Inkqubo yokulawula umgaqo-siseko imela eyona ndlela iphakamileyo yokwenza umthetho kuyo nayiphi na i-demokhrasi. Yinkqubo etshintsha ngayo isiseko sohlanga, ilungelelanisa imfuneko yokuzinza nemfuno yenkqubela. EUnited States, umGaqo-siseko uye wasebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe iminyaka engaphezu kwama- 230, isiqinisekiso sokuchaza kwangaphambili abafaki-mthetho bawo. Baqonda ukuba uxwebhu alunakumiswa. Umgaqo-siseko oqinileyo, ongaguquguqukiyo uzakuphelisa phantsi kwengcinezelo yezobupolitika okanye ube yinkcitho yembali. Isisombululo V, isakhiwo esicelwe ukwenza kube nokwenzeka kodwa kube nzima ngabom. Ukuqonda indlela le nkqubo esebenza ngayo, isizathu sokuba yenziwe ngayo le ndlela, nendlela oluye lwasetyenziswa ngayo ekuqondeni indaleko yomthetho waseMelika, izobupolitika, kunye nebutho labantu.

Ukudalwa kwenkqubo yokuzilungisa kwakuyenye yemiba ephakathi yokulungelelanisa kwiConvention yezomGaqo-siseko ngo-1787. Abakhi babeqonda ukuba babengalwenzi uxwebhu olugqibeleleyo ixesha lonke. Babesakhela isiseko sozimiselo sokuzihambela ngokwaso, utshintsho lobugcisa, kunye notshintsho oluguquguqukayo lwemeko yentlalo. Noko ke, babenoloyiko olunzulu lokungaqiniseki "ukungalungisi kwenkoliso yabantu abaninzi. Baxhalabile ukuba iminqweno yezobupolitika ingakhokelela kwimithetho yexeshananana yexeshana kumthetho osisigxina, iphosa ugcino-mthetho osisigxina, idele ugcino-mthetho osisigxina olusisigxina, lungacekiswanga. Le nkqubo yokuzinziswa kwentlalo yinkqubo eceliwe.

Imigaqo Yomthetho Yohlaziyo LomGaqo-siseko

Phambi kokuntywila kwicandelo leSihloko V, kubalulekile ukuqonda isiseko sobucukubhede bentanda-bulumko sokulungisa umGaqo-siseko. Le nkqubo ixhomekeke kwimigaqo embalwa engundoqo. Eyokuqala yi- ulawulo oluthandwayo. UmGaqo-siseko uqala nge "Thina bantu," kwaye inkqubo yokulungisa yinkqubo epheleleyo yokuguqula abantu iza kutshintsha urhulumente wabo. Inguquko edlula kwiKhomishini ehamba ngemigqaliselo-nkathi ephezulu kwaye ivunywa ziikota ezintathu zamazwe ithwala ukuziphatha okuhle nobunzima bobudemokhrasi obugqithiseleyo obugqithiseleyo umthetho odluliselwe kuninzi lwabalawuli bemithetho-mthetho.

Umgaqo wesibini ngu pheralim . IUnited States lumanyano lwamandla alo angephiyo. Le nkqubo yokulungisa iyakukuqonda oku ngokufuna umvume yamazwe ngokwawo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba naluphi na utshintsho kumanyano lwesizwe lunenkxaso yamazwe, luthintela urhulumente wengingqi ukusuka kwixa elingekhoyo ekwandiseni amandla akhe ngendleko yawo. Umgaqo wesithathu ngu ulungelelanisa [. Amandla aphezulu okukhuthaza ulwakhiwo, imiqonga ehlala ixesha elide. Le nkqubo ithatha ixesha elininzi, okanye amashumi eminyaka. Oku kuvumela ukucotha kwengxoxo kawonke, ukuqwalasela, nokuthintela umGathonga kwezopoliti, ukunqandana kwe-politi, ukunqanda ngomjinga, yonke isantya somjikelelo.

Inqaku V lomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States: Izixhobo zobugcisa eziphambili

Inqaku V lomGaqo-siseko libeka iindlela ezimbini ezahlukileyo zokulungisa kunye neendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokuzilungisa. Oku kwenza isimbuku sendlela ezine ezinokwenzeka, nangona enye indlela ilawula imbali yaseMerika. Intengiselwano kufuneka kuqala icetyiswe kumgangatho wesizwe kwaye emva koko igunyaziswe ngamaphondo. Umbhalo wenqaku V ulula ngokukhohlisayo, kodwa uchaza inkqubo engqongqo eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa isivumelwano esibanzi.

Indlela yokuqala emiselwe yiNgqungquthela, Ukukhuthuzwa ngama-

Le yindlela ekuphela kwayo eyakhe yasetyenziswa ukulungisa ngokunempumelelo umGaqo-siseko. Phantsi kwale ndlela, ulungiso olucetyisiweyo kufuneka luvunywe yi 2-35 ye-voti ye-majority [ kuyo yomibini iNdlu yabameli kunye nendlu yeBhunga. Lo asiyonto ininzi yamalungu akhoyo; kufuneka isibini sesithathu se-tabrum. Kwilungu langoku le 535 le projects, oku kuguqulela kwi 290 yeevoti kwindlu ne 67 zovoti kwiBhali. Lo mqobo ngumva wokuqala. Igunyazisa ukuxhasa ukuphuma koontathsi yomibini naku.

Xa ulungiso olucetyiweyo ludlulisa iKhomishini, luthunyelwa kumaphondo angama-50 ukuze lukhutshwe. Ingqungquthela ikhetha enye yezindlela ezimbini zokuphelisa oku kudityaniswa. Indlela eqhelekileyo kukudityaniswa kwezintathu-sine zendlu yowiso-mthetho [ [iiiimeko] (amazwe angama-38). i-patrone ingavota ukuvuma okanye ukwala ukuphelisa ukuphelisa ukuphelisa oku. Yakuba umgaqo uqikelelo, awunakuyisusa i-ratting yayo (imbambano ephikiswa kakhulu kumongo ephikiswayo kumongomomo woMmiselo olinganayo). Indlela echaseneyo inokwenziwa ziintlanganiso ze-Roctivement Reformationstion, ezingomvuzo ze-Rocesterns, ezingomvuzo ze-R343]. Le ndlela isetyenziswa kuphela yinkqubo ye-provicences.

Indlela Yesi - 2: Indlela yendibano (Indibano Yesi - V)

Indlela yesibini yokumisela ukubuyiselwa akukhange kusetyenziswe ngempumelelo, kodwa ihlala ingumthombo wengxoxo yezopolitiko neyomthetho. Ukuba ii-350 zendlu yowiso-mthetho (ngoku zii- 34 mazwe) zinikezela izicelo kwiKhongqi, iKhomishini iyafuneka ukubiza indibano ngenjongo yokulungisa. Oku kwaziwa njenge- ungquzulwano lwe V . Amanye amaqela axhasa le ndlela yokugqitha iBhunga eliqeshiweyo kunye nokucebisa ukubuyiselwa kwemiba kwimibandela efana noqingqo-mali, imidaba yemali, okanye iphulo-mali.

UNombolo Ongathandwanga

Isizathu esiyintloko esibangela le ndlela ingakhange isetyenziswe kukoyika indibano "yokubaleka". UMgaqo-siseko awuchazi ukuba indibano enjalo iya kuhlelwa njani, iza kuba ngabathunywa, okanye imigaqo elawula imicimbi yayo. Abahlalutyi baxhalabile ukuba xa ithe yahlanganiswa, indibano ayinakulinganiselwa kumxholo omnye kwaye inokuthi icebise utshintsho olukhulu kuyo yonke umGaqo-siseko, mhlawumbi ivule umnyango wokulungisa iBhili yamaLungelo okanye isakhiwo sikarhulumente. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba le ntlanganiso inokuthi ilinganiselwe zizicelo zamazwe kwaye iBhunga linamandla okumisela imithetho yomhlaba. Noko ke, ukunqongophala kwembali kwenza lo mGaqo-yo wezopolitiki ophezulu, owenziwe ngowayo wewaka eli-1787 ubizwa ngokuba yiNteintwe ye-Coastria yoLawulo lwamanyeneyo kodwa uxwebhu olutsha oluchanayo.

Izixhobo eziphezulu: Ubuchule obuphezulu kunye nedangatye lemitha

Imiqobo efunekayo yokuphembelela umGaqo-siseko iphezulu ngokuphawulekayo xa ithelekiswa neenkqubo ezisesikweni zowiso-mthetho. Imfuneko yoninzi olubini lwesithathu kwiBhunga kunye noninzi oluthathu phakathi kwamazwe ludala iincam ezicinezelweyo ezininzi ezibulala ngokunempumelelo ubuninzi botshintsho olucetyiweyo.

Kutheni Bengoompempetha Nje?

Imfuneko enkulu yesizwe yenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho lumela uvumelwano lwesizwe lokwenene. Alwanele ukuba inkqubo ixhaphake nenkomfa yelizwe. Kufuneka ibonwe njengeyimfuneko ngokusisiseko ngobubanzi becandelo labemi kunye nabameli babo. Oku kukhusela amalungelo ezobupolitika ekuhlutshweni ngamalungelo awo okwexeshana, anamandla. Ikhuthaza ukulalanisa nomlinganiselo. Inkxaso yokulungisa imele isoloko ithethane nolwimi lwayo kunye nemilinganiselo yayo yokuwina udidi olubanzi lwabalawuli bemithetho elungeleleneyo, idala imveliso yokugqibela elungeleleneyo. Ukungaphumeleli kokuzimela amalungelo awo [[FLT: 0] Amalungelo aphezulu [e-EFLD] afunekayo phambi kokuba adityaniswe.[FLD] [FFFFF:1] [FFM] [F.1]

Indima YamaMerika Ekutsaleni

Imfuneko yokwandiswa kweeBhunga ezilinganayo ngoo-3-4 belizwe iqinisa ulwakhiwo lwamazwe eUnited States. Inika imo nganye, kungakhathaliseki ukuba inabemi bayo, ilizwi elikwinkqubo. Lo mgaqo lilifa elithe ngqo lokufumana iNkundla enkulu yokuThika kuka1787, eyadala iBhunga elilinganayo kumazwe akwiBhunga. kwinkqubo yolwakhiwo-mayela, [[FLT]] [0] ixhasa nje abemi abatshayo (umzi we-~580 000) unamandla okuvota afana ngqo neKhalifoni (um ~39,1). Eli lungiselelo likhusela izilangazelelo kumazwe amancinci, afumileyo ukusuka ku-Olizo ezithiweyo. Ifuna ukuba i-frentiase ixhase i-okthiwe, kodwa ixhase imimandla eyahlukeneyo eebugronabango kwilizwe eliduzane eliduzane elidungeyo.[Fread `Ad'ethe .

27 Uhambo Lwembali

Iinguqu ezingama-77 kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. zimela iimpendulo ezithile kwiimeko zeli lizwe, kwimibutho yentlalo, kunye neenguqu zobupolitika. Zingahlukaniswa ngokweembali ezahlukeneyo, nganye ibonakalisa ucelomngeni oluphambili lwexesha layo. Le nkqubo ingqineke isebenza kwimibandela yentsingiselo enzulu yesizwe kodwa kunzima kakhulu kwiingxubusho zezobupolitika eziqhelekileyo.

IBhili yamaLungelo (1791)

Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi, ezazisaziwa njengeBhili yamaLungelo, yayiyimeko engundoqo yokwandiswa komGaqo-siseko. Abaxhathisi abaninzi abaLawuli-Federali balile ukuxhasa umGaqo-siseko omtsha ngaphandle kobalo olungqalileyo lwenkululeko yabantu. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni ochaseneyo nomthetho wamalungelo, walulungisa ngokusemthethweni olu lungiso lweNgqungquthela Yokuqala. Baqinisekisa amalungelo asisiseko afana nenkululeko yokuthetha, unqulo, umatshini wokushicilela, ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo, ukukhusela ekuphenjelweni nokuxhuzulwa okungekho ngqiqwele, kunye nelungelo lokufumana ityala elilungileyo. [[FLT:]] umgaqo oweshumi wokulungisa imigaqo-siseko [[FLT] ocacileyo] wonke amazwe angagunyaziswangagunyaziswanga kurhulumente worhulumente okanye kubantu, i-ongqungquthelane ye-mali.

IMithetho yokuYakhiwe kwakhona (13th, 14, 15)

Ezi zindululo ezintathu zimela olona lukhulu utshintsho loMgaqo-siseko kwimbali yaseMelika. Zadlula emva kwemfazwe yamakhaya, zabuchaza ngokusisiseko ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente wesizwe norhulumente, zaza zandisa ukhuseleko loMgaqo-siseko kubantu ababengamakhoboka ngaphambili. [[FLT: 0]] 13th IsiHlanzi soMphetho [[FLT]] [14] Isinyuso se-14] [[FLT]] ingumqondiso obalulekileyo wokuphelisa ukulingana kwabantu abakhe bavunywa. [Foct:] Yanika bonke abantu abazalwe okanye abadaliweyo, yaseka i-Ukhuseleko olulinganayo, yazakhe yazakhe yazalela umgangatho we-Clauslassss. Ezi zibonelo zise ziko zeNkuhlelelo oluphezulu kumatyala, ulwaphulo-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho-mthetho, [F.5] [F.] [5] [ift.G.G.G.G.G.astlcedment, Region, i-uniced

ISiphendu Sexesha Eliqhubekayo (16th, 17, 18, 19)

Ebutsheni benkulungwane yama-20 kwaqukunjelwa ukupheliswa kwentsebenzo eqhubekayo. [[FLT: 0]] Unyuselo lwezi16 (1913) lwagunyazisa urhulumente wesizwe ukuba amisele irhafu engqalileyo, ngokubhekiselele ekutshintsheni kwengeniso namandla. [[[FLT:]] 17th Isinyusi [[FLT:] [1913]] [ii-PGrandment] [13]]) yamisela unyulo oluthe ngqo lwe-U. S. S. Abaphathi belizwe bagunya lokususa irhafutheko likarhulumente kwaye benza i-Candelo likwazi ukuvola i-vocio. [[FLT] [FLD:] [12]] [FLT] [19] [19] Ukuqinisekisa [iiimpatho]

IziHlaliso Zale Mihla (ukuya kweyesi-27)

ISinyuko sa 20 nesama-21 sixutyushwe kwimibandela yolawulo kunye nokusilela kweNkqutyana. [[FLT:] [INkqutyana] yesiHlanzo se-20] ifutshanisa i "Ixesha lokunyulwa" phakathi konyulo kunye nokufunga komongameli omtsha kunye nengqungquthela. [FFFF:5] [iiNkqutyana] le-Promente[F:] i-[FLT] i-intemplate [[10]] [iiiimposiso] [iiiindlela] yokulungisa i-FLT] [[3] [iiiiiiiiiiiiindlela] [iiiiiiindlela] yesi-RGenethi] [iiiinqana] [indlela: [iiiiinqanda-Genethi] [FFam] i-thu yekhefu] inqaka, ingendla eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi eliphantsi liphantsi liphezulu [eyingeneyokude.[19]

Kutheni Bembalwa Kangaka?

Xa kuqwalaselwa amawaka ezicelo eziye zaveliswa kwiBhunga nyaka ngamnye, isibakala sokuba ngu 27 kuphela ophumelele sibalulekile. Ubunzima obubodwa beQumrhu V busisizathu esiyintloko, kodwa oothunywashe abaliqela bezobupolitika badibanisa olu celomngeni. Inkqubo yokulungisa iye yaba lixhoba lempumelelo yayo; isebenza kanye njengoko abafaki-mthetho befuna, becombulula yonke into kodwa eyona nto ixhaswa ngokubanzi.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

Kule thuba langoku, ukwenziwa kwentsebenziswano kwezobupolitika okunzima kakhulu ukwenza oku kufezekisa intsebenziswano eninzi ezimbini-ntathu ezifunekayo kwiBhunga. Ulwahlulo lwahlula-hlulo ludla ngokunqanda kwanomthetho wesiqhelo wokudlula ngemiba encinci, ingasathethi ke ngokulungisa. Isicelo sokulungisa sijongwa ngokutsha ngekrokrokro elinye, sibonwa njengegunya elibanjwa linye. Oku kujongwa njengelinye elisetyenziswayo elinye. Ukuphelisa kwemiqathango kuthetha ukuba kuncitshiswe iprojekthi ezimbalwa zide zide ziphumele ngaphandle kwekomiti. Umnyango wokulungisa intengiselwano ngoku ngoku ngoku ngoku ngoku ngokunokwenzeka kunembali yeMelika, ngaphandle kokuba ngexesha lengxaki yesizwe njengemfazwe yelizwe okanye udandathek olukhulu. Ukufikelela ukuvumelana kwesizwe kwiimeko ezinkulu zemali, ukuqhotyo, okanye ukususwa kwemongo yezopolitiki ezibonakala zingenakufikelele kwimo zezo zezobupolitika zangoku.

Inkqubo "yokwenziwa kohlaziyo"

Ngenxa yokuba ukubuyiselwa ngokusesikweni kunzima, ukwenziwa kwendaleko kuninzi kusenzeka ngendlela engacwangciswanga. Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi "isiseko somGaqo-siseko esingekho mthethweni. Amandla eNkundla yeNkundla elawulayo okuhlola [[] lilelona linamandla kakhulu lenjini yokulungisa imo yethutyana. Izigqibo ezifana [[FLT: 2]] Brown v.[FLT] v.[FT] [FT]] [ii--ekhosi] (indawo yesikolo esiphakamileyo), eev.[FLT] i-Rotoome ingekho mvume yomthetho esemthethweni yomthetho woburhulumente.[FLT] iphumele imo yolu inguqulelo oluninzi lwemeko lwemeko, i-ekhompume ekhoyo ye-evicego, iphinde ingasebenzi i-enza imo yoqoqo elilawulayo.

Ukuthelekisa Umgaqo - siseko Wokuhlaziywa Kwehlabathi Lonke

I-United States inenye yeenkqubo ezinzima zokulungisa nayiphina idemokhrasi engundoqo. Oku kuyibeka kwisiphelo esigqithisileyo "somGaqo-siseko". Uthelekiso lwehlabathi lonke lubalaselisa ukhetho olwahlukileyo lwezopolitiko olufakwe kwi U.S. umGaqo-siseko. Iprojekthi ye-CONStitute[[FL:2] inika isiseko sogcino-siseko esibonisa indlela eyahlukileyo ngayo imithetho yamazwe angundoqo.

Imigaqo-nkqubo ye-Rigid v.

Umgaqo-siseko "uyi-"iisithathu" nguwo onzima ukuphelisa, ofuna inkqubo ekhethekileyo kunye nobuchule obugqithisileyo. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. ungumzekelo oyintloko. Eminye, njengoMthetho osisiseko waseJamani, ikwanzima, ufuna isibini sesithathu soninzi kuzo zombini izindlu zepalamente, kwaye iquka "umgaqo-siseko" othintela ukupheliswa kwesidima somntu kunye nobume besizwe. [[FTLT:0] [[FLT]], omnye wemide kakhulu ehlabathini, kwakhona unegunya elithelekelelwa, ofuna uninzi olukhethekileyo lwepalamente kunye nolubalulekileyo lwemeko eguqulwayo yemeko. [FFFoctive]

IiReferendium kunye nolawulo-melo oluthe ngqo

Umahluko omnye obalulekileyo phakathi kwe-U.S. kunye nezinye iidemokhrasi ezininzi yimfuneko yesizwe sokufumana imvume. UMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States awuniki mvume yokuvota ngqo kwabantu kumgangatho wesizwe ukuze bafumane ulwahlulo. Endaweni yoko, uxhomekeke kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho okanye kwiindibano zikarhulumente. Ngokwahlukileyo, [[FLT:] iAustralia [[FLT]] [[1]] ifuna i-avensum [ixompection] yayo nayiphi na i-ogracyracymentmentmentation. [FT] utshintsho olucetyiweyo lumele luvunywe nguninzi lwabavoti-voti-zweni lonke, yaye lufuna nangakhangeli nanga kumazwe amaninzi azimeleyo, nangakhangeli nakuwo naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi ulungiso, kodwa lungenza ukuba kungene umlinganiselo onamandla womtshato wesizwe, kodwa ucelele umgaqo-onke otheneyo.

Ikamva Lokuhlaziywa KomGaqo-siseko

Umbuzo wokuba ngaba inkqubo yeQumrhu V isasebenza kusini na ukucombulula iingxaki ezinkulu zesizwe yingxoxo ephambili kumthetho waseMerika. Ngoxa le nkqubo ibingagunyaziswanga kangangamashumi eminyaka (ukuHlanyiselwa kwama-27 kokuHlaziya kwavunywa ngowe-1992), ingcinezelo yezobupolitika yokutshintsha kwiindawo ezininzi inzima. Ubunzima benkqubo buthetha ukuba ukulungisa okucetyiweyo kumele kube nenkxaso ebanzi neqhubekayo.

Iingcinga zempikiswano yeli xesha

Izindululo ezininzi ziye zacetyiswa ngokuqhubekayo kwiNgqungquthela. [IiNkqutyana] ezithe zabekwa iBanced Impumezo yoHlazo loHlelo yinjongo ende ekhoyo yamatyala, efuna urhulumente wengingqi ukuba angachithi ngeniso ngaphezu kokuba eqokelela ingeniso. Oku kuye kwasondela kakhulu kwiNgqungquthela edlulayo kuma 1990. [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] ingumba epheleleyo [[FLT] [FFFF]]] kucelwe, kucelwe, kukhutshwe ukucaka kwamalungu eejoniwa kakhulu, [[12] ukuvuzwa kweminye ingcuphelo yemiqatha yemiqathango yemali, i-FFF] [12] kodwa kumaqela amaqela aphambili ekhoyo amaqela amaqela amaqela angokunye akhoyo kwimiqatha: [enkume, amaqela amaqela aphezulu] [enye e-ekho amaqela akhoyo akhoyo akhoyo akhoyo] [e.[FF

Ikamva lotshintsho lomgaqo-siseko eUnited States lingaxhomekeka kakhulu kwinkqubo yokucaciswa ngokucwangcisayo kunye nenkqubo yowiso-mthetho kunasekulungisweni okusemthethweni. INkundla ePhakamileyo iza kuqhubeka ichaza umbhalo okhoyo ngokukhanyiselwa kwiimeko ezintsha, ukwenzela okungcono okanye okubi ngakumbi. Amasebe ezobupolitika aza kuqhubeka enyanzela imida yamandla awo adweliswe ngemiqathango nangezenzo zolawulo. Ukulungisa okusesikweni, noko ke, kuya kuhlala kusemva ngokupheleleyo. Yindlela yodwa yokulawula isigqibo seNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo okanye ukuguqula isakhiwo sikarhulumente. [[5] [[3] [3] [3] [i-FFFF], isikhumbuzo sokuba kusetyenziswa inkqubo epheleleyo ye-Melikan, DC. kodwa, kusetyenziswa i-odwa, kwiimeko ezingundoqo, ukusetyenziswa kwendlela ezininzi ze-delivereversaeter nooced transformation.[3]