Ukwazisa: Ikhorista Yokusesikweni

Isebe lezomthetho lorhulumente waseUnited States lisebenza njengomtoliki nogcina umthetho. Limiselwe phantsi kweGatya III lomGaqo-siseko, lisebenza ngokwalo ngokwasemthethweni kumasebe alawulayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza kakuhle, iimpikiswano ziconjululwa ngoxolo, kwaye amalungelo omgaqo-siseko wommi ngamnye akhuselekile. Ngaphandle kwale jaji izimeleyo, umthetho uyakuba sengozini, kwaye ulungelelwano lwamandla achaza idemokhrasi yaseMelika luza kuwohloka. Eli nqaku linikela ukujonga ngokuphandle koko kwenziwa liko lisebe lenkundla, indlela elilungelelaniswe ngayo, nesizathu sokuba imicimbi kubo bonke abami.

Isiseko somGaqo-siseko sesebe eligwebayo

OoTata Abasunguliweyo bayila isebe lezahlulelo njengesebe elilinganayo likarhulumente. IGatya III lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. Lifaka igunya lokugweba kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neenkundla eziphantsi njengeBhunga elinokumiselwa. Eli lungiselelo lidala inkqubo yenkundla yephondo eyahlukileyo kumasebe eenkqubo zowiso-mthetho kunye nezolawulo. Uzimele-mthetho lukhuselwa ngokubhekele phaya ngobomi babagwebi besizwe, abanokususwa kuphela ngokungagunyaziswa, kwaye ngesiqinisekiso sokuba intlawulo lwabo ayinakuncitshiswa ngexesha lenkonzo yabo.

UMgaqo-siseko awuchazi zonke iinkcukacha zomsebenzi weenkundla. IBhunga linegunya lokudala iinkundla ezisezantsi zephondo, limise amagunya alo, limisele nenani lamatyala kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ijaji iye yavela ngomthetho ophawulayo ofana noMthetho weJadicary ka-17. Eyokuqala ukuseka isakhiwo senkundla yesizwe, kunye nezenzo ezilandelayo ezadala iinkundla zesiphaluka zenkundla zezibheno neenkundla zesithili. Isiseko somgaqo-siseko siqinisekisa ukuba isebe lenkundla lenkundla lisebenza njengendlela yokuhlola kwamanye amasebe, ingcamango evunyiweyo eyaziwa kakhulu [[FLT:]].

Imisebenzi nemisebenzi ye-Core

Isebe lejaji lenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo ebaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni komGaqo-siseko. Indima ephambili yejaji kukuchaza intsingiselo yemithetho nokugqiba enoba ivumelana nomGaqo-siseko. Oku kuquka ukuhlolisisa izenzo zesebe elilawulayo nemithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Xa umthetho ufunyanwa uchasene nomGaqo-siseko, iinkundla zinamandla okuwubetha, ngaloo ndlela zipheza isiphumo sawo.

Impinda yezeejaji

Uhlolo lwezomthetho lulelona sixhobo sinamandla sejaji. Luvumela iinkundla ukuba zinciphise imimiselo, imiyalelo yabalawuli, kunye nezenzo zikarhulumente ezingqubana nomGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya alibhalwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa lamiselwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi . Madison. Ukususela ngoko, uhlolo lwezomthetho luye lwasetyenziswa kumatyala amaninzi ukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, ukulinganisela ukuphamba, nokugcina ukwahlula amagunya. Umzekelo, [[FLT:] Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo[FLT] [FLT:] [5]] [195], iNkuqulukselo yezomthetho luye lwasetyenziswa ukuchaza umanyano lwesizwe esiphakathi sezikolo ezikolweni ezingekho mganga.

Isisombululo seNkqutyana yeNkcaso

Enye indlela esisiseko yokusebenza sisigqibo sengxubano phakathi kwamaqela. Iinkundla ziva amatyala abandakanya abantu ngabanye, amashishini, kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente. Ezi mpikiswano zinokuba zezoburhulumente (umz., iimbambano zesivumelwano, ukuthelekisa impahla, ukwenzakala kwempahla), okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho (umz., ukumangalelwa ngenxa yokwaphula imithetho). Isebe lenkundla linikela ingxubevangelelwa-nxaxheba apho kunikelwa ubungqina, iimpikiswano zisenziwa, kwaye kuqulunyulwa isigqibo esinyanzelekileyo. Ngaphandle kweenkundla, iinkundla, iingxabano zimele zicombulule ngoncedo okanye ngogonyamelo.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Isebe lejaji lingumphathi opheleleyo wamalungelo kunye nenkululeko yabantu. IBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokulungisa okulandelayo kuqinisekisa inkululeko enjengentetho, unqulo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo. Ingingqi zingazisa ukumangalelwa ukuze zinyanzelise la malungelo, kwaye iinkundla zinegunya lokuyalela amakhambi, kuquka imiqathango, ilahleko, kunye nokukhululwa kwabantu abavalelwe ngokuphosakeleyo. Amatyala emali afana [[FLT: 0]] Miranda v. Arizona (1966) kunye [[FLT:] ne [[FLT:]Gideide].[iiwidev]. Wanight [12]] [193]) ibonisa indlela iinkundla ezize zandisa ngayo nokukhusela amalungelo abo batyholwayo.

Ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo yezeejaji eUnited States

Inkqubo yokugweba eUnited States yahlulwe yaziinkqubo ezimbini ezihambelanayo: iinkundla zorhulumente neenkundla zikarhulumente. Inkqubo nganye inegunya layo, isakhiwo, kunye nemithetho yayo. Ukuqonda le nkqubo idibeneyo kubalulekile kubemi abasenokufuna ukuqhuba iinkundla.

Iinkundla Ezimanyeneyo

Inkqubo yenkundla yorhulumente ineethala elingundoqo ezintathu:

  • IiNkundla zezephondo – Ezi ziinkundla zamatyala apho amatyala aqala khona. Kukho iinkundla zesithili ezingama-94 kulo lonke ilizwe, nganye igquma indawo ethile. Zisingatha amatyala oluntu nowezolwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya umthetho wezwe, imiba yomgaqo-siseko, kunye neempikiswano phakathi kwabemi bomazwe ahlukeneyo (ulawulo lolawulo lobuhlanga).
  • [[FLT: 0] IiNkundla zesiphaluka zezibheno - Kukho iinkundla ezili-13 ezihlola izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili. Aziqhubeli amatyala kodwa endaweni yoko zivavanye iimpazamo ezingokwasemthethweni. Iqela eliphulukana nomgangatho wesithili lingabhenela kwinkundla yesiphaluka ukuba zikholelwa ukuba kwenzeke impazamo.
  • Inkundla ephezulu yeUnited States-Inkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe, equka amatyala asithoba. Iva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesiphaluka nakwiinkundla eziphakamileyo zikarhulumente xa kuqukwa imbambano karhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo ikhetha kuphela icandelo elincinane lamatyala acelwayo nyaka ngamnye, ngokuqhelekileyo ezo zibandakanya imibandela ebalulekileyo yesiseko okanye iimfazwe phakathi kweenkundla ezisezantsi.

Ukongeza kwezi nqwelwana zintathu, kukho iinkundla zelifa lesizwe ezikhethekileyo ezinjengeNkundla yeNkundla yeZizwe Ezikhulu, iNkundla yeNtlalo-ntle yase-U.S. kunye neNkundla yerhafu yaseUnited States. Ezi nkundla zisingatha imibandela ethile echazwa yiBhunga.

Iinkundla Zelizwe

Urhulumente ngamnye unenkqubo yakhe yokugweba, esoloko ibonakalisa isakhiwo sikarhulumente. Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala, kuquka amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho phantsi komthetho wesizwe, imicimbi yomthetho wentsapho, iprobate, iimbambano, kunye nokwaphulwa kwemiqathango. Iinkqubo zenkundla zeli lizwe zidla ngokuba neenkundla ezisematyaleni (ngokufuthi zibizwa ngokuba ziinkundla eziphakamileyo okanye iinkundla zephondo), kunye nenkundla ephakamileyo yesizwe. Isakhiwo namagama ahlukene ngokwemeko, kodwa umsebenzi uhlala uthe tyelele: ukutolika imithetho nemithetho yomgaqo-siseko.

Inkcazelo engakumbi ngesakhiwo seenkundla zelifa lemveli, tyelela i-website yeNkundla yase-U.S.: Indima yeQumrhu neSibonelelo.

Indlela Iinkundla Ezizenza Ngayo Izigqibo: Ukuqiqa Ngokomthetho Nokuphambana Kwazo

Ukwenza izigqibo zejaji kukhokelwa kukudityaniswa komthetho ongokwasemthethweni, imigaqo yomgaqo-siseko, kunye nezigqibo zenkundla zangaphambili. Imfundiso ye stare decis (ukuma ngokwezigqibo ze-Latin kusetyenziswa izigwebo”) ifuna iinkundla zilandele imizekeliso emiselwe kwiimeko zangaphambili. Lo mgaqo ukhuthaza ukungaguquguquki, ukuqikelelwa, nokusesikweni kumthetho. Xa inkundla ephakamileyo ilawula kwimbambano esemthethweni, iinkundla ezisezantsi zibophelele ukuba zisebenzise loo mmiselo kwiimeko ezifanayo.

Indima Yesiqalo

Uphazamiso lusisiseko somgaqo oqhelekileyo wenkqubo yomthetho. Iqinisekisa ukuba amatyala afanayo aphathwa ngendlela efanayo, engundoqo wesigqeba sobulungisa. Noko ke, iinkundla zingawuguqula umzekelo xa iimeko zitshintsha okanye xa isigqibo sangaphambili sithathwa njengempazamo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa eli gunya kwiimeko eziphawulekayo, njenga Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo , ebhukuqa “imfundiso elinganayo kodwa elinganayo”. v.

Inkqubo Yokwenza Isigqibo

Kwityala eliqhelekileyo, le nkqubo iqala ngokuqukunjelwa kwetyala okanye ukumangalelwa. Kwinkundla yetyala, inkqubo yahlukile: amagqwetha afaka iingxelo ezibhaliweyo, atshintshisane ngobungqina, anikele ubungqina, amangqina, kwaye ijaji okanye abachopheli-mgwebi bamisela izibakala. Ngoko ijaji isebenzisa umthetho ofanelekileyo kwezo zingqini kwaye inikezele umthetho. Kwinkundla yezaphula-mthetho, inkqubo yahlukile: amagqwetha anikezela iingxelo ezibhaliweyo nanikela iingxoxo ezibhaliweyo, kunye neqela labagwebi (okanye inkundla epheleleyo) ligqiba enoba inkundla yokuchophela kwetyala yenza impazamo engokwasemthethweni. Ngoko abagwebi banikela uluvo olubhaliweyoyo lokucacisa ingqiqo yabo.

Inkqubo yokwenza kwesigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo ingqongqo kakhulu. Emva kokuvumela ukuba ityala livelwe (imvume yokuva), izigwebo ziphinda-phindo ezifutshane, zive iingxoxo zomlomo, zize zibambe ingqungquthela yangasese ngabom. Lo mbono ngoko ubhalelwa, ngokufuthi ngejaji eyathi yasebenza njengesikhokelo kule ngxoxo, kwaye yasasazwa ukuhlaziywa. Uluvo lokugqibela luba yikhowudi yazo zonke iinkundla ezisezantsi.

Isebe Eligwebayo Namalungelo Abemi

Enye yeendima ezibalulekileyo zejaji kukukhusela amalungelo abantu asemthethweni. Iinkundla zisebenza njengesikhuseli sokukhusela urhulumente ophangaleleyo kwaye ziqinisekisa ukuba akukho mthetho okanye nyathelo lingaphazamisa inkululeko esisiseko. Abahlali bangacel ’ umngeni imithetho abakholelwa ukuba iyawaphula amalungelo abo, kwaye iinkundla zinamandla okuwisa loo mithetho.

Amatyala Aphawula Amalungelo

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yakhupha izigqibo eziye zandisa zachaza amalungelo abemi.

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – Ijikelele olocalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwaphula i-Ukhuseli olinganayo ka Claus, ibhukuqa imfundiso “yokwahlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo".
  • [[NTLA:0] Miranda v. Arizona (1966)-onyanzelisa umthetho ofunekayo ukuyazisa abarhanelwa ngamalungelo abo okuhlala bethulile nokuba negqwetha phambi kokuncinwa kwegunya.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) – waqinisekisa ilungelo lokunika abamangalelwa icebiso kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho ezingalifumani igqwetha.
  • [[NTL:0] Roe v. Wade (1973) – yaqonda ilungelo lomGaqo-siseko lebhinqa lokukhetha ukuqhomfa, nangona kamva lapheliswa, eli tyala libonisa indima yejaji ekuchazeni amalungelo ayimfihlo.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges () – isekelelwe ukuba izibini ezinobufanasini zinelungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokutshata phantsi kweNkqubo elindelekileyo kunye noKhuselo olulinganayo.

La matyala abonisa indlela isebe eligwebayo elinokuba yiyo ngayo inkqubela yentlalo, kodwa kwakhona ibangela impikiswano. Amandla okuchaza umGaqo-siseko ngokungenakuphepheka abandakanya ukuxabisa izigwebo, yiyo loo nto ukutyunjwa kweejaji kuyinkqubo ebekwa phantsi kwezobupolitika.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Obomi Bamihla Le

Abemi abafuni kubandakanyeka kwityala eliphakamileyo ukuze bangenelwe kukhuseleko lwenkundla. Ukuba umntu ukhululekile ukuthetha uthintelwe ngumthetho wasekuhlaleni, bangamangalelwa kwinkundla yephondo. Ukuba umthetho karhulumente ucalula iqela elincinane, iinkundla zinganika unyango. Ilungelo elifanelekileyo lenkqubo liqinisekisa ukuba ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente asuse ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ukuva okufanelekileyo kufuneka kwenzeke.

Indlela Abemi Abadibana Ngayo Nesebe Lezaphuli - mthetho

Abemi abaninzi baya kudibana nesebe eligwebayo ngaxa lithile ebomini babo, enoba lilungu lejaji, ixhoba lolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye ummangalelwa. Ukuqonda ezi ngxoxo kuyanceda ekupheliseni iinkundla kwaye kukhuthaza ukuba kubekho inxaxheba kwiqumrhu loluntu.

Jury Duty

Enye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo abemi ababandakanyekileyo kwijaji yinkonzo yabachopheli-tyala. UMthetho weSithandathu Wezindululo uqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela ityala ngetyala labachopheli-tyala abangakhethiyo, yaye uMphengululo weSebente owesixhenxe udlulisela ilungelo lokuba lifanele libe nelungelo lokusebenza kumatyala asekuhlaleni. Xa kucelwa umsebenzi wabachopheli-mgwebi, abemi kufuneka bakhonze ngaphandle kokuba baxolelwe. Baphulaphula ubungqina, ngabom kunye nabo basebenza nabo, baze babuye bafumane isigqibo. Inkonzo kaJury ingumsebenzi nelungelo, inika abantu abaqhelekileyo ilizwi lokulawula okusesikweni.

Ukubhaqa Umthetho

Abantu abangoniweyo banokumangalelana kwinkundla yamakhaya. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka ukungxwelerheka komntu, ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, ucalulo lwemisebenzi, kunye neempikiswano zempahla. Inkqubo yenkundla ivumela abachaphazelekayo ukuba bafune imbuyekezo, imiyalelo, okanye izigwebo zokurhoxa. Ngoxa ukuqesha igqwetha kucetyiswa, iinkundla ezincinane zinikela indawo elula apho abantu banokuzimela khona.

Inkqubo Yokusesikweni Yezaphuli - mthetho

Xa umntu etyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, baba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yokugweba. Le nkqubo iquka ukubanjwa, ukubekwa ityala, ukuququzelelwa kwetyala, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, nokugwetywa. Ijaji iqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo ommangalelwa akhuselekile, ukuba umtshutshisi uhlangabezana noxanduva lwakhe lokungqina, nokuba isohlwayo sisemthethweni. Kwanabo bangabekwanga tyala banokunxibelelana nenkundla njengamangqina, amaxhoba, okanye amalungu entsapho abamangalelwayo.

Ukufikelela Kokusesikweni

Ngelishwa, inkqubo yomthetho ingabiza imali eninzi kwaye ibe ntsonkothileyo. Abemi abaninzi abanako ukuthenga igqwetha, elinokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezingalunganga. Isebe lezobulungisa liye lathatha amanyathelo okuphucula ufikelelo kubulungisa ngoncedo olusemthethweni olumiselwe ngurhulumente, iinkqubo ze-probono, kunye neenkqubo ezenziwe lula kwiinkundla ezithile. Izibonelelo ezifana ne [FLT] [1] Intlangano yeMelika Bar Office Services Division[[] zinikela ukhokelo lokufumana uncedo olusezantsi lwentengiso olungomthetho.

Ukubaluleka Kwencwadi Yesikhungu Ezimeleyo

Ijaji ezimeleyo ibalulekile kwidemokhrasi. Ngaphandle kwayo, umthetho awunako ukusinda. Abagwebi kufuneka bakhululeke ukugqiba ngamatyala asekelwe kumthetho nakwiinyaniso, ngaphandle kokoyika ukuziphindezela kumasebe aphetheyo okanye alawulayo, kwaye ngaphandle kwempembelelo kwiimbono zikawonke-wonke okanye kwimicimbi yangasese enamandla. UmGaqo-siseko ukhusela inkululeko yokugweba ngobomi nangomvuzo, kodwa imigaqo yequmrhu nokuthembana kwabantu ibaluleke ngokufanayo.

Izisongelo zokuzimela geqe zinokubakho ngeendlela ezininzi. Amalinge okupakisha iinkundla, ukunciphisa inkxaso-mali, okanye ukusoyikisa abagwebi athob ’ isidima kwinkqubo. Ijaji ikwaxhomekeke nakwamanye amasebe ukunyanzelisa imiyalelo yayo. Xa isebe eliphetheyo limisela umthetho wenkundla, igunya lejaji lincitshisiwe. Inginginya mayikuphaphele ukukhusela inkululeko yeenkundla, njengoko kuyimfuneko ukukhusela amalungelo alo.

Ukufunda okungakumbi ngendima yejaji ezimeleyo, .[FLT] iphepha leNkundla elisemthethweni . inika ingcaciso enzulu yesibonelelo nembali yaso.

Isiphelo: Isebe Eligwebayo Njengentsika Yolawulo - melo

Isebe lejaji aliyondawo yokulungisa ingxabano. Litolika lomGaqo-siseko, umgcini-siseko wamalungelo abantu, nesebe likarhulumente elilinganayo elihlola amandla amanye amasebe amabini. Ukusuka kwinkundla encinane yasekuhlaleni ukuya kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, abagwebi basebenza imihla ngemihla ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ulawulwa kakuhle nokuba umthetho uyawulawula. Ummi ngamnye ungenelwa kule nkqubo, kwaye ummi ngamnye unendima ekuyixhaseni ngokusebenza kwinkundla egwebayo, ngokuhlonela izigqibo zenkundla, okanye ukukhuthaza ukulawulwa komthetho olungileyo nozimeleyo.

Ukuqonda oko isebe lejaji likwenzayo asikokwazi nje imfundo; kubalulekile ukuba abemi abanolwazi. Njengoko inkundla ephakamileyo itshilo, “Ijaji ikhusela inkululeko yethu nempahla yethu phantsi komGaqo-siseko.” Ngokuyazi indlela esebenza ngayo iinkundla, abemi banokuwakhusela ngakumbi amalungelo abo baze bagcine urhulumente wabo enecala.