Ukwazisa: Iliwa Lokusesikweni

Umgaqo wokukhusela okulinganayo phantsi komthetho usisiseko sobulungisa kwibutho labantu ledemokhrasi. Iyalela ukuba oorhulumente baphathe abantu ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kocalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, kwisini, kunqulo, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, okanye kwezinye iimpawu ezingaguquguqukiyo. Kubafundi bembali kunye nomthetho, ukuqonda lo mgaqo kubalulekile ukuyiqonda indlela eziye zavela ngayo iinkqubo zomthetho zokulwa ingcinezelo nokulungisa amalungelo abantu akhoyo. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olubanzi lokukhusela okulinganayo, imvelaphi yembali, iziphumo zeNkundla yanamhlanje, imigaqo ephakamileyo, imigaqo yemigaqo esemthethweni esetyenziswa ukuvavanya iziphumo, kwaye imingeni eqhubekayo ekhoyo. Ngokuhlolisisa ezi manani, abafundi baya kuzuza uxabiso olunzulu ngenxa yokulwela ukulingana okuqhubekayo.

Imvelaphi Yokhuseleko Olulinganayo Embalini

Ingcamango yokuba bonke abantu bafanelwe kukuphathwa ngendlela efanayo ngaphambi kokuba umthetho ungabikho kwinkqubo efanelekileyo. Iziseko zabo zemfundo zibuyela emva kwiintanda-bulumko zamandulo, iimfundiso zonqulo, kunye namaxwebhu angaphambili asemthethweni. IMagna Carta (1215) yaqinisekisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo onokusohlwaywa ngaphandle komthetho welizwe, ophambili kwinkqubo efanelekileyo. IBhili yamaNgesi yamaLungelo (1689) ilungelelanisa amandla okumkani, kodwa ayizange ivelise umgaqo wokulingana jikelele. Iingcinga-ngcebiso ezicacileyo njengoJohn Locke zathis zathi bonke abantu banelungelo lobomi, kuquka inkululeko, kunye nempahla, kwaye urhulumente umele akhusele la malungelo angakhethi.

EMerika, iSindululo seNtlalo-ntle savakalisa ukuba “onke amadoda adalwa ngokulinganayo,” ukanti esi sithembiso saphikiswa lulungiselelo lobukhoboka nokuthotyelwa kwamabhinqa ngokusemthethweni. UmGaqo-siseko wantlandlolo wabala abantu abangamakhoboka njengamakhoboka amathathu eenjongo zokumela kwaye wakhusela ngokucacileyo urhwebo lwamakhoboka. Ukulingana kwahlala kungumnqweno kunokuba kumiselwe umGaqo-siseko de kube emva kweMfazwe yamakhaya.

IsiHlanzekiso Seshumi Elinane Nokwakhiwa Kwaso

ISinyusi- Amemezelo sokwaHlaziyiweyo (iSiphendulo se-13th, se-14, nese-15) sadluliselwa ukuphelisa ubukhoboka nokuseka isiseko sokulingana kobuhlanga. IsiHlamli-Mpanzi seshumi elinesine, esagunyaziswa ngo-1868, siqulethe iSikhuseli esilinganayo sika-Claus: “Akukho rhulumente... oya kumkhanyela nabani na onegunya lokukhusela imithetho ngendlela efanayo.” Eli binzana lalikukusabela okungqalileyo kwiMithetho-Blam) kwaye lamisela inkululeko yabantu ababefudula bekhoboka yaye libakhanyela amalungelo asisiseko.

Abalungisi benkqubo yokulungisa babenenjongo yokusebenza ngokuyintloko kubemi baseAfrika, kodwa umbhalo usebenzisa ibinzana elibanzi elithi “nabani na,” ukuseka isiseko solwando lwexesha elizayo. Ngexesha lokulungisa, iKhomishini yadala i-Freedmen’s Bureau kwaye yadlulisela amalungelo asekuhlaleni asebenza ngokunyanzelisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Noko ke, ukutolikwa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi iCasess [Indlu] ephezulu (1873)[FLT] kunye nemithetho elinganayo ye-CIIIINT] Amalungelo e-183 [53] [FLT] [[FLT]] kunciphisa ukufikelela kwe-RGURGUM, ivumela ukuba kungabikho ukucalulwa okude njengokuba ucalucalucalucalu-calucalu-calucalu ngaphaya kwemithetho ye-1877]

Iingcaciso zeNkundla Ephakamileyo Ezingundoqo

Ukuvuka Nokuwa ‘ Kokwahlula Kodwa Okulinganayo'

Isigqibo seNkundla . Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) yaxhasa uhlanga olumiselwe ngurhulumente phantsi kwemfundiso yothi “ohlukeneyo kodwa balingana.” Homer Pleby, indoda yohlanga oludityanisiweyo, yacel ’ umngeni umthetho weLouisiana ofuna ukuba imoto yoliwe. Inkundla yawisa umthetho lowo ungangqubani noKhuselo lwe-Clavius ekhoyo lobukhoziweyo lobudala xa nje izinto zicingelwa ukuba zilingana. Esi sigqibo siqinisekisa inkqubo yocalucalulo lohlanga eyaqhubeka iminyaka engamashumi amahlanu.

INkundla itshintshile kwi . [FLT] Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (54)., eyavakalisa ukuba amaziko ahlukeneyo emfundo “ayefani ngokungagqibekanga." ISigqeba esinguMphathi-mthetho Earl Warren wabhala ukuba i-CRENT ivelisa imvakalelo yokungaxabiseki “ebangela umntwana afunde.” Brown warhoxa uPel Prew kumongo wemfundo kawonke kwaye waba sisiseko esisemthethweni samaLungelo aphakathi kaNovile. Kamva izigqibo zasebenzisa indlela efanayo kwezinye izibonelelo zikawonke wonke, ekugqibeleni zasusa i-Romatilo de jubster.

Ukulingana Okukhulayo: Ukungalingani Kwesini, Ukumanyana Kwesini Nangaphaya Kwaso

Nangona ukuKhuselwa okulinganayo komlinganiselo ka-Claus kwakujoliswe kuhlanga, iNkundla inikezele ukhuseleko lwayo kwamanye amaqela. [FLT]] `Reed v. Reed (1971], iNkundla yagawula umthetho weIdaho owanika amadoda umgangatho wabafazi njengabalawuli belizwe, ophawula ixesha lokuqala ucalucalulo lwesini luye lwaphelelwa phantsi koKhuselo olulinganayo luka Clauslease. [FLT:][5]] CRAG] v.[FLT6][FLT]] [FLT]]

Kutshanje, [[NTLT:0] Obergefell v. Hodges (] wabambelela kwi projekthi enye yemithetho-yobugqeba yokuba izibini ezitshatileyo zinelungelo lokutshata, ukufumana ukuba imithetho ethintela umtshato ofanayo yaphula umthetho woMsebenzi noKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Calbes. INkundla yaqikelelo iqikelele ukuba umtshato ungundoqo ongundoqo kwaye ukukhulula izibini ezifanayo ezisemgangathweni zidibanise isidima esifanayo. ] [ivostock. County 2020.[FLT][FLT]][5]]

Isenzo Esizinzileyo Nezenzo Zobupolitika Bohlanga

Iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa ezicetyiweyo ezilungiselelwe ukucombulula ucalucalulo lwexesha elidlulileyo ziye zadala impikiswano enkulu. IRegents zeYunivesithi yase California v. Bakke (1978], iNkundla yalwamkela ulwamkelo lwemiba yobuhlanga kodwa yavumela ukuba uhlanga lusetyenziswe njengelungu elinye. [[FLT:] [2] Grainters v. Bollinger [2003] [FLT] yaxhasa iYunivesithi yeMichigan Law School, ifumana ukuba intlukwano zabafundi ziluvo olunyanze inzala. Noko ke, [FLT:] unyuko lohlobo lwe-Activectives.[2005] [FT] ku-Gene] kuvunyusolu, ukuvunywa koluvo oluthe luluvo oluthe luthiyo oluthiyo oluthi luthi guqukileyo.[G.G.G.[F.C.][22222]

Izicelo zaNgoku kunye neNkxaso eziBalekayo

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo lusasoloko lungumba oyintloko kwimimandla emininzi yobomi baseMelika. Kumalungelo okuvota, iShelby County v. Horer (2013) isigqibo sawisa ilungiselelo elingundoqo loMthetho wamalungelo oMgaqo-siseko weVoting, nto leyo ekhokelela kwizantswana zemithetho karhulumente echaphazela ngokungenakuthelekiswa nabavoti abambalwa. Iingxaki phantsi kweSikhuseli soKhuselo esilinganayo uClausleziswe ngokuchasene neemfuno ze-ID zevoti, igerrymandering, kunye nefenyfrantiationment.

Kubulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho, ukwahlukana kobuhlanga kwimicimbi yamapolisa, ukugwetywa, nokubanjwa kuye kwakhokelela kwimiba yokuba inkqubo ayilufuni ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Imfazwe [[FLT: 0] kwiziyobisi kunye nesigwebo esingephi esinyanzelekileyo esiye saba nempembelelo enkulu kuluntu olumnyama nolwamaSpeyin. Ukusetyenziswa kwamapolisa ngokunyanzelisa, ngokukodwa ngokuchasene nabantu abamnyama abangaxhobiswanga, kuye kwabangela ukuba kubekho utshintsho kunye nokulwamkelo olulinganayo.

Ukuhambelana kwemfundo kudlulela ngaphaya kohlanga. Iingxoxo ezingemali yesikolo, ukwabiwa kweemali, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yoqeqesho zisoloko zicela ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Ngokufanayo, ukufikelela kwempilo (ngokukodwa kumntu odlulayo, abantu abakhulelweyo, nabo banemilwelwelwe), ziya ziphinda zicazululwe phantsi kwengxelo. Act yokunyamekela abasebenzi besikolo [[FLT: 1]] uMthetho ongachaziyo imigaqo yokungaguquguquki kunye nocelomngeni lwakutshanje kwiMédiad yokunikezela ngesondo-efish-fingsssssssssssss, ibonakalisa ukusetyenziswa kokhuseleko olulinganayo kwinkqubo yempilo.

Imilinganiselo Yokuzikhumbuza: Indlela Iinkundla Ezizikhusela Ngayo

Iinkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yohlalutyo kuxhomekeke kulwahlulo lwempikiswano. Ukuqonda ezi thala kubalulekile nakuwuphi na umfundi okhuselwe ngendlela efanayo.

  • Scrity Scrutiny: Ijoliswe ekuhlelweni okusekelwe kwibala, kwimvelaphi yesizwe, okanye kwimithetho ethwele umthwalo wamalungelo asisiseko (ukuhlanganisa, umtshato, uhambo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo). Urhulumente kufuneka abonise umdla onyanzelekileyo kwaye umthetho ulungiselelwe ngokufutshane ukufikelela. Imithetho emininzi iyasilela ukuvavanya ngokungqongqo.
  • Isininzi sokusebenza kweScrutiny: isetyenziselwa ukwahlulwa ngokweentlobo ezisekelwe kwi-com-screens. Urhulumente kufuneka abonise injongo ebalulekileyo kwaye umthetho unxulumene ngokunzulu naloo njongo. Lo mgangatho unika iinkundla ithuba elingakumbi lokubetha imithetho eqinisa ujikelezo-jikelezo.
  • Impinda yesiseko sesiseko seRondal: Umgangatho ongagqibekanga wowona mthetho wezoqoqosho nowentlalo. Umthetho kufuneka unxulumene ngokufanelekileyo nomdla osemthethweni worhulumente osemthethweni. Phantse yonke imithetho igqithisa isiseko esifanelekileyo sohlolo, nangona ezinye iimeko ezifana framer v.Evans (1996] [FLT] isebenzise uguqulelo olungqongqo kakhulu lwemithetho ekujoliseni udidi oluthile.

Ukusuka kwisiseko esisengqiqweni ukusa kuhlolisiso oluphakathi okanye olungqongqo kubonakalisa ukuvunywa kweNkundla ukuba amaqela athile embali aye acalulwa yaye angenagunya kwezobupolitika.

Iimbono Zamazwe Ngamazwe Ngokhuseleko Olulinganayo

Amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa imigaqo efanayo kumgaqo - siseko wawo nakwizixhobo zamalungelo abantu.

  • Icandelo 15 leCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (19982) liqinisekisa ukulingana phambi naphantsi komthetho, kwaye linelungelo lokulingana nokhuseleko nengenelo elinganayo esekelwe kuhlanga, imvelaphi yobuzwe okanye yobuhlanga, ibala, unqulo, isini, ubudala, okanye ukukhubazeka komzimba. Iinkundla zase Canada zitolike eli nqaku ukuquka ukhuseleko lwezibini ezifanayo ezingokwasentlalweni kunye nabantu abaneziphene.
  • Afrika yaseMzantsi: UmGaqo-siseko wasemva wowe-1996 uquka igalelo elinamandla lokulingana (ukungalingani 9) elithintela ucalulo olungekho sesikweni kwizizathu ezininzi, kuquka uhlanga, ubufanasini, ukukhulelwa, isimo somtshato, imbonakalo yesondo, kunye nokukhubazeka. Ikwavumela ukuyekelela amanyathelo. Inkundla yoMgaqo-siseko ikhuphe imithetho ebhaliweyo engokwakheni kwezindlu, impilo, kunye nomlinganiselo womtshato.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isivumelwano se-European kumalungelo abantu : Inqaku 14 liyalwalela ucalucalulo ekunandipheni amalungelo akhuselwe yiNdibano. INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu ithethe ngemibandela enjengokucalucalula amaRom, abantu abaNTT+, kunye neqela elincinane lonqulo.

Le mizekelo yehlabathi ibonisa ukuba nangona ulwimi olukhethekileyo lungafani, ukuzinikela okungundoqo ekunyangweni ngendlela efanayo yinkqubo yedemokhrasi yehlabathi lonke. Ukuzihlolisisa kunika ulwazi olulinganayo ngendlela olunokusetyenziswa ngayo kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni eyahlukeneyo.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Phezu kwako nje ukusekwa kwayo, ikhuselwa ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho kujongene nemiqobo ebalulekileyo. Ubuhlanga kunye nocalucalulo olucacileyo luyaqhubeka lugqugqisile, ukususela kumsebenzi wamapolisa ukuya kutsho kwikhaya ukuya kuqeshwa. Ilifa lobukhoboka kunye nokungahlali kohlanga luhlala lukwimida yobutyebi, ukungalingani kwempilo, kunye nokungalingani kwemfundo. Kwanaxa imithetho ingathathi cala ebusweni, ukunyanzeleka nokusebenza kwayo kusenokubonakalisa ucalucalucalucalulo.

Ukuthatyathwa kwezobupolitika kuphakamisa olunye ucelomngeni. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje kuye kwabonwa ukuphithana kwenkqubela-phambili yamalungelo abantu, namanye amazwe ebeka imithetho ethintela ukuvota, umlinganiselo wamalungelo e-LGBTQ, kunye nokuvalwa kwengcamango yohlanga egxekayo ezikolweni. La manyathelo asoloko ejongene neengxaki zomGaqo-siseko, kodwa iziphumo aziqinisekanga kwisigqibo esitshintshayo. Ukumiswa kwabagwebi abaxhasa iinkcazelo zantlalo-siseko kusenokuwunciphisa umlinganiselo we-Sult Protection Clauslease, njengoko kuboniswe kwi- izigwebo ze-fault Adgistrationsssssss [

Abahlalutyi bakwaphikisa ngokuthi uhlolo olungqongqo kakhulu kwaye maxa wambi iinkundla ziyasilela ukuphendula iindlela ezichuliweyo zocalulo. Umzekelo, iNkundla ayikasebenzisi uphando olungqongqo kwimithetho eyingozi ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto kwiqela lesizwe kodwa ayichaphazeli ngokucacileyo ngokohlanga (umz., imithetho yokugweba iziyobisi). Izimemo zokufumana indlela ebanzi, efana ne-[[FLT: 0] ulwahlulo olunobuhlanga [[FLT:] umgaqo, ugxininisa ukuba ulingana kufuna ukudityaniswa kweminyelo, hayi ukuphatha nje abantu ngabanye abamiseke ngokufanayo.

Imfundo Efunekayo Ukuze Ufundisise Ngokunzulu

Abo bafuna ukukhuselwa ngendlela efanayo, bafumana izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Oqhubekayo

Ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho asilolungiselelo olusemthethweni oluzimeleyo kodwa lidinga elijikelezayo. Ukusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwakhona ukuya ekuvuselelweni kwamalungelo abantu kwinkulungwane yama-20, nakuxanduva lokulwela ubufanasini kunye ne-LGBTQ + ukulingana kwemiba enyanzelisayo yamalungelo ovota kunye nokuhlaziywa komthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, lo mgaqo uhlala usisisixhobo esinamandla sokuqhubela phambili kokusesikweni. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuchasana nokuhambelana kwazo nale nkqubela kusikhumbuza ukuba ukulingana oku kufuna ukuphaphaphazanyiswa okuqhubekayo, imfundo, kunye nokungafundiswa kwemfundo. Abafundi kunye nabafundisi, ukubandakanye nembali etyebileyo kunye nontsoko olukhoyo lwezintlukwano kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela ukuba ngumminyazo odumileyo. Amagama acacileyo abhalwe ngurhulumente. Ngamanye amagama encwadini...