Ukwahlulwa-hlulwa komGaqo-siseko kwamandla

Ukwakhiwa korhulumente wase-United States kuxhomekeke ekuhlukaneni kwangamagunya ngamagunya ngamasebe amathathu alinganayo: iGaqo-siseko, iSilawuli, kunye neSigwebo. Esi sakhiwo, esifakwe kwiMigaqo I, II, kunye ne III yomGaqo-siseko, sasiyilelwe ukunqanda ukubekwa kwegunya nokukhusela inkululeko. Ngokubeka iimbopheleleko ezahlukeneyo kwisebe ngalinye kwaye sidala iinkqubo zokuphathana, abalawuli bakha inkqubo enyamezeleyo kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini. Ukuqonda indlela la masebe asebenza ngayo kungekhona kwimibutho yabafundi kodwa nakumntu ngamnye onqwenela ukuqhubana ngokunentsingiselo yezopolitiko. Eli nqaku lihlola isebe ngalinye elikwizitshixo, lilandela intsebenzi yalo, kwaye lihlola inkqubo eqhubekayo yokuhlola nokulungelelanisa okuzinziswayo.

Isebe Lomthetho: Ummeli Woluntu

ISebe loMthetho, elidweliswe kwiGatya I lomGaqo-siseko, linikwe amandla ayintloko okuyila imithetho. Ingqungquthela sisiko le-badyral, eliyilwe yiNdlu yabameli kunye neNdlu yeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNkulumbuso. Le ndlu, enamalungu angama-435 ahlulwe ngabemi bakarhulumente, yenzelwe ukuba iphendule ngokuthe ngqo kubantu. IBhunga, nabaquququzeleli ababini, nokuba bunjani na ubungakanani, linikela umelo olulinganayo lwamazwe kunye nequmrhu elidelelayo. Esi sakhiwo sibini sasisahlulwa ngokwahlulwa phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane eMgaqo-siseko we-1787, kwaye siyaqhubeka sisenza ukwenziwa kwemithetho esebenzayo namhlanje.

Ukubekwa Kwemithetho Negunya Loqingqo - mali

Umsebenzi obonakalayo weBhunga kukuququzelela, ukuphikisana, nokuvota kumthetho. Umthetho kufuneka udlulise omabini amaziko efomu efanayo phambi kokuba anikwe uMongameli. Noko ke, iBhunga likwanegunya elipheleleyo phezu kwemali yemali karhulumente: onke amatyala engeniso aphuma kwindlu, kwaye omabini amagumbi kufuneka avume uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le. Eli gunya lengxowa leSikhwasa linika isebe loLawulo oluPhezulu isixhakamfuze. Umzekelo, iBhunga lingayeka ukuxhasa inyathelo lomongameli, lithintele ukuphunyezwa kwalo.

Icebiso Nemvume

IBhunga leNdlu yeQela lisebenzisa igunya elongezelelekileyo ngecebiso lalo nangendima yalo. UMongameli ubeka uphakamiso-magama koonobhala, abagwebi borhulumente, abameli, nabagwebi beNkundla ePhakamileyo, kodwa iNdlu yeNtlanga mayiqinisekise ukuba ingunothombo ngamnye ngevoti elula (ngaphandle kokuba i-monicbuster iyacelwa, nto leyo ngoku efuna amavoti angama-60 ukuze oyiswe). Oku kwenza uphando olubalulekileyo kukumiselwa kwegunya. Kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ukuqinisekisa kuye kwasiba luxanduva ngolwano, ngokungeyo ukuphendula kwemiqatha ekwizikhundla legunya.

Amandla Okufikelela

IBhunga likwanegunya lokususa uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli, namanye amagosa karhulumente ngokungacetyiswanga. Indlu inegunya elipheleleyo lokurhoxa (ukuzisa izityholo) ngevoti elula yabaninzi. Indlu yesigqeba iqhuba ityala, ngevoti ezimbini-3 efunekayo ukuchola nokususa igosa. Le nkqubo iye yasetyenziswa rhoqo kuphela: oomongameli ababini baye batyunjwa yiNdlu kodwa bakhululwa yiNdlu-mgamza, kwaye iqaqo yabagwebi bephondo lishelwe. I-Candelo lisisixhobo esilula kodwa esiyimfuneko sokubamba uLawulo noMgaqo-mkhosi weBhavi liphendule.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Ukuthobela Imithetho

Inqaku lesibini lezakhono zokulawula kuMongameli omnye, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente. UMongameli uncediswa nguMongameli onguMongameli ophetheyo, iKhabhinethi (intloko yamasebe alawulayo anjengeLizwe, uKhuselo, uBuxhakaxhaka, kunye noLawulo olusesikweni), kunye nesebe elikhulu lorhulumente lamaqumrhu kunye noorhulumente abagunyazisiweyo. Umsebenzi oyintloko weSebe leSebe elilawulayo ngukubona ukuba imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga ibulawa ngokuthembeka.

Umphathi Kumgaqo-nkqubo Omkhulu nowasemzini

UMongameli ungumphathi-mikhosi kwintloko yemikhosi exhobileyo, enika iSebe eliphetheyo indima ephambili kukhuseleko lwesizwe nakwimicimbi yemikhosi. Ngeli xesha iBhunga kuphela lingavakalisa imfazwe, uMongameli angathumela imikhosi phesheya kangangeentsuku ezingama-60 phantsi kweSigqibo samaGunya emfazwe ka 1973. Kwinkqubo yamanye amazwe, uMongameli uthethana nezinye iintlanga, nangona izivumelwano zifuna ukuvunywa kweBhunga ngevoti ezimbini-3. Izivumelwano zolawulo, ezingafuni mvume yeCante, ezifunayo ukuba iNtsinjana ivumelo-mthetho, ziba luye luyeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokusingatha imicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe.

Imiyalelo nemiyalelo yegunya

Oomongameli badla ngokusebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya ukukhokela urhulumente wesizwe ngaphandle kokulinda umthetho. Le miyalelo ithwala amandla omthetho kodwa ingapheliswa ngoomongameli abalandelayo okanye ivakaliswe njengengagunyaziswanga ziinkundla. Umzekelo, uMongameli Truman uzama ukuthabatha izigamlo zentsimbi ngexesha lemfazwe yase Korea yabethwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi ulutsha olusemgangathweni we-Stafu & Lamp; Tube. Co. v. Satyyer [1952]. Imiyalelo yolawulo lolawulo loburhulumente ingumatshini onamandla kwi-Geneformation, kodwa inyanzelwa yi-Rhulument ne-ongion.

Amandla Eveto

Enye yezona ndlela zingqalileyo iSebe eliLawulayo lihlola iSebe loMyalelo lingaphaya kweveto. Xa iKhomishini igqithisa umthetho, uMongameli angawusayina umthetho, awuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kosayino (emva kweentsuku ezilishumi xa iBhunga likwintlanganiso), okanye iveto. I-veto ithumela uxwebhu emva kweBhunga, olunokuthi luwulawule kuphela ngobuninzi obubini obukwimida yombini. Ngenxa yokuba ukufumana ezo nkcukacha zikhulu kunzima, u-veto unika uMongameli umlawuli ubuchule obubalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokulawula. Oomongameli baye basebenzisa uvavanyo lwemithetho elungelelasiweyo ukulungiselela inkqubo yemithetho, enokuba ngabasebenzi abambalwa.

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika uMthetho

IGatya III limisa iSebe lezeejaji, elikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States kuquka neenkundla ezisezantsi zephondo ezasungulwa yiBhunga. Umsebenzi ophambili wejaji kukutolika umthetho nomGaqo-siseko, ukucombulula iimpikiswano ezivela phantsi kwegunya lorhulumente. ABagwebi basebenza ngokumisela ubomi babo bonke ngexesha lokuziphatha okuhle, bebakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika baze babavumele ukuba benze izigqibo ezingakhethi cala.

Ukuhlolisiswa Kwezogwebo Namandla Eenkundla

Elona gunya linzulu leSebe lezeejaji luhlolo logwebo: igunya lokuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezingekho mgaqweni. Nangona umGaqo-siseko ungaliniki ngokuphandle eli gunya, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa ukuba kwityala eliphawulayo Marbury v. Madison [1803]. Ukususela ngoko, uhlolo lwezomthetho luye lwaba lilungu lembombo lenkqubo yomthetho yaseMelika. Inkundla ePhakamileyo iphula inxalenye encinane kuphela yetyala elibhenele kulo [[FLT]] [malunga nama-70) ngonyaka ngamnye.Madison[FLT] kunye nezo zinto ezibandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo okanye iinkundla eziphantsi.

Iinkundla zoManyano kunye neNkqubo yezibheno

Ijaji yejaji yephondo ilungelelaniswe yaba ngamaqondo amathathu: iinkundla zesithili (iinkundla zetyala), iinkundla zesiphaluka zezobheno, kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo. Amacala adla ngokuqala kwinkundla yesithili, apho ijaji okanye abachopheli-tyala bamisela izibakala. Iqela eliphulukana netyala linokubhenela kwinkundla yesiphaluka, okuthi kuphinde kuqinisekiswe ityala eliqinisekileyo. Ukuba ityala libandakanya imbambano enyanisweni karhulumente, lisenokubhenela kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo, egqiba enoba iyalinika ityala eli tyala (inkqubo yokuvuma). Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa amathuba amaninzi okulungisa okusemthethweni.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Ngezindululo zayo, iSebe lezeeJaji likhusela amalungelo akhuselwe kwiBhili yamaLungelo kunye nokulungisa okulandelayo. Izigqibo zophawu ezinjenge Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1954) ephelisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, Ukuqulukwa kwamalungelo okusemthethweni. [[FLT] ] [197773]]) ukuseka amalungelo okuqhomfa, kunye no-Obergefell v. Hodges (2020]) umtshato osemthethweni ubonisa indima efanayo kwinkqubo yolungiso lwentlalo. Noko kuqalo lwenkundla, ngoko kuqwalathiso lwenkundla olulawula iimfazwe.

Ungenelelo Phakathi kwamasebe: Inkqubo yeepeksi kunye nolungelelwano

Inkcubeko yenkqubo yaseMelika ilele kukwahlula amagunya kuphela, kodwa kulwalamano oludibeneyo oluvumela isebe ngalinye ukuba lithintele elinye. IFramers zasebenzisa iingcamango zikaMontesquieu kunye namava abo okulawulwa kwamathanga xa besenza le nkqubo. Ngapha koko kukho iindlela ezingundoqo amasebe asebenzisana ngazo ukugcina ucwangco kwaye athintele nabani na ekulawuleni.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

IBhunga linokumcingela uMongameli ngeendlela ezininzi ezinamandla:

  • [[UMTL: 0] u-o ukungananzi kweveto ngobuninzi obubini- 3 kumagumbi omabini.
  • Comment=Uqinisekiso lokuququzelela okanye lokulandula amadinga obumongameli (uqinisekiso lwe Senethi).
  • Uphando kwimisebenzi yegunya.
  • [[UMTL: 0] i-etheal kunye nokususa uMongameli, uMongameli onguMongameli onguMongameli, okanye amanye amagosa asekuhlaleni.
  • Imali esetyenziswayo esetyenziswayo ukuxhasa iinkqubo ezilawulayo kunye namasebe.
  • Imithetho exhomekeke kuMphathi-mikhosi olawulayo.

Ezi zixhobo ziqinisekisa ukuba uMongameli akanakwenza nto ngaphandle kwemvume yokuququzelela. Umzekelo, xa uMongameli uAndrew Johnson waphula umthetho woMthetho we-Ofisi ngo-1868, iNdlu yamgweba (nangona iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtsimi ingenatyala). Kutshanje, iBhunga liye lasebenzisa iindlebe zokuhlola ukuziphatha okubi kwesebe elilawulayo, njengeNtlanganiso yeIran-Contrate kunyaka wama- 1980 kunye nehlazo lamanzi kuma-1970.

Icandelo Elilawulayo Lihlola Umthetho

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu likwaphethe ikhontrakthi phezu kweKhonkxa:

  • [[UMTL:0] I-Veto umthetho ukukhusela iindleko ekubeni ngumthetho.
  • [[UMTL: 0] iintlanganiso ezizodwa zeNgqungquthela (esetyenziswa ngokutsha kumaxesha angoku).
  • Ingqungquthela yeLungu ngempembelelo kaMongameli kunye nokhokelo lweqela.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Yimiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu egqitha inyathelo lomthetho.

Iveto yeyona ijongeka ngqo. Umongameli uFranklin D. Roosevelt wanyusa amatyala angama-635 ngexesha lokuphatha kwakhe, ngaphezu kwawo nawaphi na owandulelayo. Oomongameli bale mihla badla ngokusebenzisa isisongelo se-veto ukumisela umthetho ngexesha lokuthethana.

Ukuxilonga Amasebe Ooaval

Isebe eligwebayo livavanya amanye amasebe ngamandla alo okuhlola okugweba:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Imithetho engavumelaniyo nemithetho ukuba yaphula umGaqo-siseko.
  • Qhuba phantsi imisebenzi yesebe eliphetheyo egqitha igunya lomongameli.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Imimiselo ye-Interpret ngeendlela ezinokuphazamisa injongo yomthetho.

Imizekelo ephawulekayo iquka [[FLT: 0] United States v. Nixon (1974]), apho iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayalela khona uMongameli uNixon ukukhupha iikhasethi zeWatergate, ezikhokelela ekuphumeni kwakhe, kunye neFOLT] National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[[FLT] [2020], apho iNkundla ixhase uninzi lwemithetho yeAfford Cance Irect kodwa ibeke umlinganiselo weClassicas.

Iingxelo Zomthetho Kwindlu Yomkhosi

IBhunga linazo izixhobo eziliqela zokunyanzela iinkundla:

  • Comment=Uqinisekiso lokulungisa okanye lokulandula [[FLT: 1] lwesahlulelo sotyumbo (Isiqinisekiso se Nkosi).
  • [[UMTHL:0] isalathisi esithe ngqo nesisusa [ abagwebi bombutho wokuziphatha okubi.
  • Amen umGaqo-siseko ukubhukuqa iinkcazelo zezahlulelo.
  • Ukutshintsha ulawulo lweenkundla zorhulumente (imida eyi-).
  • [[UMTL:0] dala okanye ususe iinkundla ezisezantsi zesebe lephondo.
  • ikhupha umthetho omtsha ukucacisa okanye ukugqitha umthetho wetyala.

Ngokomzekelo, emva kokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo ibethe iMigaqo yeSikolo Esikhululekileyo kuMthetho we- weUnited States v. Lopez (1995), iKhomkomfa inokuba ibhale kwakhona umthetho ukuze udityaniswe ngokucacileyo norhwebo lwamazwe. Ngokufanayo, ukutshiselwa kwemithetho-siseko ukutshiselwa kweflegi kunye nemali yephulo kutyhila indlela iBhunga elizama ngayo ukuphinda liqaliswe kwiNkundla.

Ukukhula Kwamava Neengxaki Zangaphambili

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela iye yatshintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngexesha. Ngexesha lerepublic yokuqala, urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente wayemncinane, yaye amasebe asebenza ngokuzimeleyo. Imfazwe yamakhaya kunye nokulungisa kwakhona kwavavanya imida .Pudent Lincoln walek'ekwa i-habeas corpus, iKhongres yadala i-Freedmen’s Bureaument, kwaye iNkundla ePhakamileyo yakhupha izigqibo ezifana [[FLT:] Ex eMilligan[[FLT] [1866] inkundla yomkhosi erhabanisayo. Ixesha elitsha le-Diareyimonis yabona unyuko olubalaseleyo njengoMongameli Franklin Frangest. Rooselt yafuna ukulwa kweCance. Inkundla ephakamileyo ekuqaleni yahlasela iinkqubo ezininzi zeNkuhlasela iRosethioseR.

Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini namashumi amabini anesithathu, iSebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu liye lakhula kakhulu kuwo omabini ubungakanani kunye negunya. Ngoku uMongameli ujonge abasebenzi borhulumente abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini. Imingeni yangoku efana nobugrogrisi, ubuphembeleli bekhompyutha, kunye nezifo ezimandundu ezikhoyo iye yabangela ukuba kuqaliswe amandla aphezulu, maxa wambi ngokusetyenziswa kwegunya lomthetho. Isebe lejaji lijongene nokukhutshwa kwemiqathango ekhuselweyo, njengoko kubonwa kwiimviwo zoluvo eziphikisanayo zobulungisa boBarett Kavaugh kunye noAmy Coneybett. Ngelixesha liqhubekile, iBrekhoya, iBrekho eqeshini, ikhohlo, iqhuba i-grithi yemithetho ephambili, ikhokelela ekusetyenzisweni kwemithetho elawulayo kunye nokungenelela kwikomiti yomthetho.

Unxulumano phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alusoloko lububumfama. Ukuvalwa korhulumente kwenzeka xa iBhunga kunye noMongameli bengenakuvumelana ngokusetyenziswa kwemali. Iingxabano ezingaphezulu kwelungelo eliphezulu kunye neepopona ezincinci zidla ngokuphelela enkundleni. Noko ke, inkqubo iye yangqineka iqinile. Isebe ngalinye ligada iimfanelo zalo ngogonyamelo, kwaye uluntu lusebenza njengovavanyo lokugqibela ngonyulo nangomanyano lwezentlalo.

Imizekelo Esebenzisekayo Yokungenelela Kwesebe

Ukubona ii-checks kunye nolungelelwano olusebenzayo, cinga ngenkqubo yokuyidlulisa umthetho omkhulu. Masithi uMongameli ucebisa ukuba kubekwe umthetho olawulayo wokuphucula impilo. Ingqungquthela kufuneka iququzelele intlanganiso idibane nendlu neStename; ifuna ukuba ikomiti yengqungquthela idlulise ityala layo. Ukuba igqitywe, uMongameli angawusayina okanye awubeke phantsi. Ukuba iNkundla izama ukuzama ukuphelisa. Xa iwiswa, umthetho ungajongana neengxaki ezisemthethweni; amaqela enzala aya kuqubisa, ayakuphula umGaqo-siseko. Iinkundla zorhulumente ziya kuphulaphula ityala, mhlawumbi zifikelele kwiNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ukuba inkundla iyakuwuxhasa umthetho okanye iyawubetha. Ukuba ingxube phantsi, ikho ukuzama ukudlulisa uhlobo okanye ukuquluphala kobugqesho-gro-ogral.

Omnye umzekelo yindima yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ekumiseni ukhuseleko lomongameli. Trump v. (2020), iNkundla yagqiba kwelokuba uMongameli akakhuselekanga ngokupheleleyo kwimiqathango yezolwaphulo-mthetho zikarhulumente, iqinisekisa ukuba kwanentloko yenkundla iphantsi kwenkqubo esemthethweni. Ngokufanayo, Trump v. Mazars USA, LLLP [2020], iNkubeko ibekwe imida kwi-Conventionpoionpoes kwingxelo zikamongameli, ulungelelaniso olunolawulo olunelungelo lokuphatha abalawuli.

Isiphelo: Ixabiso Elihlala Lihleli Lokulawula

Unxulumano phakathi kweLegislative, iGunya Elilawulayo, kunye neMasebe eeJaji luyindawo yolawulo lwaseMelika. Ngokwahlula-hlula amandla kunye nokwenza i-line63, umGaqo-siseko ukhusela ekuchaneni nolawulo olucinezelweyo ngeli lixa usenza ukuba kubekho imeko esebenzayo. Le nkqubo ikude nokufezeka / ingacothanga, kwaye ithanda ukuxabana, kodwa ihlala ingumzekelo wokuphendula ngokwedemokhrasi. Kubafundi nabemi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda indlela amasebe ahlolana ngayo inyathelo lokuqala ekuthabatheni inxaxheba. Njengoko uMgwebi weNkunkulu iLouis Branders wakha waphawula, “Imfundiso yokwahlukana kwamandla yamkelwa yiNdibano yewaka eli-1787 ukuze ingakhuthazi ukusetyenziswa kwegunya elisesikweni.”

Ukukhangela le mixholo ngokubhekele phaya, abafundi bangajonga i .Gov inkcazo yamasebe, i- Conar.gov compositionnational repointal[, kunye inxuwa elisemthethweni leNkundla [[FLT:]] ye-[FLT]] [FLT]] [5]] yemibambo kunye nentengiso yembali. Umongo eyongezelelekileyo yembali ikhona ukusuka kuMgaqo-siseko wephepha [[FLT] kunye [FLT]] kunye [FLT]