgaqo wokubulala okanye ulawulo lombutho), okanye iinkundla (ulawulo). Isebe ngalinye linomiqathango neengqino ezahlukileyo.
  • [[NTL:0] Landela iindaba kwiimfazwe eziphakathi kweziqubuliso , njengaxa iBhunga lihlola isebe elilawulayo, xa uMongameli ekhupha ityala, okanye xa iinkundla zilawula kumgaqo-siseko womthetho. La mathuba ziindawo zokhuhleko apho ulwahlulo lwamandla lubonakala kakhulu.
  • Jongana nabameli bakho ngemibuzo enolwazi. Kunokusuka nje uthi “imali ixhaswe lo mthetho,” ungathi“ Lo mthetho uza kunika amasebe amatsha aphetheyo ```awafanele ahlolwe'?'. Abameli bakho badla ngokulithatha nzulu igalelo lakho xa ubonisa ukuba uyawuqonda umgaqo-siseko.

Ukwahlulwa kwamandla asiyonto imileyo; kuguquka ngokutolikwa nokuqheliswa. Ngokusebenzisana nawo, uba ngumthengi onokuqonda ongakumbi wenkcazelo yezobupolitika kwaye ube ngummeli ophumelelayo wolawulo olulungeleleneyo.

Ulwahlulo lwamagunya kwimisebenzi: Imizekelo emithathu yehlabathi lokwenene

Ukubona lo mgaqo usebenza namhlanje, cinga ngempikiswano emithathu yakutshanje. Okokuqala, ingxoxo engoorhulumente abalawulayo abasebenza: Oomongameli abavela kuwo omabini amaqela baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukumisela iinkqubo zokufuduka, kodwa abagxeki baphikisa ngelithi iinguqu ezinkulu zifanele zifike ngomthetho odluliswe yiBhunga. Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwamandla kukuvumela ukuba ulinganise ukuba liliphi icala elinamandla omeleleyo. Okwesibini, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yowiso-mthetho iveto: Iingqungquthela ngamanye amaxesha ziye zazama ukudlulisela imithetho evumela ukuba iwise phezu kwemithetho yesebe elilawulayo, kodwa iNkukhosi ePhakamileyo iye yawamkela lathi ngokuqhelekileyo lakuba nenkxakelelwana phakathi kwawo, inkcaso yalathisa loo manani asebenzayo engooomasebe bezopolitiki.

Iingqinipho nolungelelwano: Ukuba Nembopheleleko Yamandla

Ngokunxulumene nolwahlulo lwamagunya yinkqubo yee-checks kunye nolungelelwano, olunika isebe ngalinye ngezixhobo ezithile zokunciphisa izenzo zezinye. AmaPhepha aFederali anikela ingqalelo enkulu kulo mxholo, ingakumbi ku . kunye [FLT] no-No]. 51.[FLT][FLT] . uMath-maitempss abhale ngokudumile ukuba “icebo limele lenziwe ukulwa nomnqweno,” ithetha ukuba ukuzikhathalela amasebe ngalinye kuya kunceda ukugcina amanye evavanyiwe. Umongameli uyakwazi ukukhangela eminye imithetho. [[Foct:2] kunye nemithetho emibini-3-onke, kwaye ungayisusa umongameli; ukuqinisekisa imithetho ye-Spresideli; ukuchaza ukumiswa kwemithetho ye-Ampliegnegarn; ukumiswa kwemithetho; ukumiswa kwetyala; ukumiswa kwetyala; ukunyulwa komthetho-onyulwa komthetho, ezinye, ukuqinisekisa, ezinye.

Kummi oqhelekileyo, uhlolo nolungelelwano luzinkqubo ezisebenzayo eziqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye linokulawula. Ukuqonda indlela ezi ziphumo zomsebenzi ezikunika amandla okugcina amagosa ephendule. Umzekelo:

  • Xa uMongameli etyikitya umthetho ophikisanayo, ungabuza enoba iBhunga lalinokuvota kusini na ukuba liphelise ityala, nokuba iinkundla zisenokulibetha kamva kusini na.
  • Xa ijaji karhulumente ekhupha umyalelo oyalelweyo kulo lonke ilizwe, unokuhlolisisa enoba loo mgwebi uhlolisiswa yinkundla ephakamileyo okanye yiBhunga.
  • Xa umbutho karhulumente uphanga, unokuxhasa okanye uxhathise imigudu yowiso - mthetho yokunciphisa imali yawo, ubeke umda kwigunya lawo lokulawula, okanye ubeke iliso lawo ekuchotshelweni ngokungqongqo.

Ungasebenzisa uluvo lwakho lokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwamagosa anyuliweyo. Ukuba ilungu leKhomishini liqhayisa ngokuba “yinja,” ungabuza ukuba ziyazisebenzisa ngokwenene na izixhobo ezikhoyo .Izixhobo ezifana nee-subpona, iikomiti, uphando, namandla esipakente . Ukuhlola amasebe alawulayo. Ukuba uMongameli uthi amagunya abanzi, ungahlola ukuba amanye amasebe ahle ngoku ngokuphumelelayo kusini na. Inkqubo isebenza kakuhle xa abemi benikela ingqalelo kwaye befuna ukuba abameli babo basebenzise ii-cheke kwizinto zabo ezilahlwayo.

Indlela Abahlali Abanokuzisebenzisa Ngayo Iindlela Zolawulo

Enye inkalo esoloko ijongwa rhoqo yee-checks kunye nolungelelwano yindima yokuba nenxaxheba kowonke-wonke ekunyamekeleni. Iikomiti ezininzi zombutho zisamkela ubungqina basekuhlaleni, kwaye abameli kufuneka bapapashe imithetho ecetyiweyo yokugqabaza uwonke-wonke. Ngokunikela amagqabaza okanye ngokunikela ubungqina ekuvinyweni, uyakwazi ukuqinisekisa imbono yakho kwinkqubo. Oku kukusetyenziswa okungqalileyo komgaqo-siseko weSizwe wokuba abantu banokuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo kurhulumente (emva kwazo zonke), umGaqo-siseko usekelwe kulongamo oludumileyo. Xa usebenza njengommi okrelekrelekrele okholelwa ukuba iFeframers banokuyikhusela inkululeko.

Ukongezelela, ungaxhasa imibutho ejonge ulungelelwano lwamandla, njengamaqela alandela imiyalelo yabalawuli, imigudu yolawulo, okanye imithetho yokugweba. Ugcino-lwazi lohlanga [ lunika imithombo esisiseko efana neePhepha zomanyano ngokwazo, ngeli lixa iSiko loLwazi loLwazi [ inika iinguqulelo ezicacisiweyo zomGaqo-siseko. Ngokufunda le mithombo, uba nezixhobo zokubona xa ukhangelo lusetyenzisiwe okanye lutyeshelwe.

Umanyano: Ukulungelelanisa umanyano lwesizwe kunye ne-Autonomy

IMapa eFederalist Papers yenza imeko eyomeleleyo ye-cenialism ." kodwa i-project eyahlula amandla phakathi koorhulumente besizwe kunye namazwe. Fateralist No. 39, uJames Madison wachaza urhulumente ocetyiweyo “ongalonke okanye opheleleyo,” kodwa i-projekthi enokuthi ifumane amandla kuwo omabini amanqanaba. [FLT:] Federalist No., wachaza ukuba amandla anikwe urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente “ayedwa kwaye achazwe, ngexesha lawo aseleyo namagunya aye ahlala“ engekho siphelo." Nangona umlinganiselo uthe wawayawufumana kurhulumente kwiinkulungwane ezimbini ezidlulileyo, umgaqo wolawulo lwe-Melika-American.

Kubemi namhlanje, urhulumente uthetha ukuba imibandela emininzi echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla inqunyulwa kumgangatho wezwe okanye wasekuhlaleni (ngokufundisa, ukuthutha, ukuhlalisa, amapolisa, imiqathango yempilo kawonke-wonke, kunye neenkalo ezininzi zenkqubo yemekobume. Ukuqonda oku kukuvumela ukuba wahlule amandla esizwe sakho ngokunempumelelo. Ukuba ukruqukile kukungathobeli kwesizwe, ungajolisa ingqalelo kurhulumente nakwezobupolitika zasekuhlaleni, apho ukhetho lwakho ludla ngokuba nobunzima obungakumbi nalapho unokubona khona iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo. Ngokuphikisana noko, ukuba ingxaki ifuna isicombululo solawulo-zwe, ungakhuthaza isenzo solawulo lorhulumente ngelixa uqaphela ukuba amagunya asebenza njengeencwadi eencwadi yolawulo-demokhrasi,” uzama ukuqhuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezinokufunyanwa kamva kwilizwe lonke.

Ukusebenzisa umgaqo wolawulo kubomi bakho:

  • nikela ingqalelo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yakho kunye nebhunga lesixeko. Izigqibo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ``njengendlela ii-dola zakho zerhafu ezichithwa ngayo, uhlobo lwezikolo abantwana bakho abaya kuzo, indlela umhlaba ophuhliswa ngayo, kunye namanyathelo empilo kawonke-wonke aphunyezwe ngayo kula manqanaba. Yiba khona kwiintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni, funda iindaba zasekuhlaleni, kunye nevoti kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni.
  • Uthelekiso lwemigaqo-nkqubo kwiimeko ezinqamlezeneyo. Ukuba ubona inkqubo ephumelelayo kwelinye izwe (umz., utshintsho lomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, inkqubo yamandla anokuvuselelwa, okanye umthetho wokuvota), ungaxhasa indlela efanayo kwilizwe lakho. Ingcamango kaFederali yokuvavanya urhulumente iphilile kwaye ilungile.
  • Ngaphantsi kwemida yamandla karhulumente. Xa urhulumente wesizwe eqhuba, buza ukuba unegunya elingomgaqo-siseko lokwenza oko. UmGaqo-siseko wesizwe [ unika izibonelelo ezisemagqabini kwigunya lorhulumente kunye nomgangatho wamandla karhulumente. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba umthetho wesizwe ungaphaya, ungaxhasa imingeniseko enkundleni okanye ummeli wamazwe ukuqinisa amalungelo awo phantsi koLawulo lweSinyuko seshumi.

Umanyano Nolwahlulo Lwezobupolitika Lwanamhlanje

Umanyano lwezolawulo lusoloko luyindawo yemfazwe kwezobupolitika zanamhlanje. Ezinye imibandela ezazisoloko zikho kwindawo yokuqala zokwenza ungcoliseko-komfa ngokufana nokuqhomfa, ukwenziwa komsayini, ulawulo lwemipu, kunye nokugcinwa kwabantu abafudukayo (ngoku zizinto ezibandakanya iingxabano ezinkulu zikarhulumente. Ukuqonda imbono yomanyano kukunceda ulawule ezi mpikiswano. Umzekelo, abaxhasi bemeko yomgangatho wemchamo womchamo basoloko bethetha ukuba umgaqo karhulumente wesizwe umele ubuye ungene. Abachasi bangakhomba kwiSupremacy Clace (Actle VI yeMithendeleko) ukuphikisa ukuba umthetho karhulumente kufuneka uphumelele. Ngokufunda iFederalist Papers, unokubona ukuba abalawuli benkcaciso enjalo balindele ukuxambuliswa nokuyila inkqubo elungiselelwe ukuba balawule nge-Publicce, kwaye ekugqibeleni, inkqubo yezopoliti yezo yezobupolitika, njengoko uthelelana ngabameli bakho ekubhaleni intetho karhulumente, inqaku eliphambili, ithelelana.

Isabelo Sesibi Esikhuthazayo: Ummi Njengombutho Wenkululeko

Mhlawumbi esona sisetyenziso singqalileyo seMapa yabemi banamhlanje sisicelo sabo sokuba babe nenxaxheba ngolwazi nangokukhutheleyo. Ababhali bezincoko abakholelwa ukuba umGaqo-siseko uza kusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo; babesazi ukuba uxhomekeke kubulumko nokulunga kwabantu. Umbangi onguNo. [55, uMadison wabhala: “Njengoko kukho umlinganiselo wokuziphatha okubi ofuna umlinganiselo othile wobugocigoci nokungabikho kwethemba, ngoko ke kukho ezinye iimpawu ezikwindalo yomntu ezithethelela inxalenye ethile yokuhlonelwa nokuthenjwa." Ngamanye amazwi, inkqubo yenzelwe abantu abathandabuza amandla kunye neempawu ezintle ngokwaneleyo ukuze babonise ilungelo labo.

Ukubotshwa kwelungu ngomoya wePhepha loWonga kungaphezulu nje kokuvota (nangona kuyimfuneko). Kuquka:

  • uzifundisa ngokwakho malunga nomGaqo-siseko, amasebe karhulumente, kunye neembambano zangoku. Funda amaPhepha oLungisaniyo . Zizincoko ezifutshane nezifikelelekayo. [ ISibonelelo seBhunga [ inikeza ingqokelela yamanani enombhalo opheleleyo.
  • eququzelela abemi abangoowabo, kwanabo ungavumelani nabo. Abaxhasi bakholelwa ukuba iriphabliki enkulu inokudibanisa iimbono ezahlukeneyo. Ingxoxo entle, hayi amagumbi eentloko, yeyolawulo-moya.
  • Ukuxhasa amaqela ezobupolitika, amaqela abantu abanomdla, okanye imibutho yoluntu exhasa iimbono zakho. IFederalist Papers yaqonda ukuba amaqela (oko namhlanje besinokukubiza ngokuba ngamaqela enzala) akanakuphepheka, kodwa impembelelo yawo inokulawulwa kwiriphabliki enkulu norhulumente owayalelwe kakuhle.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukukhonza kumaqumrhu ejaji, ukuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, nokubalekela eofisini. Ezi ziindlela ezingqalileyo zokubonakalisa ulawulo njengommi. IFederalist Papers igxininisa ukuba abantu bangumthombo walo lonke igunya; ngoko ke, ukuba nenxaxheba akulolungelo lokusetyenziswa ngamaxesha athile, kodwa umsebenzi omele uthatyathwe nzulu.

“ Oorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente eneneni bangabameli abahlukeneyo nabaphathi abathembekileyo babantu, abakhiwe ngamagunya awahlukeneyo, kwaye abenzelwe iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. — James Madison, Federal List No. 46

Ucelomngeni lwangoku kukuba abemi abaninzi baziva bedidekile kukuntsonkotha korhulumente okanye ukudimazeka ngenxa yokubekwa kwemigca. Kodwa iFederalist Papers inika isicombululo: ngokuqwalasela isakhiwo nemigaqo, ungasivala ingxolo. Endaweni yokulahleka ekungxoleni okudibeneyo, ungabuza imibuzo yesakhiwo: Ngaba eli sebe liyawugqitha umgaqo ofanelekileyo we-ografinithi? Ngaba le mibuzo iyakuguqula ekubeni ungumqwalaseli okhutheleyo womgaqo-siseko.

Inyaniso Neengozi Zokuba Ngumngxuma: Izifundo Ezivela Kumbhali Womanyano No.

Akukho ngxubusho yamaPhepha oManyano eFederali enokuthi iphelele ngaphandle kokuthetha namaqela. Kumthetho weFLT:0 uNo. , uJames Madison wayichaza ingxaki yemeko---(apha wayichaza njengeqela labemi abamanyaniswe ngomdla ofanayo ochaseneyo namalungelo abanye abemi okanye kwimfuno yengingqi esisigxina neyokukhuphisana. Waphikisa ngelithi i-libric eninzi iyakuba ngcono kuno omncinane ekulawuleni iziphumo zento, kuba ingenza kube nzima nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukulawula kwaye ngenxa yokuba ingenza inani leemfuno zokhuphiswano, ukunyanisa.

Namhlanje, siphila kwixesha lenkcubeko enkulu yezobupolitika, kwaye izifundo zikaFederalist No. 10 zibaluleke kakhulu kunanini na ngaphambili. Abami balapha bangasebenzisa ingqiqo kaMadison:

  • Ukuqonda ingozi ye- "inkqubo yedemokhrasi egqibeleleyo"].
  • Imibutho edityanisiweyo eqengqelekayo eqengqelekayo kwiqela. Kwiriphabliki enkulu, akukho nyani enye enokuthi iphumele ngokulula iinjongo zayo yodwa. Ungakha iibhulorho namaqela aneenjongo ezahlukeneyo kodwa abelane ngeendawo ezithile ezifanayo. /_i-environlists kunye nabaxhasi-zincwadi bangaxhasa ububanzi borhulumente, umzekelo.
  • amaziko akhuthaza ukuqwalaselwa, njengeeholo zedolophu, amajelo eendaba azimeleyo, kunye nemfundo yentlalo-ntle. Okukhona abemi abaninzi bechanabeka kwiimbono ezahlukeneyo, kokukhona bengenamathuba okuwela kwicandelo elingqongqo localucalulo.
  • ngokuqwalasela izibheno zoloyiko okanye umsindo. Madison walumkisa ukuba amaqela asoloko ekhokelwa “yimpatho okanye ngumdla” kunokuba aqiqe. Xa udibana nodweliso lwezopolitiko, buza enoba yenzelwe ukuvuselela iimvakalelo okanye ukukhuthaza ingxoxo esekelwe kwizibakala nakwimigaqo yomGaqo-siseko.

Umlawuli wesizwe No. 10 usikhumbuza ukuba ukungavisisani akubonisi ukuba asiphumeleli kwiriphabliki; kuyinxalenye yendalo yebutho elikhululekileyo.

Impinda Yezogwebo: Amandla Eenkundla Nendima Yommi

Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ngokwawo ungaliniki ngokuphandle iNkundla ePhakamileyo amandla okuvakalisa imithetho engekho mgaqweni, amaPhepha asisiFederali enza ityala elomeleleyo lokuhlola ityala. Federali No. 78, uAlexander Hamilton waphikisa ukuba isebe lejaji lizakuba “liyingozi ngokweentloko-mpuma” kuba alinakulawula ikrele okanye isingxobo-so kuphela. Wathi abagwebi bamele bachaze umGaqo-siseko njengomkhulu kumsebenzi wemithetho, nokuba banembopheleleko yokungathobeki kwimithetho engqubanayo nomthetho osisiseko.

Kubemi, ukucaciswa ngokuvakalayo kubalulekile ekubandakanyeni inkqubo yenkundla.

  • ulandela amatyala amakhulu eNkundla ePhakamileyo atolika umGaqo-siseko. I-Websters ezifana ne Oyez inikezela ngoshicilelo oluvakalayo kunye nokushwankathelwa kwempikiswano yomlomo. Ukuphulaphula ukuqiqa ngabagwebi kukunceda uqonde indlela uhlolo lwezomthetho olusebenza ngayo.
  • USubmit amiccuriae (umhlobo wenkundla”) ushwankathela [ ngemibutho oyiyo. Amaqela amaninzi asekuhlaleni afaka iifayile zemposiso ukuxelela iNkundla ngeziphumo ezibanzi zetyala. Le yindlela ecacileyo yokuba abemi babe nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yokugweba.
  • Advocate yenkululeko yokugweba. AmaPhepha aManyano aphikisa ukuba abagwebi kufuneka basebenze ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle (umzekelo, ubomi) ukuze babakhusele kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. Xa ubona uhlaselo kwijaji ``````'''''''''', kuba namagosa anyuliweyo okanye uwonke-wonke' ukhumbula ukuba ijaji ezimeleyo yimbombo yenkqubo. Ungathetha ngokukhusela ukuzimela kwejaji.

Ingqwalasela yezomthetho idla ngokuphikisana, ingakumbi xa iNkundla ibhukuqa imithetho yedemokhrasi. Kodwa amaPhepha asikhumbuza ukuba injongo yomgaqo-siseko obhaliweyo kukubeka imigaqo ethile engaphaya kokufikelela kwemiqathango emikhulu yexeshana. Njengommi, ungayihlonela loo ndima ngoxa usebenza ukulungisa umGaqo-siseko kwinkqubo efanelekileyo (uMgaqo-siseko V) ukuba awuvumelani nokucaciswa kwenkundla. Inkqubo yenzelwe ukuba iqine kwaye ilungelelene.

Ukuzisa Ikhaya Leengcamango: Icebo Elisebenzisekayo

AmaPhepha aManyano anikela intanda-bulumko karhulumente elungelelanisiweyo, kodwa ixabiso lawo lokwenyaniso lixhomekeke kwindlela ozisebenzisa ngayo. Ngeli ngezantsi licebo elisebenzisekayo lowo nabani na ummi angalisebenzisayo ukubandakanyeka kwiingcamango zikaPublius:

  1. Funda ubuncinane amaPhepha amathathu oLudidi loMasipala ajolise kwimixholo eyahlukeneyo: No. 10 (izenzo), No 51 (ukwahlula amandla kunye novavanyo kunye nomlinganiselo), kunye noNo. 78 (iindlela). Ungawafumana ngenkululeko kwi Internet. Thatha amaphetshana kwingxoxo ezingundoqo uze uwanxulumanise neziganeko zangoku.
  2. Zibophelele kwilifa lesizwe elingangeni nxaxheba okanye landela inxuwa elifana iZiko loMgaqo-siseko weSizwe [ elisoloko lixubusha imibandela yomgaqo-siseko. Oku kuya kukugcina waziwa ngamatyala, umthetho, kunye nezenzo ezilawulayo eziphakamisa ulwahlulo-mandla okanye imibuzo yolawulo.
  3. [[FLT: 0] Itheth'engqungquthela karhulumente wasekuhlaleni --iqumrhu lebhunga, ibhodi yesikolo, okanye umbutho wengingqi (ubuncinane kanye kwiinyanga ezintathu ezilandelayo. Jonga indlela izigqibo ezenziwa ngayo kwaye apho kudlalwa khona ii-checks zamandla (njengegqabaza likawonke-wonke okanye ulongamelo lobuzwe). Qwalasela ukuthetha kwintlanganiso ekwintlanganiso ekwinkupho onomdla kuyo.
  4. Bhala ileta eya kummeli wakho okanye ummeli we-U.S. malunga nomba othile womgaqo-siseko. Isakhelo sengxoxo yakho usebenzisa iingcamango ezisuka kumaPhepha aManyano. Umzekelo: “Ndibhala ukuchaza inkxalabo yam yokuba umthetho ocetyisiweyo uza kwandisa amandla olawulo ngaphandle kovavanyo olufanelekileyo lwezomthetho, ngokuchasene nemigaqo edweliswe kuludwe lwamaFederal No. 51.”
  5. Ukunxibelelana kwincoko yamakhaya nomntu onembono eyahlukileyo yezopolitiko. Endaweni yokuphikisana ngemigaqo-nkqubo, xubushani ngemigaqo esisiseko yomgaqo-siseko. Buza: “Ucinga ukuba le nto ifanele iphethwe kumgangatho wezwe okanye wesizwe?” okanye “Amasebe afanele ajongane njani kule mbambano?" Olu hlobo lwengxoxo lwakha ukuqondwa okwahlukeneyo kwenkqubo, kwanaxa ungavumelani.

Ngokuthabatha la manyathelo, wenza kanye oko ababhali beFederalist Papers babekulindele: uba ngummi okhutheleyo, onolwazi oqonda ukuba inkululeko ayixhomekekanga kububulumko babambalwa, kodwa ekuthembiseni kwabaninzi.

Isiphelo: Ukuthotywa Okuhlala Kuhleli Kwephepha Loludwe LwamaFederal

AmaPhepha aManyeneyo abhalelwe ukuphumelela imfazwe ethile yezobupolitika, ``ukusetyenziswa kwemiGaqo-siseko'. Kodwa aphumelela ekwenzeni okuthile okungaphezulu kakhulu: achaza ingcamango karhulumente oye wakhokela iUnited States kwiimfazwe, iingxaki zezoqoqosho, iziphithiphithi kunye notshintsho lwezobugcisa. Kubemi banamhlanje, ezi zincoko azikho zingenaluthuli. Zizincwadi eziluncedo zokulwa ubugxwayiba beRiphabliki yale mihla. Xa uqonda ukwahlukana kwamandla, ungabona ngezixhobo zempatho. Xa ubamba ingxeba nemilinganiselo yezoqoqosho, ungafuna ukuphendula onke amasebe. Xa usithi uyayixabisa into ebhaliweyo, unokubandakanyeka kwimicimbi yengingqi yoluntu. Xa uthatha indima yobumi njengoomatilo-Framees, uyakwazi ukubona ngenxalenye yovavanyo oluqhubekayo lwe-Riphabliki.

AmaPhepha aFederali abuza umbuzo onzulu: Ngaba abantu bangazilawula? Impendulo ayinikwanga; ifumaneka ngenxa yokuvuma kwesizukulwana ngasinye ukufunda, ukuba nenxaxheba, nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko. Ngokusebenzisa iingcamango ezikwezi zincoko namhlanje, unegalelo kuloo mpendulo, kwaye uqinisekisa ukuba iriphabliki abayincedileyo ihlala yomelele kwixesha elizayo.