Table of Contents

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usebenza njengolona nxibelelwano lungqalileyo phakathi kwabemi norhulumente wabo, ukujongana nayo yonke into ukususela ekukhuseleni amapolisa ukuya ekulungiseni izigqibo. Ukuqonda oko oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokukwenza kwaye abakwazi ukukwenza ngokomthetho kubalulekile kubemi, kubaphathi bezoshishino, nakwiinkokeli zezentlalo ngokufanayo. Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuneka anikwe igunya ngurhulumente, edala isiseko esintsonkothileyo esingokwasemthethweni esiyahluka kakhulu kulo lonke elaseUnited States.

Amagunya kunye nokusikelwa umda koorhulumente basekuhlaleni kuphenjelelwa yimigaqo yomgaqo-siseko, imithetho karhulumente, iinkcazelo ezingokwasemthethweni, kunye noxanduva oluqhubekayo phakathi kwenkululeko yoluntu nolawulo lukarhulumente. Olu khokelo lubanzi luhlola igunya elisemthethweni loorhulumente basekuhlaleni, imiqathango abajamelana nayo, nendlela le mithetho echaphazela ngayo abantu kulo lonke elaseMerika.

Ukuqonda isiseko somGaqo-siseko sabasemagunyeni bakarhulumente

UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States awukhankanyi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Endaweni yoko, uMgaqo-nkqubo weSihlaziyi weshumi ugcina amagunya anika igunya kumaphondo. Lo mgaqo usisiseko ubonisa ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bazizidalwa zomthetho karhulumente, abafumana onke amandla abo kwimimiselo yorhulumente, kunokuba athathwe ngqo kumGaqo-siseko wesizwe.

IsiHlanzi seSihlaziyo seshumi sivakalisa ukuthi, "Amagunya angegunyaziswanga eUnited States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga nguwo kumazwe, agcinelwe kumazwe ngokulandelelanayo, okanye kubantu. Oku kuthetha ukuba la mandla anegunya elibanzi lokudala, lokuguqula okanye ukuphelisa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni njengoko bebona kufanelekile.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenzisa kuphela lawo magunya bawanikwe ngamagunya, yaye urhulumente unokuyiguqula ngokutsha indima negunya likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni njengoko ebona kufanelekile. Olu lwalamano luphantsi lubumba isiseko sokuqonda oko oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokukwenza kwaye abanakwenza ngokusemthethweni.

Izakhiwo Zahlukahlukeneyo Zorhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Kukho amaqela karhulumente amalunga nama-85 000 e-United States. Ezi ziquka ubalo (olubizwa ngokuba ziirhamente eLouisiana nase-boroughs e-Alaska), oomasipala (izixeko, iidolophu, needolophana), iilokishi, kunye nesithili esikhethekileyo. Luhlobo ngalunye lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni lunegunya neembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo ezixhomekeke kumthetho wesizwe.

Urhulumente udla ngokubeka imbopheleleko kwiipaki nakwimisebenzi yokuzihlaziya, kumasebe omlilo, kwizindlu, kwiinkonzo zonyango zongxamiseko, kwiinkundla zikamasipala, kwiinkonzo zezithuthi (kuquka ezothutho zikawonke wonke), nakwimisebenzi kawonke wonke (iindawo zokuchitha inkunkuma, ukukhutshwa kwekhephu, imiqondiso, njalo njalo).

Imimandla ekhethekileyo yimimandla enendawo echaziweyo apho kunikezelwa khona inkonzo ethile, njengezibuko okanye izithili zomlilo. Ezi sithili ziswele amandla okumisela imithetho, kodwa zinamandla okuququzelela imimiselo yolawulo esoloko ithwala amandla omthetho kumhlaba olawulwa ngokuthe ngqo zezi zithili.

Umthetho we-Dillon: Isithintelo esiqhelekileyo kwigunya lobulali

Enye yezona mfundiso zibalulekileyo ezisemthethweni ezilawula oko oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokukwenza yaziwa njengeDillon's Rule. Umthetho ka Dillon usekelwe kwityala lenkundla yelizwe laseIowa apho Ijah Judge John Dillon walawula ukuba oomasipala babenokusebenzisa kuphela lawo mandla aye anikwe ngokucacileyo ngurhulumente okanye anokugqalwa ngokufanelekileyo njengeyimfuneko kwezo njongo zivakalisiweyo (Clinton v. Cedar Rapids kunye neMissouri River Railrord, 24 Iowa 455, 476 [1868]).

Umthetho ka Dillon uthatha indlela enqamlezileyo kugunya lasekuhlaleni, ithetha ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikwe amandla acacileyo ngurhulumente. Le nkcazelo ingqongqo ithetha ukuba ukuba kukho amathandabuzo kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukuba unegunya lokuba athathe inyathelo elithile, impendulo icingelwa ukuba ayinjalo.

Indlela osebenza ngayo umthetho ka Dillon phesheya kwama- States

Amazwe angamashumi amathathu anesine asebenzisa uMthetho ka Dillon ukuchaza amandla oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Kwala mazwana angama-39, 31 asebenzisa umthetho kuwo onke oomasipala kunye nabasibhozo (njengeKhalifoniya, Illinois, kunye neTennessee) akhangeleka esebenzisa umthetho kuomasipala abathile kuphela. Amazwe alishumi awalandeli kuMthetho weDillon konke konke.

Ubuchule boorhulumente basekuhlaleni bokusabela ngokunempumelelo kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni ekupheleni koo1800 bathintelwa kakhulu ngumthetho ka Dillon; akukho nyathelo lasekuhlaleni lingathatyathwa ngaphandle kwemvume yendlu yowiso-mthetho karhulumente, ehlangatyezwana kuphela ngethuba elifutshane, eliziintlanganiso zeminyaka ebhilisiweyo. Njengokunjalo, uMthetho kaDillon udla ngokufuna ukuba amagosa asekuhlaleni achithe ixesha elininzi ekhuthaza uwiso-mthetho ukuvumela iindleko ezinika igunya lasekuhlaleni nokungavumelani nemiqathango enika imiqathango enzima kuzo.

Phantsi koLawulo lukaDillon, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bajongene nemiqathango ebalulekileyo. Abakwazi ukwenza iinkqubo ezintsha okanye iinkonzo ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uzigunyazise ngokukhethekileyo ukwenza njalo. Oku kunokwenza kube nzima kuluntu ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza kucelomngeni okanye iimeko ezingaqhelekanga zasekuhlaleni.

Ulawulo Lwasekhaya: Ukwandisa Amandla kaRhulumente

Ukuphendula uxanduva loMthetho kaDillon, uninzi lwamazwe amkele ulawulo lwamakhaya olunika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ubuchule obungakumbi. Umthetho wasekhaya yintsebenziswano yamandla ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kumaqela angaphantsi koorhulumente (kuquka ubalo-mali, oomasipala, iidolophu okanye iilokishi okanye iidolophana). Elo gunya lilinganiselwe kumasimi athile, kwaye liphantsi kokucaciswa okuzinzisa, kodwa ulawulo lwasekhaya ludala ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni lwenkululeko kwaye lumisela umda weqondo lokungenelela kwemeko yorhulumente kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni.

Ukungafezeki kwale nkqubo kungenxa yokuba amazwe amaninzi aqalisa ukwamkela "ulawulo lwekhaya" amalungiselelo asekuqaleni koorhulumente bawo basekuhlaleni. Ulawulo lwasekhaya lumela iinguqu zentanda-bulumko ukuya kukuqonda ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka babe nenkululeko yokucombulula iingxaki zasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kokusoloko befuna imvume karhulumente.

Iintlobo zegunya loLawulo lwasekhaya

Kwamanye amazwe, eyaziwa ngokuba ngumthetho wamakhaya, umgaqo-siseko karhulumente unika oomasipala kunye/okanye ubalo-manani lokukwazi ukudlula kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zemithetho ukuzilawula (ukuba nje imithetho ayingqubani nomgaqo-siseko wesizwe nowezwe).

Ulawulo lwasekhaya lukwindidi eziliqela:

  • Amandla enkcubeko[[FT:1] – ukukwazi ukukhetha uhlobo lukarhulumente nokumisela uhlaziyo lwechar-charal
  • Amandla oququzelela – igunya lokusebenzisa urhulumente wobulali kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yezomgaqo-nkqubo
  • Amandla e-Fasical - igunya lokumisela imithombo yengeniso nokumisela irhafu ngokwemida
  • [[UMTL:0] Amandla ePersonal – igunya lokumisela imithetho yemisebenzi neemeko

Ngokwesiqhelo, amandla obuchule abanzi ayasebenza kwisakhiwo sikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kwaye ezona zimxinwa zinikwe ukuxhasa ngemali. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwanemithetho yolawulo lwasekhaya isoloko ijongene nemiqathango ebalulekileyo yelizwe ekuhlawuleni nasekusebenziseni igunya layo.

Inyaniso Yolawulo Lwasekhaya

Umthetho ka Dillon kunye nolawulo lwasekhaya azikho ezichaseneyo. Akukho rhulumente ogcina onke amandla akhe, kwaye akukho nanye ehlisa lonke igunya lakhe kwiindawo. Kwanakumazwe olawulo olunamandla, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bahlala bengaphantsi kwegunya likarhulumente kwaye kufuneka bathobele umthetho worhulumente nowolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

INational Association of Counties ithi kwi 14 yamazwe ubalo (okanye iingingqi ezilinganayo) zisebenza phantsi koMthetho kaDillon, ngeli lixa i 13 amazwe evumela zonke izibalo zolawulo lwasekhaya kunye namazwe angama-21 anentlanganisela yomthetho wasekhaya nomthetho ka-Dillon. Oku kudala umsebenzi wesiphatho wegunya likarhulumente wongingqi kulo lonke ilizwe.

Amandla Oorhulumente Bendawo

Phezu kwako nje ukwahlukahlukana komthetho karhulumente, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kulo lonke elaseUnited States ngokuqhelekileyo banamagunya athile angundoqo abawancedayo ekukhonzeni abantu bawo ngokunempumelelo.

Amandla oMthetho noLawulo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bawisa imithetho ngemithetho, belandela inkqubo yezicelo, iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, ukuhlalutya, nokuvota, ngalo lonke ixesha behambisana nemithetho karhulumente neyorhulumente. Le mithetho iyakwazi ukulawula intlukwano yemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni, ukusuka kwimigangatho yengxolo ukuya kushishino.

Oorhulumente bendawo banegunya lokusebenzisa umhlaba nokucoca, nto leyo emela elinye lawo abalulekileyo. Bangachaza iindawo abanokuhlala kuzo, ezorhwebo okanye ezoshishino, bamisele imigaqo yokwakha, baze balawule inkqubela-phambili yokukhusela impilo nokhuseleko loluntu.

Irhafu Nenzala

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banegunya lokuqokelela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zerhafu kunye neerhafu zokuxhasa iinkonzo zikarhulumente. Iirhafu zempahla zimela umthombo wengeniso ephambili kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Banganyanzela iirhafu zentengiso, iindleko zelayisensi, iindleko zezoshishino, kunye nezinye iindleko, nangona la mandla egunya ngokuqhelekileyo ephantsi kwemiqathango karhulumente.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badalwa yaye bathotyelwa oorhulumente, abanakuyibeka imithetho ephikisana nomthetho karhulumente, kwaye ngokuyintloko baxhomekeke kwirhafu yempahla neerhafu zeenkonzo kunokuba baxhomekeke kwimiba yerhafu ebanzi. Eli gunya lilinganiselweyo lengeniso linganyanzela ubuchule boorhulumente basekuhlaleni bokuxhasa iinkonzo nokusabela kwiimfuno zoluntu.

Ulungiselelo lweenkonzo zikarhulumente

Amazwe anika abasemagunyeni ukuba oomasipala baququzelele baze bamisele izakhiwo zikarhulumente ukuze bacombulule iimfuno zabantu (_ngokubanzi ziquka ugutyulo, izinto eziluncedo, izibonelelo, ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, kunye nolawulo lwemisebenzi yezentlalo neyezorhwebo.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikela iinkonzo ezibalulekileyo:

  • Ukhuseleko lwamapolisa nomlilo
  • Iinkqubo zokuchitha amanzi nezokuchitha amanzi
  • Ukugcinwa kwesitalato nokususwa kwekhephu
  • IMiphaka neZiko loLonwabo
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Iinkonzo zezonyango zexesha likaxakeka
  • Ukwenziwa kovavanyo kunye nokugcinwa kwekhowudi
  • Inkundla yasekuhlaleni neenkonzo zogwebo

Iinkonzo ezilungiselelweyo ziyahluka ngokwentlobo zorhulumente wasekuhlaleni, umthetho karhulumente, neemfuno zasekuhlaleni. Ii-Countries zidla ngokunikela iinkonzo kwiindawo ezingafakwanga, ngeli xesha oomasipala benikela iinkonzo ezininzi kwimida yesixeko.

Amandla Amapolisa

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banegunya lokulawula impilo, ukhuseleko nentlalo - ntle yabantu. Eli gunya libanzi libenza bakwazi ukuthetha nabantu abasengozini, balawule izinto ezinokuba yingozi, yaye bakhusele abantu kwingozi.

Amagosa asebupoliseni enza ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bamkele imithetho yokwakha, imithetho yempilo, imilinganiselo yokhuseleko lomlilo, kunye nokukhuselwa kwemeko-bume. Noko ke, la mandla kufuneka asetyenziswe ngendlela esengqiqweni kwaye akanakuwaphula amalungelo omGaqo-siseko okanye ukungqubana nomthetho worhulumente norhulumente.

Imiqathango Ebalaseleyo Kwigunya Likarhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Ngoxa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni benamandla aphawulekayo, bakwajamelana neengxaki ezingakumbi ezingomthetho ezibathintelayo ukuba benze izinto ezithile.

Ukwahlula umGaqo-siseko

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka bathobele umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. kunye nomgaqo-siseko wabo wesizwe. Abanakwaphula amalungelo omntu ngamnye akhuselwe yiBhili yamaLungelo, kuquka inkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo neyokuhlanganisa. Kufuneka balungiselele inkqubo efanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko olulinganayo phantsi komthetho.

UMgaqo-siseko uyalela ukuba kubekho izivumelwano, izinto ezithengiselwa irhafu okanye ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, okanye ukurhweba ngemali. Kwakhona ama-United States asenokungangeni imithetho ephikisana nomGaqo-siseko wase-United States. Le miqathango ikwasebenza koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, abanegunya elincinane kunamazwe.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanako:

  • Urhwebo lwangaphakathi
  • Ukungena kwizivumelwano namazwe asemzini
  • Imali ekhon ’ indleko okanye imali yokupapasha
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukuba izivumelwano zifanelekile
  • Nciphisa ukhuseleko olulinganayo okanye inkqubo efanelekileyo
  • Ukungquzulana kwamalungelo asisiseko omgaqo-siseko

Ukhukuliso lweRhulumente

Ukuhlangulwa kwelizwe kumela omnye weyona miqathango ibalulekileyo kumagunya karhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ama-odolo angamisela okanye ayiphelise imithetho yasekuhlaleni ngokukhulula — imfundiso esemthethweni ishishini lecuba eliye layisebenzisa njengesixhobo sokuthomalalisa amanyathelo oluntu asekuhlaleni. Ngokufana nesakhiwo solawulo lwamazwe asekuhlaleni, kuba oorhulumente bangaphantsi koorhulumente, imithetho karhulumente ithatha indawo yemithetho yasekuhlaleni ukuba iimfazwe ezimbini, kwaye izikhulu zikarhulumente zingalimisela okanye zilitshayelele igunya lasekuhlaleni.

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yelizwe ingacima umsebenzi wobulali ngeendlela ezininzi:

  • ucofo - umthetho wesizwe wolela ngokucacileyo umthetho wasekuhlaleni kwindawo ethile
  • Isetyenziswa ukukhulula - umthetho wesizwe uthatha indawo ngobubanzi kangangokuba akukho ndawo ishiyekileyo kumthetho wobulali
  • Intelekelelo ye-consolet – umthetho wasekuhlaleni ungqubana nomthetho wezwe, ukwenza umthetho wobulali ungasebenzi

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amaphondo aye asebenzisa uvavanyo olungakumbi ukukhusela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ekulawuleni imimandla enjengekhefu elincinane, ikhefu elihlawulwayo lokugula, ukuvalwa kwengxowa yeplastiki, ukulawulwa kwemipu, kunye nemigaqo yesixeko esingcwele. Le ngxaki iye yadala impikiswano ephawulekayo ngokulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi korhulumente negunya lasekuhlaleni.

Imida Yemali Nerhafu

Irejista yamazwe amisela imiqathango eyahlukeneyo kwigunya likarhulumente elikummandla ohlala kuwo. Amazwe amaninzi anemiqathango yemigaqo-siseko okanye yomthetho kwixabiso lerhafu yempahla okanye ukwanda kwengeniso yerhafu yempahla ngonyaka. Amanye amazwe afuna imvume yabavoti xa ihlawulwa irhafu ingaphezulu kwemiqobo ethile.

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanako okuqhelekileyo:

  • Irhafu ye-Impose engaphaya kwemida egunyazisiweyo karhulumente
  • Dala iindidi ezintsha zerhafu ngaphandle kogunyaziso lukarhulumente
  • Imilinganiselo epheleleyo yamatyala emiselwe ngumthetho karhulumente
  • Yisebenziseni imali ngenjongo engagunyaziswanga ngumthetho

Ezi zithintelo zemali zingakulinganisela ngokuphawulekayo ukukwazi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuxhasa iinkonzo zemali nokulungisa iimfuno zoluntu, ingakumbi xa uqoqosho ludodobala okanye amaxesha okukhula ngokukhawuleza.

Imida Kwigunya Lolawulo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanakuyimisela imithetho ephikisana nomthetho karhulumente. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwanakwimimandla apho oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banegunya lolawulo, bamele baqinisekise ukuba imithetho yabo iyavumelana nomthetho karhulumente.

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni akanako ukuzilawula kwimimandla eyintloko ekwakukho iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente okanye zesizwe, ezifana nezi:

  • Umgaqo-nkqubo wemfundo karhulumente (nangona besenokuqhuba izikolo eziphantsi kwegunya likarhulumente)
  • Ukusebenza kwemisebenzi emininzi
  • Iinkqubo zohola-ndlela
  • Umthetho wezaphuli - mthetho ongaphaya kwemithetho yasekuhlaleni
  • Ukuqinisekisa ukuba
  • Imilinganiselo yokusingqongileyo ingqongqo kakhulu kunomthetho karhulumente (kwamanye amazwe)

Imizekelo Engqalileyo Yaloo Nto Oorhulumente Bengingqi Abangenakuyenza

Ukuqonda imida kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni kufuna ukuba uhlolisise imizekelo ethile yezenzo ezilelweyo.

Ayinako Ukophula Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanakuwisela imithetho ephazamisa amalungelo omGaqo-siseko, nokuba loo mithetho isenokuthandwa ngabantu basekuhlaleni.

  • Unqulo oluchaseneyo nonqulo okanye unqulo olunye kunolunye
  • Yibeke imiqathango kwintetho yezobupolitika esidlangalaleni
  • Uphande ngokungekho ngqiqweni uze uxhuzule
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo
  • Ukungacalucalulo okusekelwe kuhlanga, unqulo okanye kwezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo

Iinkundla ziya kuwisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni echasene nokhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko, kungakhathaliseki iinjongo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni okanye izinto ezikhethwa nguluntu.

Ayinakukhupha Igunya Elinikwe Ngurhulumente

Kumazwe oLawulo lukaDillon, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanakuthatha iintshukumo ngaphaya kwezo zigunyaziswe ngumthetho karhulumente. Phantsi koMthetho ka Dillon, urhulumente wamazwe asezantsi angabandakanyeka kumsebenzi kuphela ukuba ugunyaziswa ngurhulumente.

Oku kuthetha ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kula mazwana abanako ukwenza iinkqubo ezintsha, ukumisela imimiselo emitsha, okanye ukunikela iinkonzo ezintsha ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente ubanike igunya lokwenjenjalo. Kwanezenzo ezibonakala zincinci zisenokufuna ukuvunywa ngurhulumente.

Ayinakuqukumbela urhwebo lweInterstate

IClaus yezorhwebo yomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. inika iNkomfa amandla okulawula ushishino lwamazwe ngamazwe. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanakukwazi ukudlulisela imithetho enzima okanye ekhetheka ngokungeyomfuneko kurhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo.

Ngokomzekelo, ngokuqhelekileyo oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanako:

  • Irhafu yerhafu okanye yerhafu kwimpahla evela kwamanye amazwe
  • Cela amashishini axhasa abarhwebi basekuhlaleni
  • Yenza imiqobo kurhwebo lwamazwe aphakathi
  • Imisebenzi eyenzekayo ngokuyintloko kwamanye amazwe

Ayikwazi Ukuhoya Ucimo lwemeko

Xa umthetho karhulumente uthoba inyathelo kwindawo ethile, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanako ukulawula kuloo mmandla, kwanokuba bakholelwa ukuba imithetho yasekuhlaleni inganceda ngakumbi ekukhonzeni uluntu lwabo. Imizekelo yakutshanje yokucinywa ngurhulumente iquka:

  • Imithetho ehlawulwayo – Amanye amazwe ayalela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bamisele umvuzo ophezulu kunowona uphantsi karhulumente
  • Imimiselo yemipu – Uninzi lwamazwe lwayiphelisa imithetho yolawulo lwemipu yasekuhlaleni
  • Ukuvalwa kweebhegi zeplastiki – Amazwe aliqela aye akwalela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bavimbele iingxowa zeplastiki
  • Imigaqo-nkqubo yesixeko esicocekileyo – Amanye amazwe ayalela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bathintele ukusetyenziswa kwentsebenziswano nokunyanzeliswa kokufuduka
  • Imimiselo yexeshana lokuqesha – Amanye amazwe amisela igunya lasekuhlaleni ukulawula iqonga elifana ne-Airbb

Oorhulumente Basekuhlaleni Bayazuza

Phezu kwayo nje le miqathango, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balondoloza ukuzilawula okunentsingiselo ekusebenzeni. Baye basinda ekulawuleni komthetho kunye nomthetho karhulumente wokusebenzisa iintsika ezine zokuzilawula: (1) amandla okuthatha inyathelo lokuqala, okanye amandla okusebenza ngendlela enenjongo; (2) amandla okuzikhusela, okanye amandla okusebenza ngaphandle koloyiko lolawulo oluthe ngqo lweziqendu eziphezulu; (3) inkululeko ethile ekucinyweni okuphezulu; kunye (4) nobuchule bokuvumelana, oko kukuthi, ukukwazi ukusebenza ngolwalamano oluphakathi koluntu.

Ngengqiqo engekho semthethweni, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bayakwazi ukuzilawula ekuthetheni ngabemi ekuhlaleni nakumandla abo nokuma kwabo njengegunya, njengoko benenxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo kwizigqibo zoorhulumente abachaphazela izilangazelelo nemisebenzi yabo.

Iindawo zokulawula koMmandla waNgaphakathi

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balawula:

  • Usetyenziso lwelizwe nokulungisa – ukuchaza indlela impahla enokusetyenziswa ize yakhiwe ngayo
  • izibonelelo zengingqi engaphandle – ukwakha nokugcina izitrato, iindawo zokuchitha inkunkuma, kunye neenkqubo zamanzi
  • Ikhowudi yokwakha – emisela imilinganiselo yokwakha yokhuseleko nomgangatho
  • Ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke olukwindawo ekufuphi – iSebe loKhuthazo lwamapolisa kunye namasebe omlilo
  • [[UMTL:0] IiPark kunye nezokuzonwabisa – Ukudala nokuphatha izithuba zikawonke-wonke kunye neenkqubo
  • Umgaqo woshishino lwasekuhlaleni – Licensting kunye nolawulo lwamashishini obulali

Kule mimandla, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni badla ngokuba nengqiqo ephawulekayo yokuvumelanisa iinkqubo ezinxulumene neemeko nezinto ezithandwayo zasekuhlaleni, phantsi komthetho karhulumente nowamagunya.

Indlela Amandla Karhulumente Asekuhlaleni Ahamba Ngayo

Iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zoorhulumente basekuhlaleni zinamandla ahlukahlukeneyo yaye zinokusikelwa umda ngokwahlukileyo.

Oorhulumente Bamaphondo

Izakhiwo zasekwa ekuqaleni njengezixhobo zolawulo zikarhulumente zolawulo ukulungiselela ukuvelela nokuphunyezwa kwemithetho nemiyalelo karhulumente. Noko ke, njengoko abemi besanda kwaye befuna iinkonzo ezingaphaya kwamandla karhulumente, uninzi lwamazwe lunikwe igunya elingakumbi lokubala ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zelo tyala.

Amazwe agcina umgangatho ophezulu wegunya kwaye agunyazisa ukuhlangabezana nomgangatho othe ngqo wenkonzo karhulumente nokuhambisa iinkonzo zikarhulumente kunye neenkqubo kumaziko awo.

Imimandla ehlala abantu idla ngokuba ngurhulumente ophambili kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni, ulungiselela iinkonzo ezifana nokunyanzeliswa komthetho, ukulungiswa kweendlela neenkonzo zezentlalo.

Oorhulumente bakaMasipala

Urhulumente kaMasipala umiselwe ngoorhulumente bengingqi begunya eligunyazisiweyo kwimithetho nemithetho yephondo, amiselwe ukulungiselela urhulumente jikelele ukuba afumane indawo ethile, ngokuqhelekileyo engqinelana nesebe labantu kunokuba ibe yindawo apho ingingqi yahlulwa khona.

Urhulumente usoloko enobubhetyebhetye ngakumbi kulwakhiwo lwawo nakumsebenzi, ingakumbi ukuba asebenza phantsi komthetho-siseko wolawulo lwasekhaya.

Izidibi ezizodwa

Imimandla ekhethekileyo inoorhulumente abazimeleyo abanenjongo elinganiselweyo ngokuqhelekileyo ibhekisa ingqalelo kumsebenzi othile okhethekileyo ofana namanzi nogutyulo. Aba rhulumente banenjongo enye banegunya kummandla wabo omiselwe ukuba basebenze.

Iphondo elikhethekileyo linganikela ngeenkonzo ezinjengezi:

  • Inkonzo yamanzi nenkqubo yokuchitha umgubo wendle
  • Ukhuseleko lomlilo
  • Uthutho lukawonke-wonke
  • IMiphaka neNkxaso
  • IiThala leeFayili
  • ISebe

Ngoxa imimandla ekhethekileyo iye yagxininisa kwigunya, ijongene nemiqathango yomgaqo - siseko nemithetho karhulumente efanayo neminye imimandla yoorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Indima Yeenkundla Ekuchaseni Amandla Karhulumente

Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekutolikeni umgangatho wegunya likarhulumente. Xa kuvela iimpikiswano malunga nokuba urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unamandla okuthabatha inyathelo elithile kusini na, iinkundla kufuneka zigqibe ngokusekelwe kumalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, imimiselo karhulumente, kunye nemizekelo engokwasemthethweni.

Umthetho kaCooley walandelwa okwethutyana ziinkundla eIndiana, eIowa, eKentucky naseTexas de iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yaxhasa uLawulo lukaDillon ngo-1907 (Umzi othe kratya wePittsburgh) kwakhona ngo1923. Le mvume yokulawula yoMthetho ka-Dillon iye yabumba umthetho wasekuhlaleni kangangenkulungwane.

Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa imigaqo emininzi xa zivavanya igunya likarhulumente:

  • Imithetho yasekuhlaleni icingelwa ukuba iyasebenza ngaphandle kokuba ichasene ngokucacileyo nomthetho
  • Izenzo ezigunyazisa amandla zisombululwe nxamnye norhulumente wasekuhlaleni kumazwe oLawulo lukaDillon
  • Amalungiselelo olawulo lwasekhaya atolikwa ukunikeza izilawuli ezifanelekileyo
  • Ukukhutshwa kwemeko kufuneka kucace ukudlula igunya lasekuhlaleni
  • Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanakugqitha igunya labo lokulawula imimandla

Ulwalamano lwamaBhunga kunye neNkxaso

Oorhulumente abasebenzi besodwa. Basoloko besebenzisana noorhulumente bakarhulumente noorhulumente, kwakunye nabanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, bedala umanyano oluntsonkothileyo lonxulumano lwamarhulumente.

Ulwalamano lwendawo-bume

Kukho umahluko omkhulu kulwalamano lwendawo-yonkqu kunye nangaphakathi. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuthetha ngorhulumente wasekuhlaleni eUnited States kukuthetha ngeemeko ezingokwasemthethweni nezobupolitika ezahlukeneyo ezingaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu.

I-Atlantis ibonelela ngenkxaso-mali kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ukwabelana ngengeniso, irhafu, kunye nerhafu yokwabelana ngerhafu.

Ukusebenzisana Kwaloo Ndawo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangasebenzisana ukulungiselela iinkonzo ezifanelekileyo okanye ukusingatha iingxaki zengingqi. Amazwe amaninzi agunyazisa izivumelwano ezingaphakathi kwelizwe ezivumela oorhulumente ukuba babelane ngezinto, basebenzisane, okanye baququzelele imigaqo-nkqubo.

Imizekelo yentsebenziswano ekhoyo phakathi kwabantu abahlala kwindawo enye iquka:

  • Imibutho yocwangciso lwengingqi
  • Iinkonzo zongxamiseko ezicabeneyo
  • Izivumelwano zokuthenga ezidityanisiweyo
  • Abaphathi bothutho lwe-Metropolitan
  • Iinkqubo zokuchitha amanzi amdaka

Utyekelo Lwakutshanje Kwigunya Likarhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Kutshanje kuye kwavela izinto eziliqela ezichaphazela oko oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokukwenza noko bangenakukwenza.

Uvavanyo Olwandisiweyo Lwemeko

Amaqela abonakalisa umdla ahlukeneyo ayaqhubeka efuna iindlela zokumisela ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni ngokuxhasa imithetho ekhukulisiweyo kunye nokucaciswa kwemithetho engqongqo elawulayo. Ukwanda kwakutshanje kwimithetho ekhutshwa ngamandla kunye nokuchazwa okungqongqo okungqongqo kwamandla olawulo lwasekhaya vis-à-vis kubangele imibutho eyahlukeneyo nabaphengululi ukuhlolisisa kwakhona imfundiso yomthetho wasekhaya kunye nokuvelisa imigaqo efuna ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi koorhulumente bawo basekuhlaleni.

Le ngcamango iye yadala impikiswano yokuba ukucinywa ngurhulumente kuyayithoba na idemokhrasi yasekuhlaleni yaye kuthintela uluntu ukuba lungacombululeki ngempumelelo iingxaki zasekuhlaleni.

Ukwenziwa kwakhona kwaloo ndawo kunye novavanyo

Ngaphandle kokucinezelwa okunyukileyo, oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni bayaqhubeka bezama ukuvelisa nokuzama iindlela ezintsha zokulawula nokuhambisa inkonzo. Izixeko kunye nobalo zisebenza njenge "imisebenzi yedemokhrasi," iinkqubo zokuvavanya ezinokumkelwa kamva kwiphondo okanye kumgangatho wesizwe.

Iindawo ezihlaziyayo zasekuhlaleni ziquka:

  • Ukutshintsha komlinganiselo wemozulu
  • ICANDELO: ISebe
  • Inkqubela yezoqoqosho
  • Ubugcisa basedolobheni obunobuchule
  • Utshintsho lobupolisa boluntu
  • Ungenelelo lwempilo karhulumente

Ucelomngeni Lokuhlala Uhleli

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ujamelana neengxaki eziqhubekayo ezichaphazela amandla abo okusebenzisa ngokunempumelelo amandla abo.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zabemi Nezamashishini

Ukuqonda oko oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokukwenza nokungenakukwenza kuchaphazela abantu abahlala apho namashishini abo.

Kubemi

Abemi bafanele baqonde oko:

  • Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banegunya kwimibandela emininzi echaphazela ubomi bemihla ngemihla
  • Ezinye iingxaki zifuna isenzo sikarhulumente okanye sikarhulumente kwaye azinakusombululwa
  • Ukuthabatha inxaxheba kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni kunokuphembelela izigqibo zokuhlaliswa, zeenkonzo nemimiselo
  • Imithetho yasekuhlaleni kufuneka ihambisane nomthetho karhulumente nokarhulumente
  • Abemi banokucel ’ umngeni izenzo zasekuhlaleni ezingaphaya kwegunya elisemthethweni

ISebe

Imisebenzi yeshishini esebenza kwiindawo ezininzi kufuneka iqhube imimiselo eyahlukeneyo yasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda igunya likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni kuyawanceda amashishini:

  • Ukusebenzisana nemithetho yasekuhlaleni esebenzayo
  • Isalathisi somsebenzi
  • Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba (77%) lubonise ukuba
  • Qonda xa umthetho karhulumente uphosa umthetho wasekuhlaleni
  • Ukulungiselela ukwahluka kwiimfuno kwiimfuno kwiinkonzo ezisemagunyeni

Ubuchule bokuqonda amagunya karhulumente

Imibutho emininzi nezinto eziphathekayo zinokunceda abemi, amagosa nabaphengululi baqonde igunya likarhulumente:

  • UManyano lwesizwe lweZixeko – Inika ulwazi kunye nolawulo koorhulumente bakamasipala ( http://wwww.lc.org])
  • Imanyano yeNational of Counties – i-memodificates zoorhulumente bamaphondo kwaye inika ubuncwane kwigunya lephondo
  • Imanyano yehlabathi yoLawulo – inika uphuhliso olunolwazi kunye nophando kubaphathi borhulumente basekuhlaleni ( http://cma.org)
  • umanyano lwesimo sikamasipala - mbuso ngamnye unemibutho enika ulwazi ngomthetho karhulumente wobulali kwelo lizwe
  • igqwetha lesizwe izimvo jikelele – uninzi lwamazwe lupapasha izimvo zomthetho ezitolika igunya likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa i-Autonomy neRhulumente

Umbuzo woko oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banokukwenza noko bangenakukwenza ngokomthetho ubonisa inkxwaleko esisiseko kurhulumente waseMerika. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka balungelelanise indima yabo njengamaziko asabelayo, alawulwa ngedemokhrasi asondelelene nabantu nesikhundla sabo esisemthethweni njengamaqela angaphantsi karhulumente.

Igunya loorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente norhulumente lihambelana kwezinye iindawo; umzekelo, oorhulumente belizwe noorhulumente banamandla okuhlawula irhafu, ukuseka iinkundla, nokumisela nokunyanzelisa imithetho. Kwezinye iinkalo, njengolawulo lorhwebo kwilizwe, ukusekwa koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, nenyathelo kwimpilo kawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, oorhulumente banengqiqo ephawulekayo.

Isakhiwo somthetho esilawula urhulumente wasekuhlaleni siyahluka-hluka kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe, ezinye zinika ulawulo lwamakhaya olubanzi nezinye zigcina imiqathango engqongqo yoMthetho we-Dillon. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo kubalulekile nabani na ofuna ukuphembelela inkqubo yasekuhlaleni okanye ukuqonda indlela urhulumente wasekuhlaleni asebenza ngayo.

Njengoko abantu bejamelene neengxaki ezintsha − ukutshintsha kwemozulu baye kuphazamiseka kutshintsho lobugcisa ukuya kutsho kutshintsho lwamanani------- kuya kuqhubeka ingxoxo ngegunya likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Ukufumana ulungelelwano phakathi kolawulo loluntu nolawulo lukarhulumente kusel

Nokuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banalo na igunya elaneleyo lokucombulula iingxaki zale mihla, okanye enoba bafuna inkululeko engakumbi kulawulo lukarhulumente, kuxhomekeke kwindlela ubani ajonga ngayo indima efanelekileyo karhulumente wengingqi kwinkqubo yethu yorhulumente. Into esala icacile kukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, phezu kwayo nje imiqathango yabo, banendima ebalulekileyo kulawulo-moya lwaseMerika, ukulungiselela iinkonzo eziyimfuneko nokusebenza njengolona nxulumano oluthe ngqo phakathi kwabemi norhulumente wabo.

Ukuze ufumane ulwazi oluninzi malunga norhulumente kunye namagunya ongingqi, tyelela USUSA.gov State kunye nephepha loRhulumente wobulali okanye jonga kumanyano lukamasipala welizwe lakho okanye umanyano lwemiba.