Ilungelo eliya kwinkqubo efunekayo lilelombombo lenkqubo yomthetho waseMerika, iqinisekisa ukuphathwa kakuhle kwinkqubo yomthetho eqhelekileyo. Ibhalwe kwiMithetho yeNkqutyana neyeshumi elinesine yoMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States, eli lungelo liqinisekisa ukuba abantu abahluthwa bubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo zomthetho. Kubafundisi-mfundo nabafundi, inkqubo efunekayo ibalulekile ngenxa yokuba yenza isiseko sokhuseleko olusemthethweni kwizenzo zoqeqesho, izigqibo zemisebenzi, kunye nokunxibelelana kwamihla le namaziko karhulumente. Eli nqaku linikela ushwankathelo olucacileyo lwenkqubo efunekayo, iintlobo ezimbini ezingundoqo zenkqubo yemfundo kunye nenkqubo yemfundo esebenzayo, exhaswa zizitshixo zeNkukhosi ephakamileyo.

Yiyiphi Inkqubo Efanelekileyo?

Imothelela ingcamango esemthethweni efuna urhulumente ahlonele onke amalungelo asemthethweni anikwe umntu. Isebenza njengenkuselo ekukhanyeni ubomi ngokuzimelayo, inkululeko, okanye impahla ngurhulumente. Le ngcamango ineengcambu zakudala kodwa icetyiswe ngokusemthethweni kwiMagna Carta (1215) kwaye kamva yamkelwa kumGaqo-siseko wase-U. Namhlanje, inkqubo efunekayo yahlulwe yaba ziindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo: ukuncitshiswa kwemiqathango kunye nento engaphantsi.

Ibinzana elithi “umgaqo-nkqubo osele ukho” livela kuMphetho-mda wesihlanu (ugunyazisa urhulumente) kunye noMthetho-Mpanzi weshumi elinesine (ugunyazisa oorhulumente). INkundla ePhakamileyo itolike la mabinzana afuna ukuba nasiphi na isenzo sikarhulumente esichaphazela amalungelo omntu asisiseko siqhutywe ngokusesikweni, ngokucace gca, nangokuhlonela isidima somntu ngamnye. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo, amaqumrhu karhulumente angenza ngokungekho mthethweni, ahluthe amalungelo awo ngaphandle kwesaziso okanye aviwe.

Inkqubo eQhelekileyo

Inkqubo efunekayo yenkqubo igxininisa kwiinkqubo neenkqubo ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zomthetho okanye zolawulo. Iqinisekisa ukuba abantu bafumana isaziso esifanelekileyo kunye nethuba elinentsingiselo lokuviwa ngaphambi kokuba urhulumente athathe inyathelo elinokuwachaphazela kakubi amalungelo abo. Olu hlobo lwenkqubo ifanelekileyo ludla ngokusetyenziswa kwiimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuchotshelwa kwabaphathi, kunye nezenzo zokuqeqesha kwizikolo okanye kwiindawo zemisebenzi.

Isiseko esingundoqo senkqubo yeprocedturac iquka:

  • Inqaku elipheleleyo lenkqubo: abantu kufuneka baziswe ngezityholo okanye izenzo ezithathwa kubo ngendlela efike ngexesha elililo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] I-Opportunity ezakuva: Ukuva okufanelekileyo makunikezelwe, kuvumela umntu anikele icala lakhe.
  • Umenzi wesigqibo ongakhethi cala: Umntu okanye umzimba ogqiba iziphumo kufuneka zingathathi cala kwaye zingabalwanga.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene kumelo olusemthethweni: Kwiimeko ezininzi, abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokumelwe ligqwetha.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene ukunikela ubungqina kunye namangqina anqamlezileyo akwimibhobho: Umntu angazisa kuphambili ubungqina obuxhasa imeko yabo nocelomngeni lobungqina obuphikisayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isigqibo esingunobangela othe ngqo ngokuqiqa: Isigqibo sokugqibela kufuneka sibhalwe kwaye sichazwe isiseko esisemva kwayo.

Umlinganiselo wenkqubo yokulungisa iproceddial efunekayo uyahluka-hluka kuxhomekeke kumongo. Umzekelo, umfundi ojongene nokushenxiswa okufutshane usenokungafuni umyinge wenkqubo efanayo njengomfundisi-mzingeli ojongene nokuphelisa. INkundla ePhakamileyo kwi uMathews v. Eldridge (7.6) wasungula uvavanyo lokulinganisela ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni efunekayo: iinkundla zilinganisa umdla wobuqu ochaphazelekayo, umngcipheko wokungahlawulwa ngempazamo phantsi kwemigaqo ekhoyo, kunye nomdla karhulumente, kuquka noxanduva lweminye yemiqathango yolawulo.

Inkqubo elindelekileyo

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ikhusela amalungelo athile asisiseko ekungeneleleni korhulumente kungakhathaliseki ukuba zisetyenziswa njani iinkqubo. Ithintela oko urhulumente anokukwenza, hayi indlela akwenza ngayo. Le ngcamango yaqala ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 yaye iye yasetyenziselwa ukukhusela amalungelo anxulumene nokuzifunela izinto zobuqu, umtshato, intsapho, kunye nolawulo lomzimba.

Inkqubo esisiseko efunekayo ifuna ukuba imithetho okanye izenzo zikarhulumente zibe nengqiqo, zingabi zeemfante, kwaye ziphumeze injongo karhulumente esemthethweni. Ukuba umthetho uphula umthetho kwilungelo elisisiseko, urhulumente kufuneka abonise umdla onyanzelisayo kwaye umthetho ulungiselelwe kancinci ukuze ufikelele loo mdla. Oku kubizwa ngokuthi “ukuhlolwa kwengcaciso.” Kumalungelo angeyosiseko, umgangatho osezantsi wesiseko esifanelekileyo” uyasebenza.

Imizekelo yamalungelo akhuselweyo phantsi kwenkqubo efunekayo iquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokufumana indawo yobuqu: Ukuquka izigqibo ezimalunga nokuthintela ukukhawula, ukuqhomfa, kunye nolwalamano olusondeleyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ekunene ukutshata: Ukukhetha ukuba ngubani ofanele atshate yinkululeko esisiseko.
  • Ekunene ukukhulisa abantwana: Abazali banelungelo lokwenza izigqibo ngokukhuliswa kwabantwana babo nangemfundo.
  • Amalungelo okulwala unyango lwezamayeza: Abantu ngabanye banelungelo lokwenza izigqibo zabo zonyango (nakweminye imiqathango).
  • Ekunene ukuhamba kwilizwe: Uhambo lwangaphakathi lunelungelo elingundoqo.

Inkqubo esisiseko ephambili ephambili ihlala iyenye yezona ndawo ziphikiswayo zomthetho-siseko. Abahlalutyi bathi iinkundla ziye zaphumelela ngokwenza amalungelo angadweliswanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko. Abaxhasi bahlala besithi kubalulekile ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ekutshintsheni iintloko zikarhulumente.

Ukubaluleka Kwenkqubo Efanele Ifundwe

Imimiselo yemfundo i-microcomss yebutho labantu apho amalungelo afanelekileyo efeza indima ebalulekileyo. Izikolo ngamaqumrhu karhulumente (izikolo zikarhulumente) okanye amaziko azimeleyo asemthethweni, kwaye izenzo zazo zinokubuchaphazela ngokuphawulekayo ubomi babafundi kunye nabafundisi-bafundisi. Inkqubo elindelekileyo iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zoqeqesho zilungile, izigqibo zemisebenzi ziyagwetywa, nokuba bonke abantu banethuba lokuzikhusela kwizityholo. Ngaphandle kwenkqubela efanelekileyo, izikolo zingagxotha abafundi, abafundisi-zomlilo, okanye zifake ezinye izigwebo eziqatha ezisekelwe kubungqina obungachananga okanye ekwenzeni izigqibo ezinetyala.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo iqaphele ukuba abafundi “abawaqeshi amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko kwisango lendlu yesikolo” ( iTinker v. Des Moines Independent School School, 1969). Noko ke, umgangatho wenkqubo efunekayo kwimfundo udla ngokungasetyenziswa ngendlela esesikweni kuneenkundla zolwaphulo-mthetho, ulinganisa imfuneko yesikolo yokugcina ucwangco nokhuseleko kwilungelo lomntu ngamnye lokusesikweni.

Ukulungelelaniswa Koqeqesho Lwabafundi

Xa abafundi bejamelene nezenzo zoluleko ezifana nokuxolelwa, ukugxothwa, okanye ezinye izigwebo ezibalulekileyo, izikolo kufuneka zinamathele kwimigangatho efanelekileyo. Ityala lephawu leGos v. Lopez (1975) limiselwe ukuba abafundi besikolo sikawonke-wonke banelungelo elisemthethweni lemfundo kawonke-wonke kwaye ngoko abanakuhluthwa elo lungelo ngaphandle kwenkqubo efanelekileyo. Inkundla ibambelele kwelokuba ukupheliswa kweentsuku ezilishumi, abafundi kufuneka bafumane:

  • [[UMTL: 0] okanye isaziso esibhaliweyo sezityholo: Umfundi makayazi into ayityholwayo.
  • Ingcaciso yobungqina: Ukuba umfundi uyawakhanyela amatyala, isikolo kufuneka sinikeze isishwankathelo sobungqina obuchasayo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Lithuba lokuveza amacala abo: Eliva lingacwangciswanga kufuneka lenzeke phambi kokuba ukushenxiswa kusebenze, ngaphandle kweemeko zongxamiseko apho umfundi ebeka ingozi.
  • Ukwalathiswa kwesigqibo nezizathu: Umfundi makaxelelwe ngeziphumo nesiseko sesigqibo.

Ukuxolelwa okanye ukugxothwa okude, kusenokufuneka imigaqo engakumbi, kuquka ilungelo lokucebisa, ilungelo lokubiza amangqina, nelungelo lokuva ngokupheleleyo. Izikolo ezininzi ziye zavelisa imigaqo edweliswe ngeenkcukacha echaza ezi nkqubo, ukuqinisekisa ukungaguquguquki nokubonakala.

Izikolo kufuneka zikulumkele ukuphetshwa koqeqesho lolwaphulo-mthetho. I-Ofisi yamaLungelo asemthethweni (OCR) iphanda izikhalazo zokuba abafundi bohlwaywa ngokungqongqo ngenxa yohlanga, ubufana, okanye ukukhubazeka. Inkqubo efunekayo yokudibana kwamaqela nala malungelo abantu, ifuna izikolo zibonise ukuba izigqibo zoqeqesho zisekelwe kwizizathu ezisemthethweni, ezingekho semthethweni.

Inkqubela Elindelekileyo Kubafundisi-

Abafundisi kunye nabanye abasebenzi besikolo banamalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo, ingakumbi xa bejamelene nokupheliswa, okanye ezinye izenzo zomsebenzi ezingalunganga. Abafundisi abaqeshiweyo banokhuseleko olunamandla, kuquka ilungelo lokuchotshelwa ngokusemthethweni phambi kokugxothwa. Kwanabafundisi- ntsapho abangaxhaswanga basenokuba namalungelo athile afanelekileyo ukuba bangabonisa ukulindela ngokusemthethweni umsebenzi oqhubekayo (inzala elungileyo”).

Ityala eliphambili leNkundla Ephakamileyo kulo mba iPicering v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1968), ethi abafundisi- ntsapho banelungelo lokuthetha ngoMgqibo wokuqala wokuthetha ngemicimbi kawonke wonke ngaphandle kokuziphindezela. Noko ke, iNkundla yaqonda ukuba isithili sesikolo sinomdla ekulondolozeni impumelelo kunye nemvisiswano. Ukulungelelanisa ezi mdla, iinkundla zisebenzisa uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo. Ukuba umfundisi-fundisi uqeqeshelwe ukuthetha, banelungelo lokuqinisekisa ukuba uqeqesho aluyi kuwiswa.

Ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lwabafundisi-lwazi luquka:

  • Isaziso setyala nesenzo esicetyiweyo: Umfundisi- ntsapho kufuneka afumane isaziso esibhaliweyo sezizathu zokuphelisa okanye uqeqesho.
  • eva phambi komenzi wesigqibo ongakhethiyo: umfundisi- ntsapho unelungelo lokunikela ubungqina, ukubiza amangqina, kunye namagosa esikolo esinqumla i-aximine.
  • Ilungelo kumelo olusemthethweni: izivumelwano ezininzi nemithetho karhulumente iqinisekisa ilungelo kwigqwetha.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ubungqina: Umfundisi- ntsapho makavunyelwe ukuba ahlole ubungqina besikolo esifuna ukubusebenzisa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokubhenela: Ukuba isigqibo sokuqala sibi, umfundisi- ntsapho angabhenela kwigunya eliphezulu okanye enkundleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhuseleko kwizigqibo ezizenzekelayo okanye eziguquguqukayo: Isigqibo kufuneka sisekelwe kubungqina obucacileyo kwaye singabi bubudenge okanye singabi nalucalulo.

Ukongeza ekuphelisweni, inkqubo efunekayo ikwasebenza nakweminye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo enjengokuthotywa komsebenzi, ukushenxiswa ngaphandle komvuzo, okanye ukurhoxiswa kwesiqinisekiso sokufundisa. Iibhodi zesikolo kufuneka zilandele imimiselo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni echaza ezi nkqubo. Ukusilela ukunikezela ngendlela efanelekileyo efunekayo kungaphumela ekubeni umfundisi- ntsapho abuyiselwe ngomvuzo kunye nomonakalo ohlawukileyo.

Uphawu lwetyala leNkundla ePhakamileyo eliphazamisa inkqubo elindelekileyo kwimfundo

Amatyala amaninzi abalulekileyo eNkundla Ephakamileyo aye achaza indlela ekufuneka kwenziwe ngayo inkqubela kwimfundo. Le mithetho icacisa amalungelo abafundi nabafundisi-mfundo kwaye imisela iimfuno ezincinci ezimele zilandelwe zizikolo.

IGos v. Lopez (1975) — Abafundi Suspensies

Njengoko kuchaziwe, Gos v. Lopez lityala lesiseko lenkqubo efunekayo kubafundi. Abafundi abanesithoba eColumbus, Ohio, baxhonywa iintsuku ezilishumi ngenxa yehambo ephazamisayo ngaphandle kokuchotshelwa. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba isikolo siphule amalungelo afunekayo okuHlaziywa kwenkqubo ye 1450. Inkundla yakholelwa ukuba imfundo ngumdlako womhlaba okhuselwe yinkqubo efaneleyo, kwaye kwanaloo nto imfuno emfutshane ifuna isaziso nokuva okuthile. Eli tyala lamisela “ukuva okuqhelekileyo okusetyenziswa zikolo namhlanje.

Infram v. Wright (1977] — Isohlwayo se-Corporal

[[Nkundla:0] I-Inraham v. Wright , iNkundla yathetha ukuba isohlwayo sekorporal kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke sichasene nomthetho wesiHlazo seNgoqo nesothutho esingaqhelekanga. Inkundla yagqiba kwelokuba iSeth Dementement ayisebenzi kwisohlwayo sesikolo, kodwa yaphawula ukuba umthetho oqhelekileyo nomthetho karhulumente unika inkxaso. Kwakhona iNkucebisa ukuba kwiimeko zokohlwayo olugqithisileyo, abafundi banokuba nenkqubo efunekayo engaphantsi kwe-8. Nangona eli tyala lingamiselanga amalungelo afanelekileyo enkqubo ekufuneka esohlwayo yonke i-corporal, yabala ukuba ukusebenzisa amandla omzimba kumele kusebenzise ingqiqo kwaye kungabi namfanele.

I-Board yemfundo yeSithili seSikolo se-Independent No. 92 yePottawatomie County v. Earls (2002)

Eli tyala lalinxulumene nokuvavanywa kweziyobisi ngaphandle kokukrokreleka kwabafundi abathabatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi engaphaya kwezifundo zesikolo. INkundla yaxhasa inkqubo, ifumanisa ukuba umdla wesikolo ekunqandeni ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ungaphaya kolindelo lwabafundi lokuzilawula. Eli tyala alizange libandakanye imigaqo efunekayo, kodwa lachaphazela inkqubo efunekayo encinci, encinci, ilungelo lokufumana imfihlo. INkundla yafaka uvavanyo olulungeleleneyo yaza yagqiba kwelokuba inkqubo yokuvavanya isengqiqweni yaye ayiyinyangeki, ngaloo ndlela ibandakanya imicimbi efunekayo.

Picering v. Ibhodi yemfundo (1968) — Iimfanelo zokufundisa

Siye saxubusha eli tyala ngaphambili. Ukuvavanya kubaluleke kakhulu kuba kwafunyaniswa ukuba abafundisi- ntsapho abalahlekelwa ngamalungelo abo okuQalisa uGqibelo lokuqala xa bengena kwiklasi. Noko ke, iNkundla yaqonda ukuba ibhodi yesikolo inemdla wokugcina ucwangco kunye nokusebenza kakuhle. Uvavanyo lokulinganisela [ku Pickring[ ihlala ingumgangatho wokuvavanya iimeko zomfundisi-lwazi. Ngaphezu koko, inkqubo efunekayo ekusebenzeni izigqibo ezifunekayo iqinisekisa ukuba abafundisi abasohlwaywe ngenxa yokusebenzisa amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko.

Ibhodi yemfundo . Loudermill (1985) — Ukusebenza ngokusetyenziswa kukawonke-wonke

Nangona eli tyala libandakanya umlindi, hayi umfundisi- ntsapho, imigaqo yakhe isebenza kubo bonke abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke, kuquka nabafundisi. Inkundla yathi abasebenzi bakawonke-wonke abanomdla womsebenzi wabo (njengabafundisi-bafundisi abanophawu lwempahla) banelungelo lokufumana ixesha langaphambi kokuchongwa. Ukuva akufuneki kube luncedo olupheleleyo . "intlanganiso engacwangciswanga nomenzi-zigqibo ingaba yanele", kodwa kufuneka iquke isaziso sazo kunye nethuba lokuphendula. Emva kokuphelisa, ukuva okungakumbi kweposi-mva komva kusenokufuneka. Ilist Livermill[[ iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo efanelekileyo ithambileyo kwaye ixhomekeke kumongomongomongo.

Imisebenzi Esebenzisekayo Yezikolo

Ukuqonda inkqubo efanelekileyo asiyondlela yokuzilolonga nje kuphela, inokuba neziphumo zehlabathi ezizokwenene kwindlela izikolo ezisebenza ngayo. Abalawuli bezikolo kufuneka badibanise imigaqo efunekayo kwimigaqo-nkqubo nemisebenzi yabo yemihla ngemihla. Ukusilela ukwenza oko kungakhokelela ekumangalelweni, kwisigwebo semali, kunye nodumo olubi.

Ukuhlakulela Imilinganiselo Yokuziphatha Efanelekileyo

Izikolo kufuneka zibe nemigaqo-nkqubo ebhaliweyo yoqeqesho echaza amanyathelo okusingatha ukungalungisi kwehambo ephosakeleyo. Le nkqubo kufuneka:

  • Zichazeni izinto ezingafanelekanga nemiphumo enokuvela.
  • Chaza ukuba ngubani oza kuphanda nokuva.
  • Zinike ixesha lokubona nokuva.
  • Vumela abafundi bachaze iziganeko zabo baze bazise amangqina.
  • Nika inkqubo yokucela.
  • Izigqibo eziqinisekisiweyo zisekelwe kubungqina obungebobobo bokuva amava okanye ikhethe.

Ukungaguqu-guquki kungundoqo: ukonakalisa okufanayo kufuneka kuphumele kwiziphumo ezifanayo. Noko ke, inkqubo efanelekileyo ivumela ukuqwalaselwa komntu ngamnye, uqeqesho olungu-(ukungacaciswa) lwezikolo ingaqwalasela imbali yomfundi, iinjongo, nezinye izinto ezinxulumeneyo, logama nje ezo ngqwalasela zisetyenziswa kakuhle nangokucace.

Uqeqesho lwezithuthi ngexesha elifanelekileyo

Ootitshala, iintloko, nabasebenzi abaxhasayo kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho rhoqo ngokweemfuno zenkqubo efanelekileyo. Kufuneka baqonde amalungelo abo njengabaqeshwa kunye namalungelo abafundi.

  • Iimfuno zeNotice: Indlela yokwazisa ngokufanelekileyo abafundi nabazali betyala.
  • Iinkqubo zokuva: indlela yokwenza iindlebe ezingacwangciswanga ezisesikweni nezingakhethi buso.
  • Uxwebhu: [[FLT:] Ukubaluleka kokugcina iingxelo ezibhaliweyo zazo zonke izenzo zoluleko nezizathu zazo.
  • Ukuphepha ukuziphindezelela: Ukuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi ababohlwayi abafundi okanye abo basebenza nabo ngenxa yokusebenzisa amalungelo abo.

Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Namalungelo

Kulo mva wokudubulana kwesikolo kunye nolwandiso olunzulu ngempilo yengqondo yabafundi, izikolo zijamelana nengcinezelo yokuba zithathe inyathelo elikhawulezileyo. Noko ke, inkqubo efunekayo ifuna ulungelelwano. Ukubethwa kwengxaki okanye ukugxothwa komfundi kusenokugwetywa xa esongela ngoko nangoko, kodwa kwanakuloo meko, umfundi unelungelo lokuphulaphulwa ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba ekwazi ukuphumelela. Izikolo azinakusebenzisa ukhuseleko njengengubo yokuvala inkqubela efanelekileyo. Iinkundla ziye zacacisa ukuba “umahluko okhoyo” mncinane yaye kufuneka zisetyenziswe elukholweni olulungileyo.

Isiphelo

Inkqubela engundoqo ingumgangatho osisiseko okhusela abantu kwisenzo soburhulumente sobuqu. Kwizicwangciso zemfundo, iqinisekisa ukuba abafundi nabafundisi baphathwa ngokufanelekileyo, ukuba izenzo zoqeqesho zifanelekile, kwaye wonke umntu unethuba lokuviwa. Inkqubo yengcaciso ilawula iindlela ezisetyenziswayo ekuveni nasekuhloleni, ngoxa inkqubo efunekayo engundoqo ikhusela inkululeko engundoqo njengemfihlo kunye nenkqubo yomkhaya. Imali ePhakamileyo yeNkundla ephezulu (]] iGos v. Lopez, [[FLT]]], [[FLT]]] v.VFLT.FFFFFF.N] [FFF]], kunye neNkqulukss.[5]][5]]