Umbhalo Wesiqalo

]“ Thina bantu baseUnited States, silungele ukwenza i-Union egqibeleleyo, simisela uBulungiseleli, ukuqinisekisa ukuba bulungile basekhaya, ukunikezela ngokhuselo oluqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza iNtlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zeNtshukumo kuthi ngokwethu kunye nePostrity yethu, simisela kwaye siseke lo mGaqo-siseko we-United States of America.”[FLT]

Imeko - ngqondweni: Isizathu Sokuba Esi Sihlo sibhalwe

Isiqalo asizange sivele kwi-athom. Atyphicles zoNxulumaniso , ezagunyaziswa ngo-1781, zashiya urhulumente wesizwe ebuthathaka. Ingqungquthela ayikwazanga ukushiya irhafu yetyala, ukulawula intengiso, okanye ukunyanzelisa izivumelwano. Amazwe enza njengamazwe azimeleyo. Azenza njengemali yawo siqu, ashicilela imali kwaye abeka iziphendu-mphithi zemali kwenye. Isiphithiphithi-ma nesiphithiphithiphithi-phithi semali salandela. Ngonyaka wewaka ka1786, , i-Shay Revectivetions [ ingunxago karhulumente wesizwe] wabhek'ikhono lokubeka phantsi kwengxube yemfazwe eMassadessattsch. Iinkokeli ezifana noAleanders zabizwa ukuba ziququququle i-hlolo, kodwa iziphumo zobuliso.

Izicwangciso ezidityaniswe ePhiladelphia ngo1787 ngenjongo yokudala urhulumente onamandla kakhulu ombindi- `omnye onokucombulula iingxaki zee-1780. IPregedge, ebhaliswe nguGouverneur Morris, yongezwa ukuchaza ... { lo rhulumente omtsha wayedalwe kwaye unenjongo yokufikelela. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho oza kushwankathela nje, uMgaqo-siseko umisela izinjongo [[FLT:] zonke ezo uxwebhu lwaluyilelwe ukuzalisekisa.

Ukuqhekeza Ibinzana Eliyintloko

“ Thina Bantu”

Le ndawo ivulekileyo kukunduluka okugqithisileyo kumaxwebhu alawulayo. Amanqaku eSihlomelo aqala ngo- “Kubo bonke abakhoyo abaya kuza,” idilesi esemthethweni. UmGaqo-siseko omtsha uqala ngokuthi“ Thina bantu”[ `Siyaqiniseka ukuba ulawulo lusuka kubemi, hayi kumazwe okanye kukumkani. Eli binzana liquka umgaqo we- ulawulo , ingcamango yokuba urhulumente osemthethweni ufuna imvume yabalawulwa.

Kodwa “Abantu” bonyaka wewaka linamakhulu asixhenxe87 babekude kumntu wonke. Abafazi, ama-Afrika, amakhoboka amaMelika, amaMelika amantsundu, kunye namadoda angenazinto bakhutshwa kakhulu ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Ibinzana lalinomnqweno; kwathatha iinkulungwane zemfazwe kunye neenguqu zomGaqo-siseko ukunyusa idinga le “Thina bantu” kubemi abaninzi. Sekunjalo, amagama anika isiseko semibutho yamva . Ukusuka kwabalawuli bemfazwe ukuchaza ukuba kumele amalungelo alinganayo kubaxhamli banamhlanje abasebenzisa yona ukuvavanya imithetho engekho bulungisa.

AmaFederali aphikisa ngelithi “Thina bantu” simanyanisa uhlanga, ngexa iAnti-Fedalist ixhalabisa ukuba iza kuluphelisa ulawulo. Ulalaniso phakathi kwamandla esizwe norhulumente ludityaniselwe kwimiGaqo-siseko eseleyo, kodwa ulwimi lweDaquzelelo lubeka abantu ngokucacileyo kumgangatho wolawulo.

“ Ukuze kwakhiwe iManyano egqibeleleyo”

IiNkqutyana zoMbutho zibiza umanyano ngokuthi “Ngokuthe rhoqo,” kodwa zazingafezekanga. Ibinzana elithi “igqibelele kakhulu” livuma iziphene zeeManqaku kunye nemfuneko yokuphuculwa. Abaquququzeleli bafuna umanyano olunokusingatha ulwahluko lwangaphakathi, ingxabano yezoqoqosho, kunye nezisongelo zangaphandle ngexa zigcina amaphondo njengeeyunithi ezinentsingiselo. [ Abangamakhoboka [indlu yowiso-mthetho emelelwe ngamanani kwindlu kunye nomelo olulinganayo kwiBhange) kunye nolumelo olulinganayo lwendlu) kunye nezisongelo ezithiweyo ezithiweyo [[FLT] [if] [abangamakhoboka] (abasebenzi abafana noothunywa abathathu-ffti-oth-oth bendlela yokusebenza) balufumana umanyano oluno olufezekileyo lolwano oluno lwezimotyiso luye lwamayo oluno oluno oluno oluno oluno olunoluthi lufezekileyo

Eli binzana likwachaza ithemba lokuba umanyano luza kuqhubeka luguquka. Alizange lifune ukufezeka kwangoko-ukufuna isiseko sokuqhubekeka ukuya kwimfezeko kwixesha elizayo. Le ngcamango yokuqhubekeka kophuhliso ivumela umGaqo-siseko ukuba ulungelelanise ngokulungisa, ukutolikwa kwemithetho, kunye nokutshintsha kwentlalo.

“ Okusesikweni kwase-Establish”

Isigwebo, kwimbono yabalawuli, sasithetha inkqubo yemithetho esesikweni nengakhethi buso. Phantsi kweManqaku, kwakungekho nkundla yesizwe egwebayo , yayingabalawuli bokugqibela beempikiswano zomthetho, ngokufuthi ekhokelela kwimithetho engqubanayo. UMgaqo-siseko wadala icandelo lejaji [[FLT:] eliphetheyo [[FLT:]] elinomthetho osezantsi, onikwe amandla okucombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe, onegunya lokuchaza umthetho wesizwe, nokuqinisekisa ukudibana. [[FLT:] [12] Isenzo somthetho womthetho womthetho ogwetyiweyo [FLT]] wamisela iinkundla ezisezantsi, kunye [FLT] [FLT] .Mbulkm.[185] [5] [5]

“ Ubulungisa be-Esttablish Justice” bukwathetha ukhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho , ingcamango engazukuchazwa ngokupheleleyo de uMphetho-weshumi elinesine wamkelwe emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya. Isicelo sobulungisa sisetyenziswe ngamalungelo alinganayo okuphikisa ukurhoxa, amalungelo okuvota, kunye notshintsho lolwaphulo-mthetho. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)[FLT], iNkundla icaphula ukubaluleka kwamalungelo alinganayo emfundo njengenxalenye yemo yenjongo yomthetho wezobulungisa.

“Indlela yokuqinisekisa ukukhubazeka kwasekhaya”

Abalimi baseMassachusetts, bethweswe amatyala nerhafu, bevalelwe iinkundla zelizwe yaye besongela umkhosi welizwe. Urhulumente wesizwe wayengenazo imikhosi okanye imali yokuphendula. Oorhulumente bakarhulumente bahlukene. Ekugqibeleni imvukelo yaphenjelelwa ngumkhosi oxhasayo, kodwa eso siganeko seyisela abaninzi ukuba urhulumente onamandla olawulayo wayefuneka ukuze agcine ucwangco.

“ Uxolo oluphakathi” lubhekiselele kuxolo nozinzo kwimida yesizwe. UmGaqo-siseko wanika iBhunga amandla okubiza amajoni “okuphumeza uMthetho we-Union, ukucinezela ukukhutshwa nokukhutshwa kwe-Invassition” (ISiqendu I, Icandelo 8). Kwakhona lawalela amazwe ukuba angene emfazweni ngaphandle kwemvume yesivumelwano sohlanga. Kamva, [FLT: 0] Umthetho woburhulumente wobuzwe wo-1807 wanika umongameli igunya lokuthumela amajoni orhulumente ukuba alungise ucwangco-mthetho ukuze aphinde alungelelane kwisicelo solawulo lwawo okanye irhuluneli yayo.

Ukungabi nazingxabano asikokuphela nje kokungabikho kwengxabano; bubukho benkqubo esebenzayo engokwasemthethweni neyopolitiko enokucombulula iimbambano ngaphandle kogonyamelo. Ukugxininisa kukaPregedge kwizolo zasekhaya kugxininisa ukubaluleka korhulumente okwaziyo ukugcina uxolo ngoxa ehlonela inkululeko yasekuhlaleni.

“ Isiqinisekiso sokhuselo oluqhelekileyo”

Ilizwe elitsha lasongelwa ngamagunya aseYurophu, ingakumbi iBritane neSpeyin, ezazisahlala kummandla waseMntla Merika. Izicwangciso zoMbutho zalishiya ilizwe liphantse lingenakhuseleko: kwakungekho mkhosi umileyo, akukho mkhosi waselwandle wokuthetha ngawo, yaye akukho ndlela iphambili yokuxhasa imisebenzi yomkhosi. UmGaqo-siseko wakhetha oko ngokunika iBhunga igunya lokuphakamisa nokuxhasa imikhosi, ukunikezela nokugcina imikhosi yamanzi, ukubhengeza imfazwe, nokumisela imithetho yomkhosi.

Ibinzana elithi “ukhuselo oluqhelekileyo” lithetha ukuba ukhuseleko luyimbopheleleko eyabelweneyo. Asilolawulo okanye izilangazelelo zobuqu; liyintlanganisela ehlawulwayo ngabahlawuleli kwaye ilawulwe ngurhulumente wezwe. Eli binzana lisisiseko sobume bomkhosi wesizwe, ukusuka kwiSebe lokhuselo ukuya kwiNkqubo yeNkonzo Ekhethiweyo. Iingxoxo ngokusetyenziswa kwemali yokuzikhusela, ungenelelo lomkhosi, nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kuyaqhubeka kumiselwa ukulungiselela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo.

Okubalulekileyo kukuba, ibinzana livela ecaleni kwe “general Welfare,” licebisa ukuba ukhuseleko nentlalo-ntle zidityanisiwe. Uhlanga olunokuzikhusela nalo kufuneka lunyamekele intlalo-ntle yabantu balo.

“ Phumeza iNtlalo-ntle Jikelele”

Lo mgaqo uye waba ngomnye wezona zikhuphiswano ziphambili kwimbali yaseMelika. Alexander Hamilton waphikisa ukuba ucaciso olubanzi ````````````'''''''''. IBhunga-Mvume linokuchitha imali nangayiphi na injongo enceda intlalo-ntle jikelele, kuquka inkqubela phambili, imfundo, kunye nenkxaso kushishino. Jahobody Madison wathatha imbono emxinwa, enyathelela ukuba amandla okusebenzisa intlalo jikelele alungiselelwe intlalo-ntle entlalo, icandelo le-I, I I I I I I.

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, imbono emxinwa ibambeke. Kodwa ngexesha le- i-New Dec yee-1930, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqalisa ukwamkela inkcazelo ebanzi, ivumela iKhomyutha ukuba yenze uKhuseleko lweNtlalo, ukungabikho komsebenzi, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zikarhulumente phantsi kolawulo lokuhlawulwa nokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Ukungahambi komdla. Davis (37)[[FLT], iNkundla ixhase uKhuselo loKhuseleko lwezeko loKhuseleko, isithi “ukunyuselwa kwentlalo-ntlelo-ntlelo-ntle" kungumbandela wokugqiba.

Namhlanje, ibinzana elithi “indawo yeWelfare eqhelekileyo” licatshulwe kwiingxoxo ezingokwasempilweni, kwizibonelelo, kwimfundo, nakumgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho. Ayiniki mandla angasikelwenga ncam . Ukusetyenziswa kwemali kuyafuna ukuba inkcitho karhulumente ibe yeyokuzisa “ingeniso yemali” yoluntu okanye yeyobuqu, kodwa ivumela urhulumente ukuba acombulule iingxaki zesizwe kwiinkqubo ze-fiscal. Ulwimi lwe-Pregargery lusikhumbuza ukuba injongo karhulumente ibandakanya ukuphucula impilo yabemi bakhe.

“ Zigcinele iintsikelelo Zenkululeko Nendlela Esizifumene ngayo”

Inkululeko yayisisibhengezo esikhuthazayo seMvukelo yaseMerika. Abaququzeleli baqonda ukuba inkululeko ingalahleka ukuba urhulumente unokuba ngoozwilakhe okanye ukuba umanyano luqhekekile. “Intsikelelo” icebisa ukuba inkululeko sisipho esifanele ukukhuselwa, hayi isiqinisekiso sokukhuselwa kwesiphithiphithi. Isiqalo sikhusela “isiqu sethu kunye nezizukulwana zethu,” ukwenza inkululeko imbopheleleko yokuzalwa.

UmGaqo-siseko wokuqala wakhusela inkululeko ethile .writ ye-habeas corpus, ukuvalwa kwetyala lephepha le-finder kunye namanye amalungelo akhoyo emva kwetyala, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala `kodwa ayizange iquke irejista yamalungelo. Oku kushiywe phantse kwadityaniswa kwemida ethintelayo. Oku kuthintelwa kwe-Federalis kwakufuna ikhuselwa ngokucacileyo ngenxa yokuthetha, ukucinezelwa, ukucinezelwa, ukuvotelwa, namanye amalungelo. Isiphumo yayiyi BB yamalungelo [ [iiiiiiiiintenxa yokuqala yeshumi], i-antempsenzi egunyazweyo), ivunywa ngo1791. Kamva ukupheliswa kobugqi, ukukhuselwa kobukhoboka obufana, ukuvota okuqinisekisiweyo, amalungelo okwandayo, nokuqhubekelwa kwenkululeko.

“ Iposi” ibonisa ukuba abasebenzi babecinga ngezizukulwana ezizayo. Babefuna abantwana babo nabazukulwana baphile ngenkululeko. Le mbono iphambili ishukumisele abantu baseMerika ukuba balwele amalungelo asekuhlaleni, bandise idemokhrasi, bakhusele amaxabiso omgaqo-siseko nxamnye nezisongelo namakhaya. Ubunzima bobu , ukukhuthuzwa kwamalungelo asekuhlaleni, kunye nomlinganiselo womtshato [[[FLTLT:1] bonke baphuma kwisithembiso senkululeko yezahlulo.

“ Cwangcisa uze useke lo mGaqo-siseko”

Ibinzana lokugqibela lisisenzo sokudala. “Ordain” lithetha umyalelo obalulekileyo, onegunya;“ ukumiselwa” kuthetha ukuseka ngokusisigxina. Bobabini, bavakalisa ukuba abantu ngumthombo wegunya lomGaqo-siseko. IPregridge ayithi “ukumiselwa kwamazwe” okanye“iBhunga elimiselayo.” Ithi “ Thina bantu... siyayimisela kwaye siseke. Oku kwenza umGaqo-siseko ube ngumbano phakathi kwabemi, hayi umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwamazwe olawulo oluphezulu.

Inkqubo yokwandiswa kolwakhiwo yakubonisa oku. Kunokuba ivunywe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, umGaqo-siseko wathunyelwa kwiindibano ezikhethekileyo kwiphondo ngalinye. Ezi ndibano zakhethwa ngqo ngabantu, ngokubhekele phambili zigxininisa ulawulo oluqhelekileyo. Imfuneko yokuba isithoba seshumi elinesithathu sivume ukuba iraziswe , kwaye i-rather kunezingalinganiyo phantsi kwemiqathango . [``````Ii-FLT'''''' yayenze urhulumente omtsha angakwazi. Emva kokusetyenziswa kolwimi lwangaphambili yayithetha ukuba umGaqo-siseko wawungumthetho welizwe [FLT] [iK] [incogle:3] [iincopho], ibophelele kuwo onke amagunya, nakuwolawulo.

Isizathu Sokuba Isiqalo Sisebalulekile

Isiqalo asingomthombo wamandla ancinci. Inkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibambelele kwelokuba ayinakusetyenziswa njengegunya elizimeleyo. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Transport Corp. (1936], iNkundla yaphawula ukuba iNkundla “ichaza iinjongo zomGaqo-siseko,” kodwa amandla eKhongozelo kufuneka afunyanwe emzimbeni woxwebhu. Kodwa iPreggy ihlala iyisikhokelo esibalulekileyo sokutolika. Inika isimbo sokufunda umbhalo woMgaqo-siseko, inceda abagwebi nabahlali ukuba baqonde iinjongo ezingaphezulu ze-frames ezizakufezeka.

Kwiingxoxo zanamhlanje, iNgxelo ibizwa ukuba iphikise ngendima efanelekileyo karhulumente. Abaxhasi borhulumente onamandla karhulumente worhulumente bathetha ku- “general Welfare” kunye no-“ukhuselo oluqhelekileyo.” Abameli bamalungelo karhulumente bagxininisa ukuba isiqalo sohlolo siqala ngo-“Thina bantu,” hayi“Thina mazwe,” kwaye phawula ukuba uLawulo lweSibonelelo lweSishumi soMmiselo lunamandla kumaphondo okanye kubantu. I-Preginggetry ivela kwimimiselo [[[[FLT:]] kunye nezigqibo, apho abaenzi bomthetho basebenzisa khona ulwimi lwabo ukuthethelela umthetho omtsha.

Ngaphaya kwenkundla, iPregedge ingumzekelo wesizwe. Icatshulwa ngabantwana besikolo, abacatshuliweyo ngabezobupolitika, kwaye iboniswe kwizakhiwo zikawonke-wonke. Iinjongo zayo ezintandathu ($union, okusesikweni, ubutofotofo, intlalo-ntle, intlalo-ntle, i--erfecurence (ukulungisa) ukuchaza okufutshane kwenjongo yesizwe. Ukuqonda iPregegqu kuthetha ukuqonda oko iMerika ifuna ukuba kube kuko, kwanaxa ithe yasilela.

Isiphelo: Umbono Ohlala Ukho

Isiqalo somGaqo-siseko sisinye nje isivakalisi, kodwa sibamba umoya walo lonke uxwebhu. Isikhumbuza ukuba urhulumente akakuphelanga ngokwaso, kwaye sisixhobo sokufikelela iinjongo ezahlulweyo. Abaseki babesazi ukuba “imanyano egqibeleleyo” ayinakuze iphele. Banika izizukulwana ezizayo isiseko sokuqhubeka zizabalazela okusesikweni, ubuqaqaba, ukhuseleko, intlalo-ntle nenkululeko.

Ngalo lonke ixesha amaMerika ephikisana ngobukhulu borhulumente, ungenelelo lomkhosi, inkqubo yezoqoqosho, okanye amalungelo asekuhlaleni, aphikisana ngentsingiselo yesiqalo. Amazwi awo ayasebenza namhlanje njengokuba ayenjalo ngo1787. Ngokuqonda oko iPregethi ithetha ngokwenene, abemi bangadibanisa iinjongo ezisisiseko kwiingxaki zedemokhrasi yale mihla, kwaye baqhubeke nomsebenzi wokuzimisela nokumisela umanyano olugqibeleleyo ngakumbi kuthi nakwinzala yethu.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona Irekhodi yogcino-lwazi lohlanga lomGaqo-siseko, iCornell Information Institute of the Calture Institute yeDiagnore, kunye [[FLT:] [FLT] Jakodison's amanqaku kwiConvention yeMgaqo-siseko.