UHlaziyo lweshumi elinesine loMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, olwagunyaziswa ngowe-1868, luye lwamiswa njengenye yezona zinto zitshintshayo kuxwebhu olusungulweyo lwesizwe. Ngoxa ekuqaleni lwenzelwe ukuqinisekisa amalungelo amakhoboka asandul' ukukhululwa emva kwemfazwe ye-Civil, amalungiselelo ayo aguquke ngaphezu kwaloo njongo yasekuqaleni. Namhlanje, uMphetho-weshumi elinesine uchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi babemi basekuhlaleni, ukusuka kwixesha abazalwa ngalo besasebenza ngalo, esikolweni, enkundleni, nasebhokisini yebholoti. Ukuqonda oku kuthethwayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunika abantu amandla okuqonda amalungelo abo, ukuvavanya ukuphathwa ngokungekho sikweni, kwaye kuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwibutho labantu baseMerika. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ukukhuselwa kwabo okungundoqo kwe-ancizen, ukukhuselwa kwabo okulingana, kunye nendlela abamelwa ngayo abantu abaqhelekileyo.

Ukuba Ngummi: Ngubani Ummi?

Icandelo lokuqala le 14neth Amendment livakalisa oku: “Bonke abantu abazelwe okanye abadaliweyo e-United States, nabaphantsi kwegunya layo, ngabemi base-United States kunye noloMmandla apho bahlala khona.” Esi sivakalisi silula sarhoxa iScott edumayo . Sandford isigqibo sika-18557, esithi phantse wonke umntu ozalelwe emhlabeni waseMelika ungaba ngummi waseAfrika, kungakhathaliseki ukuba u-U.S. ummi wakhona. Ngokumisela ubumi bobuzibulo (owaziwaziwa ngokuba ]]), i-andford [[FLT]], isiqinisekiso sokuba wonke umntu ozalelwe emhlabeni waseMerika abe ngummi, nokuba ngummi wamazwe, okanye ummi wabazali babo.

Ukuzalwa Kwam

Kuninzi olukhulu lwamaMerika, iCitizenshishic Claus isizathu sokuba abemi. Isebenza kubantwana abazalwa bengabaxelwanga, abahlali abasisigxina abasemthethweni, abakhenkethi, nabasebenzi bokwexeshana . "Ukulungiselela ukuba abazali bangabi ngabaphathi basemzini okanye iintshaba ngexesha lemfazwe. Lo mgaqo waxhaswa kwityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo United States v. Wong Kim Ark, eyaqinisekisa ukuba umntwana ozalelwe eSan Francisco kubazali bamaTshayina owayengummi baseU.S. Ummi walapho usemthethweni woburhulumente wakwamkelwa kwetyala ityala yeNkufuduko yamaTshayina.

Kubomi bemihla ngemihla, le mibandela xa ufaka isicelo sepasipoti, ubhalisa ukuba uvote, okanye ungqine ukuba nelungelo lemisebenzi efuna ubumi. Ikwanika nemeko ecacileyo esemthethweni engenakupheliswa ngokutshintsha kwembono yezobupolitika. Ngoxa bekusoloko kukho iingxoxo ezimayela nokuphelisa ubumi, umbhalo womGaqo-siseko nemizekelo ehlala yomelele. Nabani na ozalwe eUnited States namhlanje angaqiniseka ngobumi babo ukususela kwixesha lokukhutshwa kwesiqinisekiso sokuzalwa kwabo.

Ukuzimela Kwemvelo Nokuba ngummi Karhulumente

Kwakhona iSizwe uClaus sigubungela abemi bendalo .Indawo yesibini ithetha ukuba akunakuwakhanyela amalungelo obumi bamazwe ase-U. Bakuba beyindalo, bafumana amalungelo afanayo nabemi bomthonyama, ngaphandle kokungabi namdla kulawulo lobupolisa. Ingxelo iphinda ichaze ukuba ummi ngamnye ngummi welizwe apho uhlala khona. Le nxalenye yesibini ithetha ukuba akukho nto inokuthi ungawakhanyeli amalungelo obumi (ngokufana namandla okuzisa ityala kwiinkundla zikarhulumente)

Ukuze ufumane iinkcukacha ezingakumbi kwimbali kunye nengcaciso yangoku ye-iClaus ye-Citizenty Claus, bona i- i-Constitution Anenotive [ kwithala leencwadi leBhunga.

Ukukhuselwa Kwemithetho Ngokulinganayo

I-Umencial Protection Clause ye 14th Amendment iyalela: “Akukho Rhulumente... eya kumkhanyela nabani na onegunya lakhe ukukhuselwa okufanayo kwemithetho.” Eli binzana lilula liye laba sisiseko esisemthethweni sokulwa nocalucalulo kuzo zonke iintlobo. Lifuna ukuba urhulumente abaphathe ngokufanayo abantu abami ngokufanayo, kwaye nakuphi na ukuphambuka ekulinganani kufuneka kusebenzele kumdlalo obalulekileyo karhulumente.

Uhlanga nemvelaphi yesizwe

I-Active Protection Claus yayiyinjongo yokuqala ukukhusela ama-Afrika e-Amerika kwimithetho yocalucalulo. Kumbindi wenkulungwane yama-20, yaba sisixhobo esiphambili sokususa ucalucalulo. Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo[ [1954], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa ukuba i-ontlalo yeNkulawula i-Ostreetry i-arentives ngokugqibeleleyo, ukubhukula, ukubhukuqa “kodwa kodwa kulingana” imfundiso ye-. Phyfy v. . Oko kulawula kwaguqula imfundo nebomi baseMerika. Namhlanje, i-regiontivelvelthis ye-vocation kwi-vocation, ukhetho, i-com, nokufumana uluntu kwiindawo zikawonke.

Ukubandakanyeka Kwesini

Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ungasikhankanyi isini, iNkundla ePhakamileyo itolike inte isithi ukhuseleko olulinganayo lukwalela nako ukunqanda ucalulo olusekelwe kwisini. Imithetho ephatha amadoda namabhinqa ngokwahlukileyo iphantsi “kokuvavanya” kwaye ithetha ukuba urhulumente kufuneka abonise ukuba ukwenziwa komzimba kuphumeze injongo ebalulekileyo kwaye kunxulumene ngokunzulu noko kusukelo. Lo mlinganiselo uye wasetyenziselwa ukubetha imithetho enika ukukhetheka okuzenzekelayo kumadoda phezu kwamabhinqa kulawulo lwezempatho ethile, okanye engawakhathazi amabhinqa kwimisebenzi ethile.

Kutshanje, iNkundla eLinganisayo iThembelo lomtshato kwi- owell v. Hodges (2015), eyamkela umtshato ongokwasemthethweni-mgaqo-siseko. INkundla yafumanisa ukuba ukungavumi kwemithetho yomtshato kwizibini ezingokwasexesheni kwaphula umthetho ofanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo. Bostock v. County[[FLT:] [20020], iNkubone ukuba iSihloko seSithi se-VII samalungelo oMsebenzi we-Rhulumenteni sikwalela ukulwa kobugqeba okuchasene nemeko yempatho yesondo okanye i-Ggende, isigqibo esikwakufumana ukukhuselwa kokhuseleko olulinganayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba iLBTT kukhuselwe ucalucalucalucalucalu, kunye nomthetho wolawulo lukawonke-wonke-wonke.

Ezinye Iindlela Zokwahlula: Ubudala, Ukungafezeki Nobutyebi

UKhuselo lwe-Unicality Claus aluzichazi ngokuzenzekelayo zonke iingxabano. Kumaqela angagqalwanga “ziziiklasi ezifanelekileyo” (njengesizwe okanye unqulo), iinkundla zisebenzisa imigangatho elula ebizwa ngokuba“zizinziso zolwahlulo. . Mithetho ekhethayo ngokweminyaka, ukukhubazeka, okanye ubutyebi idla ngokuxhaswa ukuba inxulumene nengqondo nomdlalo karhulumente osemthethweni. Noko ke, oku akuthethi ukuba ucalucalulo olunjalo lusoloko luvumelekile. Iityala ezifana [ Plyler v. Do [[FLT:] [198] [198] ibetha phantsi umthetho we-Texas ongabathinteli abantwana kwizikolo zikawonke, kusetyenziswa uhlobo oluthe kram kubalwayo, kwaye abantwana abanakulawulwa. Kwiziko lomthetho olucacileyo, i-Corne projective Commentatic.[2][3]

Xa umthetho okanye inkqubo ethile ikhetha wena ngenxa yohlanga lwakho, ubufanayo, unqulo, okanye imbonakalo yesini, uMphengululo we - 14 ukunika isiqinisekiso esisemthethweni sokucel ’ umngeni olo nyango.

Imodeli Yomthetho

IsiHlanzi soMphetho weshumi elinesine siqulethe isibini i-Auth Process Clauses: eso sisebenza kurhulumente worhulumente wezwe (iSihlaziyo sesihlanu, esifakwe ngokuchasene namagunya akwiMinyaka yeshumi elinesine) kunye nesiqinisekiso esicacileyo kwi-14 ngokwaso: “Kwaye nawuphi na uMbuso akayi kuhlutha na umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla, ngaphandle kwenkqubo efunekayo yomthetho.” Inkqubo elindelekileyo inamasebe amabini amakhulu:

Inkqubo elindelekileyo: Ubulungisa kwizenzo zikarhulumente

Inkqubo yokuyila ifuna ukuba urhulumente asebenzise iindlela ezifanelekileyo ngaphambi kokuba asuse ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla yomntu. Oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka unikwe isaziso sakho nasiphi na isenzo esinxamnye nawe kunye nethuba lokuviwa ngendlela enentsingiselo. Imizekelo yosuku ngalunye iquka:

  • Ngaphambi kokuba ilayisensi yakho yokuqhuba ibekwe ukuze ungahlawulwa inkxaso yabantwana, umele ufumane isaziso nethuba lokukhuphisana nemali etyalayo.
  • Ukuba ugxothwa kwizindlu zikawonke - wonke, unelungelo lokuphulaphula.
  • Kwimiba yolwaphulo - mthetho, inkqubo efunekayo yokuchaza iqinisekisa ilungelo legqwetha, ilungelo lokuthetha namangqina, nelungelo lokumangalelwa ngokusesikweni phambi komgwebi ongakhethi buso.

Ukhuseleko lwendalo lukwadlulela nakumntu ongengomzi. Umzekelo, ukususwa kwesandi sokufuduka (ukuthunyelwa) kufuneka ngokuqhelekileyo kunikeze isaziso kunye nethuba lokunika ubungqina. Iimfuno ezichanekileyo zixhomekeke kwimo yenzala esemthini. /ukuthi xa ikhona ingqwalaselo enzulu, kokukhona kufuneka isetyenziswe ngamandla inkqubo.

Inkqubo Engagqibekanga Efunekayo: Ukukhusela Amalungelo Asisiseko

Inkqubo esisiseko esisiseko yingcamango yokuba amanye amalungelo abaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba urhulumente akanako ukuphazamisana nawo ngaphandle kokuba anesizathu esinyanzelisayo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba inkqubo ilungile kangakanani. La malungelo awadweliswanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa athathwa njengenxalenye “yemvume” ekhuselwe yinkqubo efanelekileyo.

INkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele amalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo:

  • Umtshato (kuquka umtshato weentlanga ngeentlanga kwi-] ukuphuma v. Virginia kunye nomtshato olinganayo wobunyani []]
  • I- i-Profication kunye nokuthintela ukukhawulela (Griswold v.Connecticut)
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhulisa abantwana [ (amalungelo engqondo, Pierce v.uSociety of Oodade )]
  • Privtacy (kuquka ilungelo lokwenza izigqibo zonyango lobuqu)
  • [[UMTL: 0] Travel (ilungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo phakathi kwamazwe)

Enye yeenkqubo eziyimpikiswano zenkqubo encinci efunekayo yokukhupha isisu yilungelo lokukhupha isisu. Roe v. Wade [1773], iNkundla yafumanisa ukuqhomfa kuyinxalenye yamalungelo obuqu phantsi kwenkqubo elindelekileyo. Le sigqibo sawiswa phantsi kwetyala. Le nto ibonisa ukuba inkqubo ephakathi ye- Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [20222], eyayikholelwa ukuba ukuqhomfa kweshumi elinesine leSihlaziyi ayivuli ekunene ukuya ekuphumeni isisu. Lo mba ushiyile ngoku ishiyekile kumazwe athile. Oku kubonisa ukuba inkqubo ephakathi kwenqanawa ayingqukuva; iyaqhubeka ingxubuliso yemicimbi engundoqo.

Imfundiso Yokwahlukana

Phambi koMphetho-Mphetho weshumi elinesine, iBhili yamaLungelo yawamisela kuphela umda urhulumente wesizwe, hayi amatyala. Ngothotho lwamatyala kwinkulungwane yama-20 (ebizwa ngokuba “kukukhethwa”), iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasebenzisa i-Century Procession Claus ukusebenzisa inkoliso yeBhili yamaLungelo kumazwe. Namhlanje, ilungelo lakho lokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, ukukhusela ekuphengululeni okungekho ngqiqweni, kwaye ekunene kwityala labachopheli-tyala lonke lisebenza kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngenxa ye-14th Amendmentality. Oku kuthetha ukuba igosa-ofisi yamapolisa edolophu yakho ayinakuwaphula amalungelo akho okuHlamkelo lokuqala loLungisa.

Kuluhlu olubanzi lwamalungelo aqulunqweyo, iprojekthi [[FLT: 0] izoyez inikeza umba woshwankatho kunye neenkcazelo.

Indlela IsiHlaliso Seshumi Elinane Esibuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

Le ngxaki ibaluleke kakhulu kuneengxubusho zaseklasini zamalungelo angekho ngqiqweni.

Ukuzibandakanya Kwezobupolitika Nezorhwebo

Icandelo 2 loMphetho we-14th WesiHlaliso ekuqaleni lanika isohlwayo somthetho owakhankanyiweyo kwivoti kubemi abangamadoda (wanciphisa ukumeleka kwabo kwiBhunga). Ngoxa elo candelo lisithelwe kakhulu luHlaliso lwe-De 15, kunye noLweshumi elinesithoba, i-Felt Protection Clauslee isetyenziswe ukuvavanya imithetho ye-Id yokuvota, i-gerrymantinting, kunye nemiqathango yokuvota kwangelwa kwangoko. Umzekelo, [[FLL:0] [Shelby County v. Raker [2013], iNkuphembelela inxalenye ye-Votelting Act Act, kodwa i-Codecimethiement Claus ihlala ikhona kubantu abathi besithi bebolile ngokwezi mvume yokuvota okanye kwiqela lezobupolitika. Ukuba uguqukelelwe isizathu sokuzinziswa kwemithetho ebonakala ifanelekile.

Imfundo Kawonke-wonke

Umntwana ngamnye eMelika unelungelo lokuya kwisikolo sikawonke-wonke kungakhathaliseki ukuba ungowaphi na ubume bokufuduka ( Plyler v. Doe). Abafundi banamalungelo afanelekileyo xa bejamelene nokuthunjwa okanye ukugxothwa: kufuneka banikwe isaziso kunye nethuba lokuchaza icala labo phambi kokuba basuswe iintsuku ezingaphezulu kweentsuku ezimbalwa. I-Compate Protect Claus ikwalela izikolo zikawonke-wonke ekungaphendulini ngokwesiseko sohlanga ekulamkeli, kwizenzo zogunyaziso, okanye ekufikeleleni kwiinkqubo.

Amalungelo Emisebenzi

Ngoxa uMthetho we-14th Reformation usebenza kuphela kwisenzo sikarhulumente (awungobaqeshi boburhulumente bobuqu), abaqeshi abaninzi bobuqu bagqunywe yimithetho elwa nocalucalulo emiselwe phantsi kwegunya lomthetho (ukudityaniswa komthetho). Umzekelo, iSihlomelo VII soMthetho wamaLungelo kaNovale ka-1966) soMgaqo-nkqubo woLawulo lwaMasipala uthintela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, imibala, unqulo, isini, isini, kunye nemvelaphi yesizwe. Icandelo lo-1906 lamaLungu livumela abantu ukuba batshathelekele ucalucalulo lohlanga kwizivumelwano zezivumelwano zemisebenzi, kuquka nakuqeshwa-o-orhulumente abanamalungelo awo ongezelelweyo: abanako ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yokuthetha okanye ukuqhelisela unqulo lwabo, kwaye baneenkqubo ezifanelekileyo zokukhusela ukuba banenzala yempahla emsebenzini (njengomsebenzi okanye i-10).

Ukufumaneka kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke

Ukuba usebenzisa ithala leencwadi likawonke-wonke, ipaki, isibhedlele, okanye inkqubo yezothutho, i-Uncimel Protection Claus iqinisekisa ukuba awunakukhutshwa ngenxa yendlela onguye ngayo. Amazwe asenokungalukhanyeli uncedo lwe-okanye ukuba kukho ingxinano eyomeleleyo ngaphandle kokuba kukho ingxinano eqinileyo (njengendlela yonyango okanye imfundo kawonke-wonke) iqinisekisiwe nokuba kunjani ukufuduka. Inkqubo efunekayo iyasebenza na xa urhulumente ezama ukuthatha iinzuzo ezifana nezitempepho zokutya, uMedid, okanye intlawulo lwesiphene (nangoko ke, iinkonzo ezithile (njengendlela yonyango okanye imfundo kawonke) zinokuqinisekiswa nokuba zikho.

Ubomi Bentsapho Nobobuqu

Inkqubo encinci efunekayo yokutshata iquka ilungelo lokutshata nomntu wohlanga olwahlukileyo okanye isini esifanayo. Ilungelo lokuhlala kunye nokukhulisa abantwana bakho likhuselwe ekungeneleni kwemeko-bume engangqinelaniyo (Ngomzekelo, iinkonzo zokukhusela umntwana kufuneka zibe nomyalelo wenkundla wokususa umntwana ngaphandle kwemvume yakho, ngaphandle kokuba kukho ungxamiseko. Ilungelo lokuhamba ngokukhululekileyo phakathi kwamazwe kuthetha ukuba awunakufumana isohlwayo ngokufudukela kwenye imo ukufumana umsebenzi okanye ukuya esikolweni.

Ucelomngeni Lwale Mihla Neingxubusho Eziqhubekayo

Ngoxa uMphetho we - 14 uneminyaka engaphezu kwe - 150 ubudala, uhlala ungowona mthombo weembambano ezininzi zezobupolitika nezomthetho.

Ukukhuliswa Ngokufanelekileyo Kobumi

Abanye abezobupolitika baye bacela ukuba baphelise ubuzibulo kubantwana abafudukayo abangaxelwanga. Baphikisa ngelithi ibinzana elithi “ophantsi kwegunya lalo” alibafaki abo bakwilizwe ngokungekho mthethweni. Abaphengululi abasemthethweni badla ngokuphikisana, bekhomba kwisigqibo se-Ark yeWong Kim nembali yeli shwami. Naliphi na ilinge lokutshintsha ubuzibulo liza kufuna ukutshintshwa komGaqo-siseko, nto leyo ekwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuguqula.

Ukhuseleko Olulinganayo Nesenzo Esizinzisayo

Ku Izigqibo ze Fair Adgistrals v. Harvard [202], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha phantsi imigaqo yokuvuma uhlanga engaziyo kwimfundo ephakamileyo, igqiba ukuba yaphula umthetho woKhuselo olulinganayo luka Claus. Oku kuguqulele indawo yeyunivesithi kunye nabaqeshi abafuna ukwandisa iinguqu. Isigqibo asiphelisi konke ulwamdla wohlanga . Qonda-alisa ngamaqela e-ademis nezinye iinkqubo sisenokuyisebenzisa, kodwa sikwabonisa ukusondela ngokungqongqo kwimiqathango yobuhlanga naxa kuthethwa ukunceda amaqela amahlwempu akwimeko entlalo.

Inkqubo Efanelekileyo Kwixesha lamanani

Njengoko iinkcazelo zikarhulumente zandisa, kuvela imibandela yenkqubo efunekayo kwizigqibo ezizenzekelayo. Umzekelo, ukuba urhulumente ngempazamo ulawula ilayisensi yakho yokuqhuba njengevithiwe ngenxa yempazamo yekhompyutha, unenkqubo efanelekileyo yokulungisa loo mpazamo. Ngokufanayo, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yezomthetho kwintlalo-ntle yabantwana, isigwebo solwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ungenelo lwengqiqo kuphakamisa imibuzo yokuba abantu banokuzivavanya ngokufanelekileyo na ezo zigqibo. Iinkundla zisasebenza ngendlela engokwesithethe esebenzayo kwinkqubo yokufunda umatshini.

Amandla Anyanzelisayo Engqungquthela

ICandelo 5 loMphetho-Mphetho weshumi elinesine unika iNkqutyana amandla okunyanzelisa amalungiselelo ayo ngomthetho. Oku kusisiseko semithetho emininzi ephawulayo, kuquka uMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1965, kunye namaMelika anikwe iMithetho yamaLungelo eNkundla ePhakamileyo ePhakamileyo. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo inamandla alinganiselweyo phantsi kweCandelo 5 kwiimeko ezifana iDocuty of Boerne v. Flores [1997], ifuna ukuba imithetho ibe “ilungelele kwaye ilungelelane” xa ithetha ukuba intetho yayo iphosa. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa isiphelo sisetyenziswa ukukhusela amalungelo, uBhungane kufuneka uconele ukuba ungawenziswe igunya layo.

Isiphelo: Isiseko Esiphilileyo Samalungelo Osuku Lonke

ISihlaziyo seshumi elinesine asilokhalo lothuli olungokwembali; sisixhobo esisemthethweni esisetyenziswa ngabemi yonke imihla ukukhusela eyona nkululeko yabo isisiseko. Ukusuka kwisibakala esiqhelekileyo sokuba ngummi ekuzalweni ukusa kwisiqinisekiso sokuba urhulumente uya kuniphatha ngokusesikweni nangokulinganayo, izindululo zayo zichaphazela umsebenzi, imfundo, isalathisi, ivoti, nokusesikweni. Ukuba ufaka isikhalazo ngocalucalulo, ukhusela amalungelo akho enkundla, okanye ngokulula ukuvota, iSiphendulo se - 14 sisemva kwakho.

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho phantsi kwale migaqo kulinyathelo lokuqala lokuwachaza. Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba ubumi bakho, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, okanye amalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo aphulwe, ukudibana negqwetha okanye ukuqhagamshelana nentlangano yoncedo olusemthethweni kungakunceda uqhubele phambili inkqubo. UmGaqo-siseko awungomagama nje akwisikhumba sesikhumba ``isithembiso esiphilayo ukuba urhulumente umele ahlonele isidima nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.