UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States umi njengoxwebhu olusekelwe kulo oluye lwaguqula ubunikazi bohlanga nolawulo lwalo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini. Phakathi kwemixholo yalo emininzi, ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana luhlala lungenye yezona ngxaki zingapheliyo nezinesiphumo eziqhubekayo kwidemokhrasi yaseMelika. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela umGaqo-siseko ozisingatha ngayo ezi ngcinga zimbini, indaleko yembali yokudityaniswa kwazo, kunye neziphumo eziqhubekayo kwibutho labantu namhlanje.

Inkululeko nokulingana kusoloko kuchazwa njengentsika ezimbini zolingelo lwaseMelika, kodwa zisoloko zitsala kwicala elichaseneyo. Inkululeko igxininisa ukuzilawula komntu ngamnye kunye nokungenelela okusikelwe umda kukarhulumente, ngeli xesha ukulingana kufuna ukuba bonke abantu bafumane ukuphathwa kunye namathuba afanayo phantsi komthetho. UmGaqo-siseko, ngokusuka kumbhalo wawo wokuqala, iBhili yamaLungelo, kunye nokulungisa okulandelayo, inika isiseko sokulungisa olu xinzeleleko. Noko ke, umlinganiselo othe ngqo awuzange umiswe; utshintshana nokuchazwa kwemigaqo yokusekwa kwesizukulwana ngasinye kunye nezinto zendalo yosuku.

Ukuqonda olu lungelelwano kufuna uhlolisise indlela umGaqo-siseko okhusela ngayo inkululeko, indlela okhuthaza ngayo ukulingana, apho le milinganiselo ingqubana khona, nendlela iinkundla nabenzi bomthetho abaye bazama ngayo ukuxolelanisa. Amacandelo alandelayo aphelisa ezi zilinganiso, asebenzisa iziphendu ezingundoqo, izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kunye neengxoxo zanamhlanje eziqhubeka zichaza umthetho wezomgaqo-siseko waseMelika.

Ukwakhiwa kwenkululeko komGaqo-siseko

Inkululeko, esoloko ibhiyozelwa njengesiseko samaxabiso aseMelika, ibekwe kumalungiselelo asekuqaleni oMgaqo-siseko, iBhili yamaLungelo, kwaye kamva ilungiswe. Abaxhasi, batsala ngamandla kwintanda-bulumko yokuQothuka kunye namava abo ngolawulo lwamaBritane, bayila inkqubo ebeka phambili inkululeko yomntu ngamnye nxamnye norhulumente oqhathayo. Iimpawu zokwakha umGaqo-siseko //ukwahlula amagunya, ulawulo, ukujonga kunye nomlinganiselo, ngokuhlola kunye nokulinganisa komgca wokuqala wokuzikhusela ngenkululeko ngokususa igunya kwaye kuyenze kube nzima ngakumbi ukuba nasiphi na isiko somntu esinelo silwa nomnye ukuchasa amalungelo obuqu.

Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo

Izindululo zokuqala ezilishumi, ezagunyaziswa ngowe-1791, zibala ngokucacileyo ukhuseleko lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ezi zindululo zabangelwa lulalaniso lwezopolitiko phakathi kwamaFederalist, awayekholelwa kuMgaqo-siseko wokuqala okhuselwe ngokwaneleyo, kunye nooAnti-Federalist, abafuna iziqinisekiso ezicacileyo.

  • IsiHlanzi soMgqibo sokuqala: [ siqinisekisa inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, yokuhlanganisa, nesicelo. Sisoloko sithathwa njengeyona nkululeko engundoqo kuyo yonke imiGaqo-siseko, njengoko ikhusela amandla abemi okugxeka urhulumente wabo nokuxhasa utshintsho.
  • Uhlaziyo oluqulunqweyo: lukhusela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo, inkululeko echazwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi i-Diality of Columbia v. Heller (2008) njengelungelo elingadityaniyo nenkonzo yemikhosi.
  • [[NTL:0] UHlaliso lweNkqutyana: lukhusela ekuphandweni okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula, lufuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukufumana isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka. Oku kulungiswa kuye kwaba sisiqalo kwingxoxo zale mihla malunga nobumfihlo ngexesha lamanani.
  • [[NTL:0] FINT [UMthetho wokuHlaziya weFifith: uqinisekisa ilungelo kwinkqubo efanelekileyo, ukhusela ekuzikhuseleni, kwaye uthintele iingozi eziphindwe kabini. Inkqubo efunekayo yoMphetho-mda wesihlanu isebenza kurhulumente wesizwe kwaye iye yaba sisithuthi sokudibanisa uVili-Malungelo amaninzi okhuseleko kumazwe.
  • [[FLT: 0]] Ukuhlaziywa koMphetho-mda: I-Pithit yebheyile, intlawulo egqithisileyo, nesohlwayo esinenkohlakalo nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga. Le ntshukumo iyaqhubeka ivelisa intelekelelo ebalulekileyo kwiindawo ezinjengeemeko zentolongo nesohlwayo sentambo.

ISihlaziyo seMfazwe sasemva kwemfazwe nemfundiso yoHlahlo-lwabiwo-mali

I-Reconftionations(ii- 13th, yeshumi elinesine, neyeshumi elinesihlanu) zasebenzisa ngaphezulu kunokwandisa ukulingana; zakwanikezela nesiseko esitsha somGaqo-siseko sokukhusela inkululeko. Amalungelo oMthambeko we-144th okanye i-Immunitid Programme Claus e-Islaus e-Intect Claus yaba ngamathuba okusebenzisa iBhili yamaLungelo kumazwe ngemfundiso yokuququlunqwa. Ukuqalisa nge- Gitrow v. New York[FLT:] [1925], ngokuthe ngcembe iNkunye iNkunkulu inkundla ibambelele kwiZiqinisekiso ezikhethekileyo zeBhili zamaLungelo zisebenza kurhulumente kunye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Oku kwandiswa kwenkululeko yomgaqo-siseko kwakungeyonto ekhawulezileyo okanye ezenzekelayo. Kwathatha amashumi eminyaka okulwa kwentlalo nokuzama ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimeko azinakukwazi ukuvala inkululeko yokuthetha, yokuqhelisela unqulo ngokukhululekileyo, ilungelo lokucebisa, okanye ezinye iinkululeko ezingundoqo. Inkqubo yokuququzelela umgaqo-siseko iyaqhubeka; umzekelo, uHlaziyo lwesibini aluzange lufakwe ngokupheleleyo nxamnye namaphondo de McDonald v. Chicago

Amalungelo angagqibekanga kunye neNkqubo ePhakathi

Lo mGaqo-siseko awudwelisi yonke inkululeko. ISinyuko seNinth sichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba ukudweliswa kwamalungelo athile "ayikuthathwa njengokukhanyela okanye ukulahla abanye abagcinwe ngabantu." eli lungiselelo liye laba sisiseko sokuvuma inkululeko engakhutshwanga njengelungelo lokufumana inkululeko yobuqu, ilungelo lokutshata, nelungelo lokwenza izigqibo zobuqu zobuqu. [[FLT: 0]] Grislold v. Connecticut [1955], iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo yachaza ilungelo lomgaqo-mgamthetho lomtshato elinelungelo lokuzibophelele, kunye neloberge. [ft:] v [FLT] .[FLT] [0] [0], iNkuqikelelo olukhuselwe ekunene ukukhusela umtshato.

Ezi zigqibo zibonisa ukuba ukhuseleko lomGaqo-siseko lwenkululeko alumi ngaxesha nye. Njengokuba ukuqonda kwebutho labantu kuguquka, iinkundla zichaza umlinganiselo omtsha wenkululeko yokuba abakhenkcezi benqanawa abakhange bacinge ngqo kodwa abahambelana nemigaqo ebanzi yoxwebhu.

Uyilo lomGaqo-siseko lokulingana

Ubulinganayo, nangona bungabalaselenga kakhulu kumGaqo-siseko wokuqala we-1787, buye baba lixabiso eliphambili lomgaqo-siseko ngokulungisa nokutolika okugweba. Uvumelo lomGaqo-siseko wokuqala kubukhoboka nokusilela kwawo ukuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo kubo bonke abantu lumela ukurhoxa okunzulu kwimigaqo yeSindululo seNdendeko. Ukupheliswa okulandelayo kunye nomthetho wamalungelo abantu kumela umgudu oqhubekayo wokuxolelanisa uqheliselo lwesizwe neenjongo zalo ezisunguliweyo.

IziHlaliso Zokwakha Nesithembiso Sobumi Obulinganayo

Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokuvuselelwa kwakhona kwaguqula ulwalamano loMgaqo-siseko ngokusisiseko lwaba lulingana. UMthetho-siseko weshumi elinesithathu (1865) waphelisa ubukhoboka; uMphengululo weshumi elinesine (1868) wamisela ubuzibulo kwaye waqinisekisa ukuba ubumi bobuzibulo bungakhuseleki kunye nokukhuselwa kwemithetho; kwaye uHlaziyo lweshumi elinesihlanu lwalwalela ucalulo lobuhlanga ekuvotelweni. Ezi zindululo zontathu zidityanisiweyo zimela imvukelo yomgaqo-siseko, zikhupha umgaqo wokulingana ngqo kumthetho osisiseko wesizwe.

  • Uhlaziyo lwe-Foleteth Amendment Application Claus: "Akukho Rhulumente... eya kumkhanyela nabani na okwigunya layo ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho." Eli binzana liye laba sisixhobo esiphambili sokunyusa ukulingana eUnited States, esisetyenziselwa ukucel ’ umngeni ubuhlanga, ucalucalucalulo ngokwesini, nezinye iindlela zokuphathwa ngendlela engalinganiyo.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ukuchithwa kweMiqathango ye-Foleteth Ebonisa Inkqubela ka Claus: Ngelixesha kudityaniswa nenkululeko, iNkqubo eBetayo uClaus ikwasetyenziswa ukuqhubela phambili ukulingana ngokufuna ukuba imithetho isetyenziswe ngokusesikweni nangokungaguqukiyo kubo bonke abantu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele kwelokuba iSeed Procession Clause iquka "ubulungisa obusekelwe kwisiseko" ilungu elithetha ngomgaqo-siseko okanye unyango lwediski.

Ngaphandle kwezi zindululo, isithembiso sokulingana asizange sizaliseke kakhulu phantse inkulungwane ngenxa yokutolikwa okumxinwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kwiNdlu iNdlu yeNdlu [1873] [1] kunye nokuvela kweJim Crow Confection. Isigqibo seNkundla [[FLT:]] Prevety v. Ferguson [18696]]) ixhasa "indawo elinganayo kodwa esebenzayo" i-octive-spoorderneration. Yathatha amaLungelo oMsebenzi wesizwe kunye nomthetho wesigqeqeshi kwi [[FLD:] Brown. v v Froadm yemfundo yemfundo [FT] [FLD5] [195]

IziHlayiso Ezigunyazisa Amalungelo Abantu

Ngaphaya kwesakhiwo sokwakha kwakhona, iinguqu ezintathu ezalandelayo zandisa isithembiso sokulingana kwezobupolitika kumaqela akhutshwayo ekuqaleni kumsebenzi wokulungisa.

  • ISinyuso se-Ninetenth (1920): Ukukhanyelwa kwelungelo lokuvota ngesini, okuphumela kwishumi leminyaka lokwenza i-suffile. Le ntshukumo ayizange yongeze ilungelo elitsha; yaguqula uluvo lokulingana kwezobupolitika ngokugatya ingcamango yokuba ubufana bungathethelela ukuncitshiswa kwesondo.
  • Uhlaziyo lwezibonelelo lwesine (1964): irhafu yonyulo oluceliweyo kunyulo lwezwe, ukususa umqobo wemali oye wasetyenziswa ukuphelisa ingeniso ephantsi yabemi, ingakumbi ama-Afrika aseMzantsi.
  • ngamashumi amabini-6th IsiHlalisi soMphetho (1971): yathoba ixesha lokuvota ukuya kwi 18, yandisa iflanco kubantu abadala abatsha ababebizelwa ukuya kulwa emfazweni yase Vietnam kodwa bengenakuvota. Oku kulungisa kubonisa umgaqo wokuba abo baphantsi komthetho mababe nelizwi ekukhetheni abenzi bomthetho.

Ukukhuselwa Okulinganayo Nomthetho Wanamhlanje Olwa Nokungavisisani

I-Acticome Protection Claus itolikwa ukucela imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yohlalutyo lwezahlulelo exhomekeke kulwahlulo lwezomthetho. Ulwahlulo lweentlanga lufumana uhlolo olungqongqo olunomgangatho ophezulu olujongwa ngokunjalo.

Esi sakhiwo sidweliswe ngoludwe sibonisa indlela ecacileyo yokufikelela kulingana komGaqo-siseko: asilulo lonke ucalucalulo olungavumelekanga, kodwa olo lusekelwe kwiimpawu ezingaguqukiyo okanye ucalucalulo lwembali lufuna uvavanyo lobulumko.

Ingxaki Engokwemvelo Phakathi Kwenkululeko Nonyango Olulinganayo

Nangona inkululeko nokulingana zizinto ezifunekayo kumgaqo-siseko, maxa wambi zingangqubana. Ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo lingakhusela imbonakalo ephazamisa ukusetyenziswa konyango olulinganayo, kwaye imigaqo eyenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukulingana ingafuna imiqathango kwinkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Eli candelo lihlola indlela iNkundla ePhakamileyo eye yamelana ngayo nolu xinezeleko kwezinye zezigqibo zayo ezidala ingxabano.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Olubonisa Ukungalingani Kwenkululeko

La matyala alandelayo abonisa ubunzima obuqhubekayo bokuxolelanisa ukhuseleko olunamandla lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye nembopheleleko yokulingana nokungacalucalucalulo.

  • ICIMIS CONUMENTIN [[FFLF:2] IKhomishini yoNqumlo yoLuntu INkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba iinkampani kunye namaqumrhu aphezulu anelungelo lokuthetha ngenkululeko yokuQala njengabantu abasebenzisa imali kwintsebenziswano yezopolitiko ezimeleyo. Uluvo olubhaliweyo nguJajistellll, lwagxininisa ukuba uLawulo oluQala lukhusela inkululeko yabo bonke abathethi kungakhathaliseki indlela yabo yenkampani. Abagxeki bemi ngelithi ukulingana kwezobupolitika kulula ukuvumela ubutyebi obuphakanjiweyo ukuba bulawule iphulo lwentetho. Umbango luyaqhubeka ukunyusa ingxoxo kwiphulo lwezentengo zemali kunye nolungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kokuzinziswa kwentetho ye-dekhrasitika.
  • [[NTLT:0][FLT][FLT] . (2011) INkundla yakholelwa ukuba uHlaziyo Lokuqala lukhusele iCawa yeNtshona Koloni yamaBhaptizi ilungelo lokuqhuba ingcelele ekwalatha kwimingcwabo yasemkhosini. UJaji omkhulu uRoberts wabhala ukuba "ukwenza imicimbi yenkxalabo kawonke-wonke... kusentliziyweni yokhuseleko loMgqomo-mbo wokuqala," kwanaxa loo ntetho iphazamisa kwaye ibangela unxunguphalo lwendlela yokuthetha ngokukhululekile kwimidla yokhuseleko kubantu ababuhlungu okanye abanomonomo. Isigqibo siqinisekisa ukuba isikhululo sithetha nxamnye nentetho ebuhlungu okanye evakalala, siphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nokuba ingaba njani inkululeko enokuba iphakalise abanye xa iphazamisa abanye.
  • I-Master Cateshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (208): INkundla yakuphepha ukukhupha umthetho ophangaleleyo wempikiswano phakathi kwenkululeko yonqulo nemithetho elwa nocalucalulo, endaweni yoko igqibe ityala ngeendawo ezimxinwayo malunga nezobutshaba lombhaki kwiinkolelo zonqulo. Kodwa, lo tyala watyhila amaqela anzulu ukuba umnini weshishini unelungelo lenkululeko nakuqhelisela inkonzo ye-LGTQ+ abathengi. Isigqibo sokushiya imibuzo emikhulu eza kuvulwa ngokungathandabuzekiyo kwiNkundla.
  • 303 I-ICLC v. Elenis [2023] INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba umyili weweb akanakunyanzeleka ukuba enze iiweb sigidi ezibhiyozela imitshato efanayo, ukufumana ukuba umthetho kawonke-wonke wendawo wokulala we-Colorado waphula umthetho wakhe wokuQala ekunene ekuthetheni ngokukhululekileyo. Uluvo lwabaninzi lukaGorfort lwagxininisa ukuba urhulumente akanakunyanzela umntu ukuba achaze imiyalezo ayiphikisa, lo gama abaphikisayo besithi isigqibo sibhabhijelwe ngaphandle komahluko okhoyo kwimithetho echaseneyo. Lo mba umele enye yezona mpikiswano zakutshanje nezingqalileyo phakathi kokuthetha ngokukhululekile nolungeleniso.

La matyala abonisa ukuba uxinezeleko phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana asiyongxaki nje engekho ngqiqweni kodwa lucelomngeni oluzingisileyo lokuba iinkundla kufuneka zicombulule amatyala ngokwetyala, ngokufuthi ngeziphumo ezifikelela kude kwibutho labantu.

Imvelaphi Yenzululwazi Nembali

Ukuqonda imbali nentanda-bulumko yomGaqo-siseko kubalulekile ekuqondeni indaleko yenkululeko nokulingana eUnited States. Abaqulunqi bemifanekiso babephenjelelwa ziinkcubeko ezikhanyiselweyo ezazigxininisa amalungelo abantu ngabanye, ingcamango yoluntu nokubaluleka korhulumente ngokuvuma. Noko ke, babekwayimveliso ngexesha labo, besebenza phakathi kwebutho elalinyamezela ubukhoboka nenani elithintela ukubandakanyela kwezobupolitika kubantu abamhlophe abalungeleleneyo.

Impembelelo Yokukhanyiselwa

Izithandi zobulumko ezimbini zibalasele zinempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo kwindlela umGaqo-siseko ophatha ngayo inkululeko nokulingana.

  • uJohn Locke: Ingqiqo ka-Rocke yamalungelo emvelo(ubudala, inkululeko, kunye nempahla) elungiselelwe iSindululo seSindululo senkululeko kunye nokhuseleko loMgaqo-siseko womntu ngamnye. Lolle waphikisa ukuba urhulumente osemthethweni uxhomekeke kwimvume yabalawulwayo kwaye abantu balondoloze amalungelo angenakunikelwa kurhulumente. Impembelelo yakhe iyabonakala kugxininiso loMgaqo-siseko kurhulumente olinganiselweyo nakwinkqubo efanelekileyo.
  • UMentesquieu: Ingcamango kaBaron de Montesquieu yokwahlula amagunya yabumba ngokunzulu isakhiwo somGaqo-siseko. Isiphumezi-miyalelo sakhe sokuba inkululeko ilondolozwe ngcono xa uwiso-mthetho, igunya elilawulayo, kunye namagunya etyala ahlulwa kwaye alungelelaniswe ngokungqalileyo omnye komnye wafakwa kwinkqubo yomGaqo-siseko.

Imibono Eninzi Yootata

Abaqulunqi bomGaqo-siseko abazange bonke babe nombono ofanayo wenkululeko nokulingana. Iingxoxo kwiNdibano yezomGaqo-siseko nangexesha lokwahlulwa komGaqo-siseko zatyhila ukungavisisani okungundoqo okuqhubeka kuvakala kwintetho yale mihla yomgaqo-siseko.

  • [[FLT: 0] Jacob Madison: Madison, esoloko ibizwa ngokuba nguYise woMgaqo-siseko, imele iBhili yamaLungelo ukukhusela inkululeko yabantu nxamnye nengcinezelo yabaninzi. KuFederal List No. 10, waphikisa ukuba irepublic enkulu ingakhusela inkululeko kunencinane ngokuphelisa impembelelo yeendawo eziphambili. Umbono kaMadison wagxininisa ukhuseleko lwesakhiwo lwenkululeko kwaye wayethandabuza idemokhrasi.
  • Alexinder Hamilton:[[FLT: 1] Hamilton wagxininisa ukubaluleka korhulumente onamandla osembindini ukugcina ucwangco nokhuseleko lwamalungelo. KuFederal list No. 78, waphikisa ngelithi ijaji ezimeleyo enamandla okuhlola ityala iya kuba yeyona ibalulekileyo ekulondolozeni amalungelo omntu ngamnye nxamnye nomthetho ophathwe kakubi. Umbono kaHamilton ubekwe amandla aphambili kulawulo oluphezulu nozinzo, maxa wambi kwindleko lokungenelela okuthatha inxaxheba kolwazi olubanzi.
  • Thomas Jefferson: Nangona impembelelo kaJefferson kwiNdibano, impembelelo kumGaqo-siseko yayinkulu ngokuyila kwakhe iSibhengezo senkululeko kunye nokuxhasa kwakhe iBhili yamaLungelo. Umbono kaJefferson wenkululeko wagxininisa ukuzithemba kwakhe siqu kunye nokungaqiniseki okunzulu kwamandla aphakathi, imbono eyazisa uAnti-Federalic crique womGaqo-siseko ocetyisiweyo.

Ezi mbono zikhuphisanayo zabumba umbhalo nesakhiwo somGaqo-siseko, zibonakalisa umnqweno wokwakha urhulumente olungeleleneyo nenkululeko nokulingana ngeli xesha ethetha ngeemfuno zohlanga olwahlukeneyo nolwandisayo. Ukulalanisa kwazo kwafikelela ngezantsi (kuquka ii-feththths ezintathu zolalanisa ezabala abantu abakhotyokiswe njengesithathu somntu omele iinjongo .)

Izibhedlele zedabi

Namhlanje, ulungelelwano phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana luyaqhubeka lubangela impikiswano enkulu kwimimandla emininzi yemigaqo-nkqubo. Impikiswano enjengokuvuma, amalungelo e-LGBTQ, ukufikelela kwempilo, amalungelo okuvota, kunye nemali yezentlalo ephambili eqhubekayo ukuzama ukufikelela zombini iinjongo kwibutho elitshintsha ngokukhawuleza.

Inyathelo Elizinzileyo Namathuba Okufundiswa

Imigaqo eqinisekisiweyo yezenzo ijolise ekucombululeni ukungalingani kwembali ngokuqwalasela uhlanga njengenkalo enye ekuvumeni izigqibo, kodwa iphakamisa imibuzo yesiseko phantsi koKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus. INkundla ePhakamileyo ibambelele ekubeni iinkqubo zokuvuma uluntu ngaphandle kokwazi zifanele zanelise uhlalutyo olungqongqo, ifuna ukuba zikhonze umdla onyanzelekileyo kwaye zilungiselwe ukufikelela loo mdlalo. [[FLT: 0]] Studententers zeFair Adgicts v. Harvard[FLT:] [2002], iNkugqibezela ngokunempumelelo inyathelo logqatso lohlanga lokuphumelela kwimfundo ephezulu, ibamba ukuba iinkqubo zokuvuma kwe-Harvard neYunivesithi yaseNorth Carolina zaphula i-Cal Claus.

Esi sigqibo simele utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwindlela yeNkundla yokulingana kweentlanga, igxininisa ukungaqiniseki kombala kwinjongo yokulungisa eyayithethelele isenzo sokuvuma ngaphambili. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi umthetho uza kuphelisa ukungalingani kobuhlanga nokungalingani, ngoxa abaxhasi bephikisa ukuba ubuyisela umgaqo-siseko wokuba abantu bagwetywe ngesidima sabo, hayi ngohlanga lwabo. Uxinzelelo apha luphakathi kombono ojonge phambili wokulingana ozama ukuphelisa ukucalucalucalucalulo oludlulileyo nombono osemthethweni wokwahlula izinhlanga.

LGBTQ+ Amalungelo nenkululeko yonqulo

Ukunyanzelisa amalungelo alinganayo eLGBTQ+ abantu ngabanye baye badibana rhoqo nezibhengezo zenkululeko yonqulo, bedala ezinye zeengxwabangxwaba ezinzima zomgaqo-siseko weshumi leminyaka elidlulileyo. Izigqibo zeNkundla Ephakamileyo kwi obergefell v. Hodges [2015], igqala ilungelo elisemthethweni lomtshato omnye-ox, kunye bhostock v. Clayton County[[[FLT:]] 2020], iphethe ukuba iSigqeba sithintela ucalucalucalu-calulo olusekelwe kwimbonakalo yesondo okanye yezobudlela, ezimela ulomo olungundoqo lokulinganayo. Noko ke, ezi zigqibo azisombulula iimpikiswano zenkululeko yonqulo.

Ityala elinjenge [[QULT: 0] IsiHlathi se-Macatehop kunye kunye [ii-303] zokwenziwa zibonisa uxinezeleko oluqhubekayo phakathi kwemithetho yokungavumelani nomthetho wesiHlaliso kunye noMmiselo wokuqala woMmiselo woLawulo oluPhezulu, icebisa ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo iqhubeke isenza le mibuzo kwiminyaka engaphambili.

Ukufumana inkxaso-mali kunye nokuzikhethela komntu ngamnye

Ingxoxo emalunga nocoselelo lwempilo jikelele ichaphazela ulungelelwano phakathi kokhetho lomntu ngamnye nelungelo lokufikelela kwiinkonzo ezibalulekileyo. UMthetho we-Affordcable Care ACA, uxhase ngokuyintloko njengokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwamandla arhabaxa eBhunga kwi i-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20], u-20202], efuna ukwandisa i-inshorensi yempilo ngentlanganiselano yemithetho, inkxaso kunye nemithetho. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukulingana okuphambili kwe-ACAA ngokuqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi banokufikelela kwinkathalo yezonyango kungakhathaliseki iimeko ezingaphambili okanye oovimba bemali. Abachaniphi nabanga-Melika abafuna ukuthenga i-inshorensi ekhululekileyo kunye neyo ekhuselwe ngokwamandla ogqithisileyo.

Ukubekwa kwengxelo okuqhubekayo ngeACA kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo enxulumene nayo kubonisa ukungavisisani okunzulu ngendima karhulumente ekuqinisekiseni ukulingana kwentlalo nezoqoqosho. Ezi ngxoxo ziphakamisa imibuzo emGaqo-siseko malunga nomgangatho wamandla karhulumente phantsi koLawulo lorhwebo nolawulo lwerhafu, kwakunye nokufikelela koKhuselo olulinganayo lukaClaus

Ukuncoma Amalungelo Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba Ngokulinganayo

Ukufikelela kwibhola yokuvota kuhlala kungumthetho obalulekileyo apho inkululeko nokulingana. Umthetho weVoting Rights ka-1965, owamiselwa ukuba uhlaziywe kuMphetho-mda weshumi elinesihlanu, wawungomnye weyona mithetho yamalungelo abantu esebenzayo kwimbali yeMelika, yayandisa ngokuphawulekayo ukubhaliswa kovota kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba phakathi kwabemi abambalwa. INkundla ePhakamileyo iSibeko se-Shelby County v. Raker [2013], eyabetha phantsi kwemithetho esetyenziswa ukugqiba ukuba ngabaphi na oorhulumente abafuna ukuquququzelelwa phambi kokutshintsha imithetho yokuvota, ngokukhulu yasithe konakalisa isigqibo somthetho womthetho.

Kumva iShelby County, amazwe amaninzi amisela imithetho yokwahlula, imiqathango kuvoti kwakudala, kunye namanye amanyathelo abagxeki abaphikisa ngokungatshintshiyo ngomthwalo omncinci kunye nomvuzo ophantsi. Isiphumo sesiphumo setyala sinyanzele iinkundla ukuba zilungelelanise umdla wokuthintela ukuqhatha okungundoqo kokuvota kunye nokuzinikela komgaqo-siseko ukulingana ukuthatha inxaxheba kulawulo lolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Uxinezeleko luphakathi kwenkululeko yamazwe ukuqhuba unyulo nomgaqo wokulingana ukuba bonke abemi bafanele babe nethuba elilinganayo lokwenza amazwi abo aviwe.

Imali Yephulo Nemilinganiselo Yezobupolitika

Iphulo lemali leNkundla ePhakamileyo lezezimali, ingakumbi izigqibo zayo kwi ISibe somanyano kunye Mccheon v. FEC [2014], ngokuphawulekayo, iye yandisa inkululeko yokuchitha imali ekuthetheni kwezobupolitika. Inkundla ibambe ukuba ukuchitha imali ukuphembelela unyulo kukhuselwa kulwimi phantsi koLawulo Lokuqala loMmiselo-zinzo, kwaye urhulumente akanakuyithintela indlela esetyenziswa ngayo ngenxa yeziphumo zemali eziyingozi kwezobupolitika.

Abahlalutyi bathi ezi zigqibo zijongela phantsi ukulingana kwezobupolitika ngokuvumela abantu abatyebileyo kunye nemibutho ukuba balawule intetho yezobupolitika kunye nempembelelo yonyulo. Uxinezeleko lululo olungqalileyo: ukhuseleko olunamandla lokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yezopolitiko kusenokungqubana nentelekelelo yedemokhrasi yokuba bonke abemi bamazwe bafanele babe nelizwi elifanayo ekulawuleni kwabo. Lo mmandla womthetho uhlala uphikisana kakhulu, kunye nabaphengululi kunye nabenzi bomthetho abaxhasa ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko wokubhukuqa

Ukuzinzisa Ulungelelwano

Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana kumGaqo-siseko asiyondlela elungeleleneyo kodwa yingxoxo esebenzayo neqhubekayo. Inkqubo yokucacisa apho iinkundla, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho, kunye nabemi baqhubeka besebenzisa umGaqo-siseko kwiimeko ezintsha ukubumba intsingiselo yenkululeko nokhuseleko olulinganayo.

Imigaqo emininzi ivela kolu hlalutyo. Okokuqala, umGaqo-siseko ukhusela inkululeko nokulingana njengemigangatho esisiseko, kodwa awumiseli enye ngaphezulu kwenye ngamabinzana apheleleyo. Abafaki-nkqubo baqonda ukuba zombini zibalulekile kwibutho elinobulungisa, kwaye uxwebhu lushiya ithuba kwizizukulwana ezizayo ukuze kuphinde kuqikelelwe ulungelelwano njengoko iimeko ziguquka.

Okwesibini, uxinzeleleko phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana asiyongxaki kumgaqo-siseko weyilo kodwa luphawu olubonisa ukuntsonkotha kwebutho labantu baseMerika. Inkqubo ekhusela inkululeko kuphela ingaba ngumgaqo-siseko wengcinezelo yabucala; inkqubo ekhusela ukulingana kuphela enokuba sisixhobo somgangatho we-athority. Ingxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwala maxabiso ivelisa umgaqo-siseko onamandla oyamkela kwiingxaki ezintsha kunye nemilinganiselo etshintshayo yentlalo.

Okwesithathu, imbopheleleko yokugcina olu lungelelwano ayixhomekekanga kwiinkundla kuphela kodwa ixhomekeke kubantu nakubameli babo abanyuliweyo. Ukutolikwa komGaqo-siseko ngumsebenzi obandakanya onke amasebe karhulumente, urhulumente norhulumente kunye norhulumente, kunye nolawulo lwabemi ngokwabo. Isigwebo esibaluleke kakhulu asisoloko sisenziwa yiNkundla Ephakamileyo; zenziwa kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, kwiingxoxo zikawonke wonke, nakwizigqibo zemihla ngemihla zabantu abasebenzisa imigaqo yesiseko ebomini babo.

Isizukulwana esisekiweyo saseka isiseko senkululeko nokulingana, kodwa saya kwizizukulwana ezalandelayo ukunwena nokunyusa ezo mbopheleleko. Ukupheliswa kobukhoboka, ukunwenwa kwamabhinqa kunye nezizwe ezincinane, umbutho wamalungelo abantu, kunye nemigudu eqhubekayo yeLGBTQ yokulingana nokulunga kwezoqoqosho konke kubonisa imigudu yokuzalisekisa izithembiso zomGaqo-siseko ngokupheleleyo. Isizukulwana ngasinye sijamelana njani nombuzo omnye obalulekileyo: Singayikhusela njani inkululeko yomntu ngoxa siqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu baphathwa ngesidima nangentlonelo efanayo?

Njengoko sisebenzisa ubuchule bokulawula kwangoku kunye nokulunga kobulungisa bentlalo, incoko eqhubekayo ngenkululeko nokulingana ihlala ibalulekile kulwazi lohlanga. UmGaqo-siseko unika isiseko saloo ngxoxo, kodwa intsingiselo yawo isoloko idityaniswe ngokuphendula kwiimeko ezintsha kunye nokuphucula ukuqonda okusesikweni. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwenkululeko nokulingana akuyongxaki ukusombululwa kanye nako konke; yincoko echaza isithethe somgaqo-siseko waseMelika ngokwaso.