Imvelaphi Yegunya Likarhulumente

Ibutho ngalinye limisa umiselo lwemithetho kunye namaziko okulawula imicimbi edibeneyo kunye nokucombulula iimbambano. Esi siseko sobume — esaziwa njengorhulumente — sinegunya elikhulu kubomi babemi, ukusuka kwirhafu abayihlawulayo ukuya kwinkululeko abayifumanayo. Ukuqonda kanye kanye ukuba ngawaphi amagunya karhulumente, apho avela khona, kwaye naziphi na iimbopheleleko ezizithweleyo ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo zobumi obunempumelelo kwidemokhrasi esebenzayo. Esi sikhokelo sinikela ukujonga ngokunzulu kwezi ngcamango zesiseko, inika inkcazelo enzulu yabafundi, abafundisi, nabani na ofuna ukuqonda umatshini wokulawula.

Phambi kokuhlola amagunya akhethekileyo esizwe, kubalulekile ukuqonda imvelaphi yaso. Ingcamango yezopolitiko yamazwe aseNtshona ilandelela kakhulu ilungelo likarhulumente kwisivumelwano sentlalo. Abacinga njengoThomas Hobbes, kumsebenzi wakhe Leviathan, iphikisa ukuba ngaphandle kukarhulumente, ubomi buyakuba yi- “ imfazwe yabo bonke abachasene nabo bonke, i” ikhokelela abantu ukuba banikezele inkululeko ethile kumphathi otshintshiselane nayo. UJohn Locke walungisa lo mmiselo, eqinisekisa ukuba indima ephambili karhulumente kukukhusela amalungelo emvelo e— ubomi, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. Ukuba urhulumente ungaphumeleli kulo msebenzi okanye amandla awo asebenzayo, ulawulo, uthetha ukuba abemi baluthathe indawo yasekunene.

Le ngcamango yatshintshelwa kumgaqo we “ ukuvunywa kwemithetho elawulwayo, i ” ingcamango yesiseko efakwe kwiZibhengezo zenkululeko yase United States. Igunya lorhulumente, kule mbono, alizalwanga okanye alimiselwanga nguThixo kodwa linikwe phezulu ebantwini. Aba bathunywa banikwe umthetho osemthethweni osemthethweni, onika amandla kumbuso kunye nemida engqongqo. Umthetho womthetho uvela kwesi sivumelwano: akukho namnye, hayi kwanomphathi-gosaphezulu karhulumente, ungaphezulu komthetho. Oku kumi ngokuchasana ngqo ne “ ulawulo lwamadoda, i” apho amandla esetyenziswa ngokungqongqo kwaye engenamcimbi.

Amagunya Eenkozo Alawulwa Ngoorhulumente Abalawulayo

Nangona amandla akhethekileyo karhulumente engohluka ngokwesiseko somgaqo-siseko, amanye amandla azuzwe kwangoko kwingcamango yorhulumente olawulayo. Ezi zidla ngokubizwa njengamandla karhulumente, kwaye abumba isiseko sawo onke amanyathelo karhulumente.

Amandla Amapolisa

Phezu kwalo nje igama lawo, amandla amapolisa abhekisela kwi-&rsquo karhulumente; ligunya elibanzi lokulawula ukuziphatha nokunyanzelisa umyalelo phakathi kommandla wayo wokukhusela impilo, ukhuseleko, ukuziphatha, kunye nentlalo-ntle yabemi bawo. Eli gunya lisisiseko semithetho yempilo kawonke-wonke, imigaqo yokwakha, imigaqo yemeko-bume, kunye neemfuno zobuchule. Kwinkqubo yorhulumente wase-U.S.

Amandla Okuhlawula Irhafu

Amandla erhafu e-levy ligazi elingumoya worhulumente. Inika ingeniso efunekayo ukuxhasa yonke imisebenzi karhulumente, ukusuka kwimicimbi yesizwe ukuya kwizikolo zikarhulumente. Inkqubo yeFiscal — ukusetyenziswa kwemali karhulumente kunye nerhafu i— sisixhobo esinamandla sokulawula. Ingasetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza uqoqosho oludanga, ukusasaza ubutyebi ukuhlangabezana nokungalingani, okanye ukudimaza ihambo ezithile ngokukhupha irhafu yemiqathango kwizinto ezifana necuba ne-alcoholi.

Ummandla oncitshisiweyo

Ulawulo oluphezulu lulawulo lukarhulumente lokuthatha impahla yabucala ukuze isetyenziswe nguwonke-wonke, ukuba kuhlawulelwe nje umnini. Eli gunya liyimfuneko ekwakheni izibonelelo ezifana nohola wendlela, uloliwe, izikolo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nezinto eziluncedo. UGaqo-siseko wesihlanu oMgaqo-siseko ufuna ukuba ukuthathelwa indawo ye-&lquo; ulawulo lwe-” nokungagwebi ngokusesikweni i-” unikezelwe, imigangatho ebekwe kanzima, ingakumbi ngokuphathelele imisebenzi yophuhliso olusuka kumnini wobucala omnye.

Inkqubo yasemzini nokhuselo lwesizwe

Oorhulumente banegunya elipheleleyo lokuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe, ukungenela izivumelwano, ukubhengeza imfazwe, nokulawula ukufuduka. La mandla ayimfuneko ekulondolozeni ukhuseleko lwesizwe nasekubandakanyeni uluntu lwehlabathi lonke. Ulawulo lukwanika oorhulumente ilungelo lokukhusela imida yabo nokumela ilizwe labo kwimibutho yezizwe ngezizwe.

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya: Ukuthintela Ukuhlonyiswa Kwegunya

Ukuthintela ukwanda kwamandla apheleleyo, inkoliso yedemokhrasi yala maxesha yahlula igunya likarhulumente ngokwee-odoli ezintathu ezahlukileyo: imigaqo-siseko, isebe elilawulayo, kunye ne-okanye. Le nkqubo yaziwa njengokwahlula amagunya kwaye ipheleliswa yinkqubo eyomeleleyo yokuhlola kunye nokulinganisela. Isebe lemithetho yemithetho lijongene nokuyila imithetho, isebe elilawulayo lokuwaqeqesha, kunye nesebe elilawulayo lokuwatolika. Le mikhosi inamandla ikhusela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni amanye.

Amandla oMthetho

Indlu yowiso-mthetho — iConrein eUnited States — isebenza ngamandla okwenza imithetho. Imela ukuthanda kwabantu ngoomameli abanyuliweyo. Amandla angundoqo aquka ukudlulisa uqingqo-mali, ukuqinisekisa ukumiselwa kwegunya kunye nokugweba, ukuvakalisa imfazwe, nokuphatha isebe elilawulayo. E-U.S., iBhunga line-bimeral, ithetha ukuba lahlulwe libe yiNdlu yeeNdlu zabameli kunye neNdlundlu, ngalinye elineendima negunya elahlukileyo.

Amandla wanika igunya

Isebe eliphetheyo, elikhokelwa nguMongameli, linomthwalo wokunyanzelisa nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Eli sebe lizalisekisa inkqubo kawonke-wonke kwaye liquka ulawulo olukhulu lwezwe i— i-ppatit — elawula yonke into ukusuka kwiipaki zesizwe ukuya kwiinkqubo eziyingenelo zikarhulumente. Isebe eliphetheyo likwalawula inkqubo yamanye amazwe, lisebenza njengoMyaleli-iNkulunginya-i-Sixhobi semikhosi, kwaye linamandla okulawula umthetho odluliselwe yiBhunga.

Amandla Okugweba

Ijaji ichaza imithetho ize isebenzise amatyala athile akhethekileyo. Ngokulawula ikomiti egwebayo, iinkundla zinokuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezingekho mgaqweni, ezizichaphazeli ngokunempumelelo. Eli gunya lenza ukuba ijaji libe ligosa elibalulekileyo kumasebe emithetho negunya elilawulayo.

Inkqubo yoqhagamshelwano lweengqikelelo

Amasebe awasebenzi ngokuzikhetha. UMongameli angawubeka umthetho, kodwa uMbutho unokuwukhupha loo mithetho ngevoti enkulu. UMongameli umisa abagwebi besizwe, kodwa iNdlu yeNdlu yeQela kufuneka iqinise ingubungqina. IBhunga liyakwazi ukuququzelela kwaye lisuse uMongameli okanye amanye amagosa karhulumente. INkundla ePhakamileyo ingakwazi ukubetha imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga kwaye isayinwe nguMongameli. Le nkqubo yokuphathana yenzelwe ukunyanzela ukwakhiwa nokukhuselwa kolawulo. [[FLT: 0] i-USA. igovalk inikeza ingcaciso yendlela ephezulu yokusebenza kwamasebe amathathu karhulumente.[FLT]

Umanyano: Ukwahlulwa Okuthe Nkqo Kwamandla

Ngapha koko kwahlulwa okuthe tyaba kwamagunya kunqamleza amasebe, urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente wesizwe norhulumente wengingqi. Esi sakhiwo sivumela ukuzimela kwasekuhlaleni kwiimbambano ezininzi ngeli xesha sigcina umanyano lwesizwe kwimicimbi enxulumeneyo. UmGaqo-siseko wase-United States umisela inkqubo yolawulo olumabini apho urhulumente wesizwe kunye namazwe anegunya elizimeleyo.

Amandla Agciniweyo Nawangoku

Kwinkqubo karhulumente, amagunya awela kwiindidi ezintathu ezibanzi. Amagunya anikwe ngokucacileyo urhulumente wesizwe nguMgaqo-siseko, njengamandla emali, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, kunye nokuphakamisa umkhosi. Amagunya agciniweyo, akhuselwe nguMphengululo weshumi, ngalawo anganikwanga urhulumente wesizwe okanye angavunyelwanga kumarhulumente; la aquka amandla emfundo, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kunye nawamapolisa asekuhlaleni. Amandla akhoyo ngalawo asetyenziswayo yisizwe kunye noorhulumente besizwe, njengamandla okwakha irhafu, ukwakha iindlela, nokuseka iinkundla.

Amandla Asetyenziswayo Nokubaluleka Nokufanelekileyo KukaClaus

Ngeli xesha ingachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, amagunya abhekisweyo athathwa njenge “ ayimfuneko nafanelekileyo i” ukuqhuba amagunya adwelisweyo. Ityala leNkundla ePhakamileyo Mcloch v. Maryland [1819] iqinisekisa le mfundiso, isebenzisa ukusekwa kwebhanki yesizwe njengomzekelo ongundoqo. Igunya lamagunya livela kwiCandelo I, ICandelo lesiHlanulo seSiphekelelwano somGaqo-siseko, ngokufuthi obizwa ngokuba yi-Ellastic Claus.

UClaus Oneengcungela

Xa umthetho karhulumente nomthetho karhulumente ungquzulwano olungqalileyo, umthetho wesizwe uthatha indawo yokuqala phantsi komthetho weSupremacy Claus we-U.S. Umbhalo woMgaqo-siseko we-U.S. kuBushishophu boMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi woMkhosi weSizwe [] ngeenkcukacha ngendlela eli binzana elimisela ngayo umGaqo-siseko nemithetho karhulumente eyenza ukuba i-pul-pul-sussusw njengomthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Noko ke, ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente lusoloko luqulunqena, lukhokelela kwingxoxo eqhubekayo namadabi asemthethweni kulungele ulungelelwano olufanelekileyo lolawulo.

Iimbopheleleko Zelizwe Lanamhlanje

Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla karhulumente ngokusemthethweni kuxhomekeke ekuzalisekeni ngokuthembeka kwemisebenzi yawo kubemi bawo. Ezi mbopheleleko zibumba iintsika ezizinzileyo, ezichumileyo nezisesikweni.

Ukuphumelela Ukusebenza Kwamakhaya

Uxanduva oluphambili lwawo nawuphi na urhulumente lukugcina umthetho nocwangco kwimida yawo. Oku kubandakanya ukuseka inkqubo yemithetho, ukuseka amapolisa ukuze ayinyanzelise, nokugcina iinkundla kunye neenkqubo zokulungisa ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho echaseneyo nokumohlwaya. Olu manyano lwasekhaya luyindawo ekwakhelwa kuyo imisebenzi yezoqoqosho nobomi bentlalo.

Ukulungiselela Ukhuselo Oluqhelekileyo

Ukukhusela uhlanga kwizisongelo ezingaphandle kungundoqo worhulumente wesizwe. Oku kuquka ukugcina imikhosi exhobileyo, ukuqhuba ulwalamano oluphakathi namanye amazwe, nokuvelela amaqumrhu obulumko. Injongo kukukhusela uhlanga lwe-’ ulongamo nokukhusela abemi balo kuhlaselo okanye ingxinaniso yamanye amazwe.

Ukukhuthaza Ulonwabo Oluqhelekileyo

Lo mthwalo ubanzi uquka uninzi lweenkonzo. Oorhulumente bakha baze bagcine izibonelelo ezibalulekileyo ezinjengendlela, iibhulorho, kunye ne-grid yombane. Baxhasa imfundo kawonke-wonke, banikezela ngokhuseleko loluntu ngeenkqubo ezifana ne-inshorensi yoKhuseleko loluntu kunye nokungaqeshwa kwezentlalo-ntle, kunye nolawulo lwemizi-mveliso ukukhusela abathengi, abasebenzi, kunye nemekobume. Ngolu hlobo, urhulumente usebenza njengomnikeli-mali ongundoqo kwilizwe i’ unika impilo nempumelelo yexesha elide.

Ukufumana Iintsikelelo Zenkululeko

Mhlawumbi omnye weyona misebenzi ingcwele karhulumente kwibutho elikhululekileyo kukukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye. Oku kuthetha ukukhusela inkululeko yabemi enjengenkululeko yokuthetha, yonqulo, kunye nowamaphephandaba. Kubandakanya ukukhusela amalungelo asekuhlaleni amaqela amancinane ekucalucalulweni nasekuqinisekiseni inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho ukwenzela ukuba urhulumente angakwazi ukuhluza nawuphi na umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla engenayo imigaqo elungileyo necacileyo. Ukusetyenziswa komgaqo ofana noordurations njengoACLU wiss wieations with wiea with withture malungelo onceda abemi baqonde umgangatho wobomi.

Iimbopheleleko Zobumi KwiRiphabliki Yedemokhrasi

Urhulumente “ woluntu, ngabantu, nabantu i” ifuna ukuba nenxaxheba ekhutheleyo kubemi bayo. Amalungelo esinawo adityaniswe neembopheleleko ezinceda ukuxhasa inkqubo yedemokhrasi kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Ukuba ngummi akuyondima esebenzayo.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Ngobuchule

Imisebenzi yedemokhrasi engcono xa abemi bayo bexelelwa. Oku kuthetha ukudlula kwimixholo ephambili ukuze baqonde imibandela entsonkothileyo, abahlolo-lwazi kunye neemeko zabo zenkqubo, nokubuza imithombo yenkcazelo. Unyulo olungaqondiyo luchanabeka ekusebenziseni kakubi nasekukhetheni iinkqubo ezingalunganga. Oothisha banendima ebalulekileyo ekuxhobiseni abafundi ngobuchule bokucinga obubalulekileyo obufunekayo ukuvavanya inkcazelo yezobupolitika.

Imisebenzi

Imisebenzi ethile ifunwa ngumthetho okanye ibalulekile ukuze inkqubo isebenze. Ukusebenza kwinkundla yabachopheli-tyala kukuvavanya okubalulekileyo igunya likarhulumente kwisebe eligwebayo. Ukuhlawula irhafu kulixabiso lokuvunyelwa kwebutho labantu elisebenzayo lale mihla. Ukuthobela umthetho kusisivumelwano esisisiseko sesivumelwano sentlalo. Le misebenzi, nangona maxa wambi inzima, yiminikelo efunekayo yabemi kwiqumrhu lokuzilawula.

Ubungqina

Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi esemthethweni, abemi abasebenza ngokuzithandela kuluntu lwabo, abaya kwiintlanganiso ze-ofisi zedolophu, abaqhagamshelana nabameli babo abanyuliweyo, kwaye baba nenxaxheba kwizizathu abazikhathalelayo. Basenokuzilungiselela ngokwabo iiofisi zasekuhlaleni. Izivumelwano ezifana noManyano lwaManyano lwaMantombano oMfama Voters zikhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba kurhulumente ngolwazi nangenzondelelo ngemfundo kunye nobhaliso. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente uyaqhubeka esabela kwiimfuno kunye namaxabiso abantu abakhonzayo.

Iingxaki Zangexesha Elidlulileyo Kumthetho Karhulumente Nokuphumelela

Inkulungwane yama-21 inika ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo oluvavanya isithethe samagunya karhulumente neembopheleleko. Ukuqhelanisa nezi zinto zitsha kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe abantu bethenjwa yaye belawulwa ngokunempumelelo.

Isiphelo Samanani Nemfihlelo

Amandla karhulumente okuqokelela ugcino-lwazi kubemi bakhe akhula ngendlela elungeleleneyo. Ukulungelelanisa imfuneko yokhuseleko lohlanga kunye nokugcinwa komthetho kunye nelungelo lokuzimela wedwa kungumzabalazo ongundoqo wale mihla. Ngokufanayo, ukulawula iinkampani zobugcisa ezinamandla kunye nobuchule bokwenziwa kobuchule kunika imingeni emitsha kwimizimba yowiso-mthetho kunye neyolawulo eyayenzelwe ixesha langaphambi kwemibutho.

Amandla Karhulumente Wolawulo

IBhunga lidla ngokudlulisela imithetho ebanzi lize lithumele iinkcazo kumaqumrhu alawulayo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekukhuleni kwequmrhu elinamandla, elingacwangcisiweyo elidala imimiselo ngegunya lomthetho. Abahlalutyi baphikisa lo mgaqo wokwahlula amagunya, yaye iinkundla zibuzwa ngokungakumbi imibuzo yelishwa yegunya lombutho kunye nemiqathango yamandla olawulo oluphezulu.

Ulawulo Lwehlabathi Lomhlaba Wonke

Kwihlabathi elidityanisiweyo, iingxaki ezifana nokutshintsha kwemozulu, izifo ezimandundu, kunye neengxaki zemali azinakuconjululwa lilizwe elinye elisebenza lodwa. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekudalweni kwemibutho yezizwe ngezizwe efuna ukuba amazwe alungelelanise inkqubo yolawulo-siseko aphinde aququzelele ulawulo oluthile. Oku kudala ungquzulwano phakathi kweenkqubo zedemokhrasi zesizwe kunye nemfuneko yokuba kubekho imicimbi yezizwe ngezizwe.

Isiphelo: Ukuphakanyiswa Okuhlala Kuhleli Kokuqonda

Amagunya neembopheleleko zikarhulumente azizingcamango ezingqukuva. Zimela ulwakhiwo olunamandla, oludityanisiweyo olubunjwe yimbali, umthetho, ipolitiki, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba koluntu. Ukusuka kwisivumelwano soluntu seNkcazelo yolukhanyiselo ukuya kwiingxoxo zamanani zanamhlanje, imibuzo engundoqo yolawulo ishiyekile: Yintoni urhulumente afanele ayenze? Amele enze ntoni amandla amakhulu? kwaye yintoni esimele siyenze njengabemi?

Ukuqonda ezi siseko kukuzilolonga kobulumko nokuyimfuneko esebenzisekayo. Ukuthenjiswa nokufundiswa kwabemi kuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo kokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Ngokufunda ngamasebe karhulumente, imigaqo yorhulumente, namalungelo aqinisekiswe ngumgaqo-siseko, abantu baxhotyiswe bhetele ukukhusela inkululeko yabo baze bancedise kwimpilo yedemokhrasi yabo. Abaqeqeshi badlala indima ephambili kule nkqubo ngokunika isizukulwana esilandelayo amandla okucingisisa, akhutheleyo, kunye namalungu afanelekileyo ekuzameni okuzilawula okuqhubekayo.