UMgaqo-siseko we-United States umi njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, usenza isiseko sorhulumente waseMerika kunye nenkqubo yakhe yomthetho. Uchaza isakhiwo, imisebenzi, kunye nemiqathango karhulumente, umisela inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa ekhusela inkululeko yabanye namalungelo abo. Ngaphezu koxwebhu olungokwembali, uMgaqo-siseko uhlala ululungiselelo oluphilayo olukhokela onke amasebe karhulumente, umgaqo-mthetho, kwaye ukhusela inkululeko yabemi. Ukuqonda indima yawo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela urhulumente wase-U.S. urhulumente asebenza ngayo kwaye usebenza ngayo.

Imbali yomGaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko wabhaliswa ngo1787 ebudeni beNgqungquthela yasePhiladelphia, ukuhlanganiswa kwabathunywa abavela kumaphondo alishumi elinesibini (iRhode Island akuzange kubekho). Abaquququzeli benjongo yokuthetha ngobuthathaka beManqaku eSizwe, aye adala ukuhlanganisana okukhululekileyo kwamazwe ngaphandle kwegunya elisembindini. Phantsi kweMithendelekweni, urhulumente wesizwe wayengenakuyifaka irhafu yerhafu, ulawulo lwezorhwebo, okanye anyanzelise imithetho, ekhokelela ekungalungelelani kwezoqoqosho nokunganqabiseki kwezizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe. Uvukelo lukaShays's's's Revolution ngowe-1786 yabangela imfuneko enkulu yorhulumente onamandla ekwaziyo ukugcina ucwangco nomanyano.

Iziganeko ezingundoqo zembali ezikhokelela kumGaqo-siseko ziquka:

  • IMvukelo yaseMerika — Umzabalazo wokuzimela geqe kwiBritane wabangela umnqweno onzulu wokuzilawula nokuzikhusela kwingcinezelo.
  • Amanqaku oMgaqo woMcimbi — akhuliswa ngo1781, lo mgaqo-siseko wesizwe wokuqala wangqineka ubuthathaka kakhulu, ushiya urhulumente osembindini engaphumeleli.
  • Imfuneko kaRhulumente woMkhosi oMkhulu [[FL:1] — Iingxaki zezoqoqosho, iimpikiswano zorhwebo phakathi kwamazwe, kunye nesiphithiphithi sangaphakathi sabangela ukuba kufuneke indibano yomGaqo-siseko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Uluhlu loManyano kunye neAnti-Federalist Impikiswano — Ukhuthuzo lwenqanawa lwabangela iingxubusho ezinzulu ngolungelelwano lwamandla, ezikhokelela kwisithembiso seBhili yamaLungelo.

INdibano yezomGaqo-siseko ngokwayo yayiluthotho lolwahlulelwano. Abathunywa baphikisana ngomelo (lokukhokelela kuMgaqo-siseko Omkhulu oyekelelayo odala indlu yowiso-mthetho), ukubala abantu abangamakhoboka ukuze bahlawule irhafu kunye nokumela (iiNtlanganiso yeNkqutyana eHlangano-Nyanga-ntle), kunye nomgaqo-mthetho wezorhwebo. Emva kweenyanga ezine zokucinga, uMgaqo-siseko watyiselwa ngoSeptemba 17, 1787, kwaye wathunyelwa kumaphondo ukuze kukhuthuzwe. Yasebenza ngoMatshi 4, 1789, emva kokuba amazwe asithoba aye agunyazisa. IBhili yamaLungelo, ishumi lokuqala le-andmentation, yongezwa kwidilesi ye-Antifera, ngowe-17911111, kwinkxaso yoluhlu lwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Ukwakhiwa komGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko uquka isiqalo, amanqaku asixhenxe, kunye nama-77. Inxalenye nganye isebenza injongo eyahlukileyo ekuchazeni isakhiwo sikarhulumente, kwaye ukufutshane kwalo xwebhu (malunga namagama angama-4 500) kuphikisana nempembelelo yalo enzulu. Esi sakhiwo simisela irepublic karhulumente enolwahlulo lwamagunya, sithintela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ukuba ingabi yeyona ilawula kakhulu.

Isingeniso

Isiqalo salo siqalisa umGaqo-siseko kwaye sichaza injongo yawo, siqala ngebinzana elidumileyo elithi, “Thina bantu.” Sigxininisa imigaqo yedemokhrasi nokubaluleka koku“misela okusesikweni, ukuqinisekisa ukuba luncedo lwasekhaya, ukulungiselela ukhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza intlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko kuthi ngokwethu nakwisizukulwana sethu." Ngoxa isithululi singawaniki gunya lithile, simisa isiseko sentanda-ntandabulumko kulo lonke uxwebhu kwaye siye sacatshulwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo ukutolikisa iinjongo ezibanzi zomGaqo-siseko.

Amanqaku

Inqaku ngalinye lichaza isakhiwo sikarhulumente, lichaza isebe okanye umsebenzi onamandla nosikelwe umda.

  • Umchazi I: Isebe leMiqathango — Yenza iBhunga le-bimeral (Indlu yabameli neNdlu yeNdlu) kwaye ibala amandla ayo, kuquka irhafu, ukuboleka, ulawulo lwezorhwebo lwamazwe ahlukeneyo, kunye nesindululo semfazwe. Iquka iBhunga eliyimfuneko neLifanelekileyo, elivumela ukuba imithetho efunekayo ukuze yenze amagunya alo adwelisweyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] IArticle II: Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu — igunya elilawulayo elikwi-Vests kuMongameli, onyanzelisa imithetho, uyalela umkhosi, umisela amagosa, kunye neNkqutyana yoNyaka. Ichaza iElectoral College, iSifungo somongameli, kunye neenkqubo zokungagqibeleli.
  • [[FLT: 0] Article III: Isebe lejaji — Imisela iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye ivumela iKhomishini ukuba imisele iinkundla ezisezantsi. Ichaza igunya leenkundla zengingqi zequmrhu lesizwe kwaye iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuchophela amatyala kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Article IV: Amagunya kunye neMiqathango yamazwe — Adilesi zolwalamano phakathi kwamazwe, ezifuna ukholo olupheleleyo kunye nokunconywa kwezenzo zomnye, ulwandiso, kunye nokukhuselwa ekuhlaseleni. Ikwavuma namazwe amatsha kwaye iqinisekisa uhlobo lukarhulumente werepublica.
  • Article V: Inkqubo yoMphetho-mda — ichaza indlela umGaqo-siseko onokuthi ulungiswe ngayo, ufuna uninzi oluzii-3 kwizindlu zombini ze Congress (okanye indibano karhulumente) kunye nokuhluzwa ngamacandelo amathathu anesine. Le nkqubo yokwenziwa ivumela uxwebhu ukuba luzenzeke ngokuqinisekisa ukuba ivumela ulwakhiwo-jiko.
  • Article VI: Amagunya aMazwe aMakhulu kunye noSupremacy — imisela umGaqo-siseko, imithetho yesizwe, kunye nezivumelwano ‘ njengoMthetho welizwe ongaphezulu,” oxhasa imithetho yesizwe engquzulanayo. Ifuna kwakhona onke amagosa ukuba enze isifungo sokuxhasa umGaqo-siseko kwaye athintele iimvavanyo zonqulo zesikhundla.
  • Article VII: Ukusetyenziswa kwemitha — ichazwe ukuba umGaqo-siseko uza kusebenza emva kokudityaniswa ngamazwana alithoba kumazwe alishumi elinesithathu, ukudlula ukungalingani okufunekayo phantsi kwamanqaku oHlelo.

Uhlaziyo

UMgaqo-siseko utshintshiwe kangangama-77, uyivumela ukuba iguquleke ngokutshintsha kwemilinganiselo kunye neemfuno zoluntu. Izilungiso zokuqala ezilishumi, ezaziwa ngokuba yiBill of Rights, iqinisekisa amalungelo asisiseko kunye nenkululeko efana nenkululeko yokuthetha, ukucofa, unqulo, indibano, ilungelo lokuphatha izixhobo, ukukhusela ukuphehlwa okungaqiqekiyo nokuxhuzula, kunye nelungelo lokulungisa iimeko ezifanelekileyo. Kamva ukupheliswa kwemiba enzulu: ukupheliswa kobukhoboka (13th), ukukhusela okulinganayo phantsi komthetho (14th), amalungelo okuvota amadoda aseAfrika (15th), kunye namabhinqa (19) nokuthotywa kwexesha lokuvota okungenangqondo, kunye nokuncitshiswa kovavanyo lweminyaka eli-18 (26).

Imigaqo YomGaqo-siseko

UmGaqo-siseko wakhiwe kwimigaqo emininzi engundoqo ebumba urhulumente kwaye echaza ulwalamano lwakhe nabemi. Le migaqo ayingombandela nje oqhelekileyo; isetyenziswa ngezixhobo ezithile nangenkqubo eziye zanyamezela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

  • Ulawulo lo Papalay
  • Ukwahlula Amandla [[FTL:1]
  • [[UMTLL:0] iiChecks noManyano[[UMTLL:1]
  • [[UMTL:0]Federalism
  • [[UMTL:0] Impinda yeJudicial[[UMTL_1]
  • [[UMTL:0] URhulumente oHlanganisiweyo[[UMTL:1]

Ulongamo Oluthandwayo

Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente ufumana amandla akhe ngokuvuma kwabalawulwa. Igxininisa ukuba igunya likarhulumente linikwa ngabantu, abanokuthi baphendule iinkokeli ngonyulo nangokuthabatha inxaxheba. Ibinzana elithi “Thina bantu” kwisiqalo sokuqalisa liquka le ngcamango. Ulawulo oluqhelekileyo lukwaxhasa inkqubo yedemokhrasi: abameli abanyuliweyo, abavoti ekulungiseni (ngokungqalileyo ngeendlu zowiso-mthetho), kwaye banokucela urhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya

UmGaqo-siseko wahlula urhulumente ube ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo", alawulayo, kunye nezobulungisa. Isebe ngalinye linamagunya ahlukeneyo kunye neembopheleleko zokuthintela ukujoliswe kwegunya. Isebe lowiso-mthetho (iKhontra-mthetho) lenza imithetho, isebe elilawulayo (umongameli) liyinyanzelisa, kwaye isebe lezomthetho (iizivumelwano) liyayichaza. Oku kwahlukahlukana kuqiniswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhetha (ummiselo weBhunga noMongameli, ukutyunjelwa kobomi babagwebi besebe borhulumente) kunye nemigaqo eyahlukeneyo yesikhundla, kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuba isebe elinye likwazi ukulawula abanye.

Iipeksi Nolungelelwano

Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye lingawamisela umda amagunya abanye, ligcine urhulumente olungeleleneyo. Umzekelo, uMongameli angawubeka umthetho odluliselwe yiKhonkxale, kodwa iKhomishini ingawulawula loo nyaka kunye namaninzi amabini anesithathu kwizindlu zombini. IBhunga liqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ingavakalisa imithetho engavumelaniyo ngohlalutyo lwezomthetho. IBhunga lingamjiki uMongameli kwaye lisuse uMongameli kunye nabagwebi abalawulayo. Le khalenda intlukwano entsonkothileyo yemikhosi yabaphathi abasebenza kunye nokulala, ithintela naliphi isebe ukuba lingasebenzi ngokungenamsebenzi.

Umanyano

Umanyano lubhekisela kulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente. UmGaqo-siseko udwelisa amagunya akhethekileyo anikezelwe urhulumente worhulumente (umz., enika imali, evakalisa imfazwe, elawula urhwebo lwelizwe elinye) ngeli xesha ubeka onke amanye amagunya kumazwe okanye abantu phantsi koMphengululo weshumi elinesithathu. Olu lawulo lubini luvumela ukuvavanywa nokusabela kwasekuhlaleni, njengoko amazwe enokuthi avumelane neemeko zawo ezikhethekileyo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ulungelelwaniso lwe-orhulumente luye lwatshintsha, ingakumbi emva kwexesha le-Dicio kunye namalungelo e-Ropublin, kodwa umgaqo uyaqhubeka ungomgaqo kulawulo lwe-U.S.

Impinda yezeejaji

Lo mgaqo uvumela isigwebo ukuba sichaze umGaqo-siseko kunye nemithetho engenanto engqubana nawo. Ngexa ingachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, uhlolo lwezomthetho lwamiswa kumzekelo wesiphawuli Marbury v. Madison, apho uMgwebi omkhulu uJohn Marshall waqinisekisa amandla eNkundla ePhakamileyo okuphelisa umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga. Uphengululo lwejaji luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yovavanyo nolungelelwaniso, enika iinkundla ingokugqibela ethetha ngemibuzo yemGaqo-siseko. Iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho nezenzo zolawulo zihlala kwimiqathango, ikhusela amalungelo amancinane nxamnye nezininzi.

Urhulumente Olinganiselweyo

UMgaqo-siseko ngokwawo ungumda wamandla karhulumente. Ngokudwelisa amagunya orhulumente, ukwahlukanisa amasebe, nokuqinisekisa amalungelo omntu ngamnye, udala urhulumente onokuthi asebenze kuphela ngaphakathi kwemida echaziweyo. IsiHlanzi seSindululo seNinth sigxininisa ukuba uludwe lwamalungelo athile aluphiki abanye abagcinwe ngabantu, kwaye uMnqophiso weSindululo weshumi oLawulwe ngaphandle kokubekwa umthetho kumagunya. Urhulumente obekelwe umda uthintela ubuzwilakhe ngokuba aqinisekise ukuba igunya aligqibeleli.

Impembelelo yomGaqo-siseko kuRhulumente

UmGaqo-siseko unempembelelo enzulu ekusebenzeni kukarhulumente wase-U.S. usebenza njengoxwebhu oluphilayo oluvisisana neemfuno ezitshintshileyo zebutho labantu ngokutshintshwa nokucaciswa kwemithetho. Impembelelo yawo idlulela ngaphaya komgangatho worhulumente, ukubumba umgaqo-siseko, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kwaneembono zezizwe ngezizwe ngedemokhrasi.

Ukukhuselwa Kwamalungelo

IBhili yamaLungelo iqinisekisa inkululeko ebalulekileyo enjengenkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, yokushicilela, yendibano, kunye nelungelo lokucela urhulumente. La malungelo akhusela abantu ekuphathweni ngurhulumente kwaye aqinisekisa ibutho ledemokhrasi apho iimbono ezahlukahlukeneyo zinokuboniswa khona. Emva koko ukupheliswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo egqithisiweyo kubantu ababengamakhoboka, abafazi, namanye amaqela, ngokuthe ngcembe andisa isangqa samalungelo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yasebenzisa uninzi lweBhili lwamalungelo okukhusela kumaphondo ngeDinethi Demeter Resimentation Clauscesting, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Compligion, iqinisekisa ukukhuselwa kwemivo kumazwe azimeleyo.

Isakhelo Sokwenza Umthetho

UmGaqo-siseko umisa inkqubo yowiso-mthetho, echaza indlela esungulwa ngayo, ephikisana ngayo, kunye nenkqubo. Inqaku Elicacisa ukuba zombini izindlu zeKhomishini kufuneka zidlulise umthetho ngendlela efanayo kwaye ziwunike uMongameli ukuze afumane imvume (okanye iveto). Le nkqubo yangabom iqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezininzi ziqwalaselwe, kwaye lo mthetho ubonakalisa ukuvumelana okubanzi. Kwakhona umGaqo-siseko umisela imida ekubekweni komthetho: Ingqungquthela ayinakuyidlulisa i-ex poste poste corpo, iindleko-mali ze-fices, okanye i-hasss corpus (ngaphandle kwemicio okanye kwimicimbi yemvukelo).

Ukhokelo loLawulo

Amagosa karhulumente kunye namaziko akhokelwa ngumGaqo-siseko kwizenzo nezigqibo zawo. Isebenza njengendawo yokubhekisa kwiinkcazelo zomthetho, kwimiyalelo yezolawulo, nakwimigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. UMongameli usenza isifungo “sokukhusela, ukukhusela, nokukhusela,” kwaye bonke abagwebi besizwe banyanzelwe yiyo. UMgaqo-siseko ukwanika isiseko somthetho wolawulo kunye negunya likarhulumente, uqinisekisa ukuba amaqumrhu asebenza ngaphakathi kwegunya elinikiweyo. Xa kuvela iinkundla zixhomekeke kumbhalo wesiseko kunye nemizekelo yokuzicombulula.

Ucelomngeni Nenkcazelo Yanamhlanje

Ngoxa umGaqo-siseko ubunendima ephambili ekuchazeni umGaqo-siseko ozinzileyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama- 230, ujongene nocelomngeni oluqhubekayo kwihlabathi eliguquka ngokukhawuleza. Iingxaki ezifana nokuzimela kwamanani, ukuhlola inkcubeko, imali yezemali, namandla olawulo ngexesha longxamiseko ekuvavanyeni ukukwazi ukumelana nobuchule boxwebhu. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yenza indima ephambili ekuchazeni umGaqo-siseko ukuchaza ubugcisa obutsha kunye nemigaqo yezenkqeqele. Umzekelo, ukukhuselwa kwenkqubo yeSine soMgaqo-siseko ekuphengululweni ngokungekho ngqiqweqweni kuye kwanwela kwiicellne kunye nogcino-lwazi lwamanani. Ilungelo lesibini lokuLamla i-mentelo yesibini lokuphatha izixhobo litoliwe kutoliwe kumo yomo yemiqatha emimiselo yanamhlanje. Ezi nkcazelo zichaza ukuguquka komGatho-siseko kunye nokuguquka komgaqo-siseko.

Isiphelo

UMgaqo-siseko unendima ebalulekileyo ekuxonxeni urhulumente wase-U.S. umgaqo wawo wokuphelisa idemokhrasi, ukwahlukana kwamagunya, ukuhlola nokulinganisela, ukuchonga kolawulo lorhulumente, kunye norhulumente olinganiselweyo uyaqhubeka uphembelela uhlanga namhlanje, uqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente oya kuphendula abantu. Njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, ulungiselela isiseko esizinzileyo sokucombulula iimfazwe, ukukhusela inkululeko, nokuzivumelanisa neemeko ezintsha. Ukuqonda umGaqo-siseko akuyo nje inkqubo yemfundo yemfundo yolwazi oluphezulu, kwaye kubalulekile ekulondolozeni imimandla yedemokhrasi esele ikho kangangeenkulungwane ezimbini ezinesiqingatha.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya kwimbali yomGaqo-siseko kunye nokutolikwa, kubhekiselwa kumaZiko ogcino-lwazi loMgaqo-siseko , iZiko loMgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko wesizwe, kunye neSiko loLwazi lwe-Cernell Law .